What effect does climate have on people's lives?

1. Environment is the synthesis of physical, chemical and biological factors that act on organisms or ecological communities and ultimately determine their morphology and survival.

1.2 Definition of environmental psychology

1. Environmental psychology is a discipline that studies the relationship between behavior and man-made and natural environment, the relationship between physical environment and human behavior and experience, and the interaction and relationship between man and environment. It emphasizes the physical environment, especially the interaction between subject and environment. On the one hand, it emphasizes how people are influenced by the environment, on the other hand, it also pays attention to the influence and reaction of human beings to the environment.

2. Briefly describe the subject characteristics of environmental psychology?

(1) environmental psychology studies environment-behavior and its relationship as a whole unit;

⑵ The research of environmental psychology is the direction of the problem. We should not only seek the solution to the problem, but also try to find the regularity behind the problem and establish a theoretical framework for understanding similar problems;

⑶ Environmental psychology is an interdisciplinary subject with various backgrounds, and its research members are mainly social psychologists;

(4) From the methodological point of view, environmental psychologists adopt a comprehensive and eclectic approach, and because the independent variable of environmental psychology research is often the "environment" that needs to be controlled and eliminated in other disciplines, the research method has some particularity besides the routine procedures.

1.3 development of environmental psychology

1. The British economist Malthus put forward: "The trend of population growth is always faster than the growth of production. If not controlled, the population will always grow geometrically, while the means of subsistence can only grow arithmetically. When the population expands to the limit where the means of subsistence can only survive, there will be hunger, war and disease. "

2./kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, German zoologist haeckel defined the study of the relationship between biology and environment as a new discipline field: ecology, which discussed the interaction among individuals, populations, communities, society and ecology.

3. The human ecology proposed by Parker.

4. Briefly describe the lens model of Brunswick.

He believes that the subject plays a very positive role in constructing environmental perception. Although the original information we get from the world is often flawed or misleading, when we combine sensory information with past experience, it will lead to the evaluation of the real state of the environment.

5. Ecological Psychology It is one of the pioneers of environmental psychology. Emphasize the role of physical scene in integrating human behavior, focusing on the influence of physical environment on people living in this environment.

6. Briefly describe the development and prospect of environmental psychology. ☆

Environmental psychology is a discipline that pays attention to the interaction and relationship between people and the environment.

The term "environmental psychology" was formally put forward at the joint meeting of American hospitals (1964).

1970, the first textbook of environmental psychology was published. The Journal of Environmental Psychology was founded in 198 1. The American Psychological Conference (APA) formally established the branch of population and environmental psychology on 1978.

Environmental psychology appeared in the late 1960s, developed in the 1970s (such as crowding and cognitive development), and entered the era of vigorous development in the 1980s.

Theoretically, environmental psychology has six theoretical frameworks, namely, awakening theory, environmental load theory, stress and adaptation theory, privacy regulation theory, ecological psychology and behavioral situation theory, exchange theory and so on. The new research results pay attention to the characteristics of living environment, workplace, hospital, school, prison and large community environment. Explain the impact of environmental pressures, attitudes and behaviors on protection, crime, population and disasters.

In recent years, environmental psychology has the following characteristics: 1) More research is conducted in the field rather than in the laboratory; 2) Researchers began to pay attention to the continuity of research work; 3) The research reflects various methods used in previous work; 4) Interdisciplinary cooperation is increasing.

Stowe Cowles suggested that in the 2 1 century, there may be more outstanding developments in other topics: what are the characteristics of living and working in outer space; How to form effective policies to reduce the unlimited consumption of natural resources in industrialized and developed countries.

Future research will be influenced by the following factors: 1) global environmental change; 2) Inter-group violence and crime; 3) The influence of new information technology on work and family; 4) The improvement of people's health expenditure, their interest in environmental strategies to promote health, and the process of social aging.

At present, there are some problems in this subject: 1) researchers do not attach importance to previous literature, lack the necessary repetition of previous research, and lack the accumulation of knowledge; 2) everyone's research is isolated from each other; 3) The researchers in this discipline failed to pay enough attention to the research and theory in other fields; 4) Looking back frequently and in time, the efforts to synthesize the research results are not enough; 5) Not paying attention to theoretical construction; 6) The definition and use of terms and concepts used are inconsistent, and insufficient attention is paid to them; 7) It is not enough to hold regular open and organized debates on key issues.

Global environmental psychology: environmental psychologists in different countries adopt the same research methods and techniques, but have different interests and characteristics in studying problems; With the development of society and the advancement of globalization, different countries and regions often face the same problems.

1. Natural disasters are caused by natural forces and are not controlled by human beings. The focus is on the consequences of the disaster. The definition of natural disasters includes extreme weather, that is, cold, heat, tornado, snowstorm, hail, storm, monsoon and so on. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, mudslides and avalanches are also natural disasters.

2. Briefly describe the characteristics of natural disasters.

Characteristics of natural disasters: sudden and unpredictable. Natural disasters are usually violent and devastating. The duration is long and short. Disasters include many factors, which will cause casualties, huge property losses and considerable chaos. The longer the disaster lasts, the greater the threat to the victims and the greater the impact of the incident. Another main feature that affects the degree of disaster is whether people get enough early warning.

Natural disasters have many important characteristics. They are sudden, powerful and uncontrollable, causing destruction and chaos. They are usually short-lived and the lowest point, sometimes predictable.

