What are the factors that cause China's topography?

Cause (natural, man-made)

Conditions (favorable and unfavorable)

Influence (positive, negative)

Meaning (both ends, middle)

Location (natural, social and economic)

Benefits (economic, social and environmental)

Measures (biology, engineering, technology)

Climatic characteristics (temperature, precipitation, seasonal combination)

Temperature characteristics (seasonal variation, minimum monthly average temperature, annual variation range, daily variation range)

Precipitation characteristics (total precipitation, rainy season length, seasonal variation)

Terrain characteristics (terrain type, terrain fluctuation)

Location characteristics (latitude and longitude position, land and sea position, adjacent position)

Physical geographical features (topography, climate, soil, water source, biology)

☆ Analyze the topographical features of a place;

Topographic features include: ① Topographic types and their distribution: for example, the terrain is mainly plain or mountainous, hilly or plateau;

(2) Terrain fluctuation: if the terrain is high in the west and low in the east;

For example, briefly describe the topographic characteristics of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau?

Karst terrain is widely distributed, with rugged terrain and numerous dams;

The terrain inclines from northwest to southeast;

☆ Factors affecting the length of sunshine hours (for example, the annual sunshine hours in Chongqing are only 1, 200 hours).

1. Weather conditions: less precipitation, more sunny days and long sunshine hours;

2. Terrain: high terrain, early sunrise, late sunset and long sunshine hours;

3. The days are long;

☆ Factors affecting the weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation

1. Weather conditions: there are few clouds on sunny days, and the weakening effect is small;

2. Terrain: (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) is high, and the air is thin (air density is low), which has little weakening effect;

3. Solar height (latitude): The solar height is high in low latitudes, and the distance of solar radiation passing through the atmosphere is short, so the attenuation effect is small;

☆ Factors affecting the annual total solar radiation (solar energy)

1. Atmospheric attenuation: mainly determined by weather conditions (precipitation);

2. Sunshine hours: mainly determined by weather conditions (precipitation);

3. Latitude (that is, the height of the sun);

Distribution of annual total solar radiation in China: the west and north of Daxinganling-Lanzhou-Kunming line are rich in resources;

The most abundant area is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the poorest area is the Sichuan Basin.

For example, why is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau the richest in solar energy?

① Less precipitation, more sunny days, less weakening effect and long sunshine hours;

② The terrain is high, the air is thin, and the weakening effect is small;

(3) The latitude is low and the sun is high;

Why is the solar energy in Sichuan Basin the worst?

Due to the rainy weather in Sichuan basin, the weakening effect is great and the sunshine hours are short;

Factors affecting temperature level

1. Latitudes are different: the temperature is high at low latitudes and low at high latitudes;

2. Same latitude area: mainly consider the properties of underlying surface, including

① Terrain: the altitude is high and the temperature is low, and the temperature drops by 0.6℃ per 100 meters above sea level;

② Difference of land and sea location or thermal properties: the ocean is smaller than the land in summer, and the coastal area is smaller than the inland area;

In winter, the ocean is bigger than the land, and the coast is bigger than the inland;

(3) Ocean current: warm current has warming effect on coastal areas, while cold current has cooling effect on coastal areas;

(4) Vegetation status: vegetation is less than bare land in summer and more than bare land in winter;

⑤ Weather conditions: sunny days are greater than cloudy days, and sunny nights are less than cloudy days;

☆ The factors influencing the temperature annual range and their changing rules.

1. Latitude: small at low latitudes and large at high latitudes;

2. The nature of underlying surface: the ocean is smaller than the land, the coast is smaller than the inland, and the vegetation is smaller than the bare land;

3. Weather conditions: places with more clouds and rain are smaller than places with less clouds and rain, that is, cloudy days are smaller than sunny days;

The stronger the maritime climate, the smaller the annual temperature difference (the hottest month temperature is in February or August);

The stronger the continental climate, the greater the temperature annual range (the hottest month temperature is 1 or July, and the autumn temperature is greater than the spring temperature);

☆ Factors affecting the daily temperature range and its variation law.

1. Latitude or solar radiation: the low latitude area is larger than the high latitude area;

2. Seasonal variation: summer is greater than winter;

3. Underlying surface: the ocean is smaller than the land, the coast is smaller than the inland, and the woodland is smaller than the sand. The higher the terrain in the same position, the smaller the daily temperature difference;

4. Weather conditions: sunny days are greater than cloudy days;

☆ Distribution law of world precipitation

1. equator (latitude 10? Rainy area: affected by equatorial low pressure all the year round, with abundant rainfall throughout the year;

2. Subtropical (near the Tropic of Cancer to latitude 30? Between) less rain belt:

Under the control of subtropical high and trade winds, the inland and west coast of the mainland are dry all the year round;

On the east coast of the mainland (Eurasia), controlled by monsoon circulation, summer monsoon and typhoon from the ocean affect precipitation more; 3. Temperate zone (between 40-60 degrees north and south latitude) is rainy: take Eurasia as an example.

The west coast of the mainland is popular with westerly winds all year round, and the monthly precipitation is more and more uniform;

The east coast of the mainland is controlled by monsoon circulation and influenced by summer monsoon from the ocean in summer, with more precipitation;

Within the mainland, it lives deep inland, far from the ocean, with less precipitation;

4. Polar rainless area: the polar region is affected by polar high pressure, and the annual precipitation is less;

Please note that in addition to the above areas, there are:

Between latitude 10 and the tropic of cancer-equatorial depression and trade winds are alternately controlled, and a year is divided into rainy season and dry season;

The west coast of the continent with latitude of 30 ~ 40-subtropical high and westerly wind are alternately controlled, with hot and dry summer and mild and rainy winter;

Factors affecting precipitation.

1. Atmospheric circulation: wind zone in pressure zone-rainy in high pressure zone and rainy in low pressure zone; It is rainy in the westerly wind and rainy in the trade wind;

Monsoon circulation-rainy summer monsoon, less rain in winter;

2. Underlying surface: topography-more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope;

Ocean currents-warm currents can wet coastal areas, and cold currents can dehumidify coastal areas;

Land and sea distribution-from coastal to inland, farther and farther away from the sea, the precipitation gradually decreases;

Coastal and windward oceanography is strong, with a lot of precipitation;

Coastal areas or inland areas far from the wind bank are less affected by the ocean, with strong continental nature and less precipitation;

☆ Analyze the temperature characteristics of a place.

According to the latitude position, the seasonal variation of temperature (the most Leng Yue average temperature), annual range and daily range are analyzed.

For example, it is located in a tropical area with low latitude (between 30 north and south latitudes), and it is hot all year round;

The area is located in the subtropical zone (between 30 and 40), so it is warm in winter and hot in summer;

The land is located in the temperate zone (40-60), so Leng Xia is hot in winter in the inland and eastern parts of the mainland, and it is warm in winter and cool in summer in the western part of the mainland;

Located in the sub-cold zone (between 60 and 70), the winter is long and cold, and the summer is short and cool;

The area is located in the high latitude cold region (between 70 and 90), which is cold all year round;

☆ Analyze the precipitation characteristics in a certain place.

According to latitude position and land and sea position, the total precipitation, rainy season length and seasonal variation are analyzed.

For example, according to the seasonal variation of precipitation, it can be divided into annual rain type, summer rain type, winter rain type and little rain type;

Another example is to compare the precipitation characteristics of subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate.

The former has a longer rainy season and more annual precipitation than the latter.

☆ Analyze or compare climate characteristics

Climate characteristics should be described by temperature, precipitation and seasonal combination of temperature and precipitation;

We can judge what climate type this place belongs to first and then analyze the climate characteristics, so we should remember the climate characteristics of different climate types;

For example, the climate of tropical rain forest is characterized by high temperature and rainy all the year round;

The tropical grassland climate is characterized by high temperature all year round and obvious changes in dry and wet seasons;

Tropical desert climate is characterized by high temperature and little rain (dry heat) all year round;

Tropical monsoon climate is characterized by high temperature all year round, and obvious changes in dry season and rainy season;

The Mediterranean climate is characterized by hot and dry summers and mild and rainy winters.

The subtropical monsoon climate is characterized by high temperature and rain in summer and low temperature and little rain in winter.

The temperate monsoon climate is characterized by high temperature and rain in summer and cold and dry in winter.