3. What factors will affect people's perception of disasters?

The important factors affecting disaster perception include crisis effect, banking effect and adaptation. When disasters are closely related to the welfare and resource utilization of communities, people are more likely to realize the danger. Personality differences will also have an impact on our perception of disasters.

Crisis effect means that people have the deepest consciousness and concern about the event just after it happens, but it will soon disappear before the next disaster comes. The banking effect means that once some measures are taken to avoid disaster, people always tend to adopt the previous scheme. Just as we adapt to noise and smell, we also adapt to threats and disasters.

Please describe the impact of natural disasters. ☆

There are many ways in which disasters affect behavior and mental health:

(1) Disasters will bring substantial trauma and mental disorders; (2) Most of the pain disappears within one or two years after the disaster, and people can adjust themselves; (3) Chronic mental disorders caused by disasters are very rare; (4) The overall impact of some disasters may be positive, because it may increase social cohesion; 5. Disasters have disrupted organizations, families and personal lives.

Natural disasters can lead to stress, anxiety, depression and other emotional and perceptual problems. The time of the impact and why some people can't adapt as soon as possible are still unknown. After floods, tornadoes, hurricanes and other natural disasters, victims will show evil thoughts, anxiety, depression and other emotional problems, which may last for a year.

The persistent influence of an extreme disaster is called post-traumatic stress disorder, that is, persistent, unnecessary and uncontrollable thoughts about irrelevant events after trauma, strong desire to avoid mentioning events, sleep disorder, social withdrawal and anxiety disorder with strong vigilance.

5. Hofball put forward the theory of conservation of resources, and the ability to reduce the loss of resources will determine whether people can bear the pressure. Resources refer to everything that can help people achieve their goals.

8.2 technical disaster

1. Briefly describe the characteristics of technical disasters. ☆

The characteristic of technological disaster is that technological disaster is man-made, not the product of natural action, but usually caused by human error. The duration of technological disaster is not necessarily, but it may be very intense and sudden.

The technological disaster has threatened our consciousness of controlling the world. The technological disaster has shaken our confidence in controlling the situation in the future. Technological disasters will weaken our sense of control, which will lead to stress.

2. Give examples to illustrate the impact of technological disasters.

Like the buffalo creek flood. 1On February 26th, 972, Buffalo Creek in West Virginia washed away the levee, and the flood washed away cars, houses and everything, resulting in 125 deaths and 5,000 homeless people. The whole valley is beyond recognition.

The accident was obviously caused by man-made facilities. It has a more lasting effect. The study pointed out the problems that occurred in the victims in two years: (1) anxiety, fear of disaster and the subsequent lifestyle changes; (2) retreat and indifference; (3) Depression, because many people have lost their hard-earned property; (4) physical discomfort; 5] anonymous fire, survivors are easily excited; [6] retrogression, children often return to early behavior; Once a nightmare.

(1) When the duration of technological disasters increases, there is no difference between technological disasters and natural disasters.

(2) The impact of technological disasters is more lasting and complex.

(3) The obvious consequence of the disaster is compulsory thoughts and memories. Disaster survivors have more compulsive thinking and neuroticism. Many emotional effects of disasters are related to post-traumatic stress disorder. In other words, PTSD is the most common psychological problem. Obsessive-compulsive thinking may be the most fatal aspect of disaster consequences, and it may also affect people's seeking treatment and help.

(4) Technological disasters not only cause stress, but also cause stimulation overload, excessive arousal and limited human behavior.

8.3 Impact of toxic substance leakage

1. According to the location of the leak, distinguish two kinds of poison leakage: one is work leakage, which occurs in the workplace; The other happens at home or nearby.

2. What is building syndrome?

There are two kinds of symptoms related to buildings: one is building disease, which can be diagnosed and caused by toxic substances in the building environment; Another symptom, called building syndrome, is just feeling unwell, and there is no real disease. Some characteristics of symptoms show that it has psychological roots. (caused by ventilation system).

8.4 Air Pollution and Behavior

1. Briefly describe the characteristics of air pollution perception.

Perception of air pollution depends on a series of physiological and psychological factors. But we often perceive air pollution according to smell and color, and many toxic gases are colorless and odorless. In addition to sense of smell and vision, we can also perceive air pollution through automobile exhaust, the frequency of rain and the number of tall buildings. The time and season of pollution will also play a role. We always think that others are more polluted than us. Life events are also related to the perception of air pollution. Anxiety will have an effect on it. The more familiar people are with air pollution, the less they take it seriously.

2. Briefly describe the relationship between air pollution and health.

The influence of air pollution on health is gradually known. Air pollution will increase the death rate of urban residents. Carbon monoxide is the most common pollution, which makes biological tissues anoxic, and it can lead to serious health problems, including vision and hearing impairment, epilepsy, headache, heart disease, fatigue, memory impairment and dullness. Particles including lead and asbestos can cause respiratory diseases, cancer, anemia and nervous system diseases. Photochemical smog can cause eye pain, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular abnormalities and cancer. Oxides of nitrogen and sulfur can damage respiratory function and reduce immunity. Effects of air pollution on behavior and mental health. When the air quality is poor, people are reluctant to engage in outdoor activities. Bring more hostile and aggressive behaviors and reduce people's mutual help behaviors. It can also cause psychological problems such as depression, irritability and anxiety.

Please describe the relationship between air pollution and behavior. ☆

Air pollution is mainly carbon monoxide, which will affect people's dexterity and attention when they react. People can adapt to air pollution.

Serious air pollution affects at least three social behaviors: entertainment behavior, interpersonal relationship and aggression.