Temperate maritime climate is characterized by warm winter and cool summer, relative humidity all year round and even distribution of precipitation season;

The temperate continental climate is characterized by intense heat in winter, large temperature difference and little precipitation;

☆ Steps and methods for judging climate types.

1. Judging the northern and southern hemispheres: Does the most Leng Yue average temperature occur in July and August or 1, February?

The coldest monthly average temperature appears in July and August, which is located in the northern hemisphere. July and August are summer, 1 and February are winter.

The most Leng Yue average temperature appears in 1 and February, which is located in the southern hemisphere. 1 and February are summer, and July and August are winter.

2. Judging the temperature area according to the lowest monthly average temperature:

Leng Yue mean temperature >: 65438 05℃ Tropical climate (4 species)

The highest temperature in Leng Yue is 0℃ ~ 15℃, which belongs to subtropical climate (monsoon or Mediterranean climate) or temperate maritime climate.

The highest Leng Yue temperature is-15℃ ~ 0℃, which belongs to temperate monsoon climate or temperate continental climate.

3. Determine the specific climate type according to the seasonal variation of precipitation;

Tropical Rainforest Climate (> 2000mm)

Temperate-temperate maritime climate (700 ~ 1000 mm)

Summer rain tropical-savanna climate (750 ~1500 ~ 2000mm) tropical monsoon climate (1500 ~ 2000mm)

Subtropical-subtropical monsoon climate (> 800 mm)

Temperate-temperate monsoon climate (400-800 mm)

Winter rain type subtropical-Mediterranean climate (300 ~ 1000 mm)

Tropical-tropical desert climate with little rain (< 250 mm)

Temperate-temperate continental climate (< 250 mm)

☆ Special case of climate type (non-zonal phenomenon)

1. Tropical rain forest climate far from the equator-"trade winds from the ocean, windward slopes in mountainous areas and warm currents along the coast";

East Madagascar in Africa, northeast Australia, southeast Brazil Plateau and northeast Central America;

2. The tropical grassland climate in the equatorial region-"high terrain";

The high terrain of the East African Plateau changed the temperature and precipitation here, thus forming a tropical grassland climate;

3. The temperate continental climate on the east coast-"leeward slope of mountains in westerly belt";

Patagonia Plateau in South America is located on the east side of the Andes, near the sea and in the westerlies. However, it is located in the leeward zone on the east side of the Andes, and is blocked by mountains, with little precipitation, thus forming a temperate continental climate with little rain.

4. The temperate maritime climate on the east coast of the mainland;

Southeast Australia, North and South Islands of New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego Island of Chile;

5. The climate distribution on the west coast of North and South America is limited to the coastal zone, showing the distribution characteristics of north-south extension and east-west alternation; Influenced by the Cordillera mountain system with high north and south, the climate distribution cannot go deep into the mainland and is limited to the Pacific coast;

☆ The influence of continental topographic features on climate.

Asia: the terrain is complex, the climate is diverse, the area is vast, the thermal properties of land and sea are significantly different, and the monsoon circulation is typical;

The uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau enhanced the continental climate;

Africa: the symmetrical distribution of latitude and gentle terrain make the climate in Africa symmetrical in north and south;

The East African Plateau is relatively high, although it is close to the equator, but it belongs to the tropical grassland climate.

Europe: high in north and south, low in the middle. The plain runs through the east and west, and the winding coastline makes the climate in Europe maritime.

Continental nature gradually strengthens from west to east;

North America: the central plain runs through the north and south, with remarkable continental nature;

The mountains in the west blocked the infiltration of the Pacific airflow, making the climate on the west coast long and narrow, and the precipitation gradually decreased from southeast to northwest.

South America: the western mountains prevent the water vapor from penetrating into the Pacific Ocean, and the climate on the west coast is long and narrow;

The plateau is low and the plain is open to the east, which is conducive to the deepening of the Atlantic airflow;

The east side of the mountain range is windward slope with more precipitation, while Patagonia Plateau is leeward slope with less precipitation.

Oceania: the eastern mountainous area blocks the Pacific airflow, with more precipitation in the east and a long and narrow climate;

The lack of precipitation on the leeward slope on the west side is the limiting factor for the development of wheat and pasture belt;

Antarctica: the average altitude is the highest, and the strong reflection of snow and ice on sunlight is one of the reasons for the cold;