Which one has a profile of Eisenhower?

Dwight Danny Eisenhower (Dwight Danid Eisenhower)

(1890101October14-1969 March 28th)

abstract

The 34th president of the United States, a five-star general in the army. In the history of the US military, Eisenhower was a legendary figure full of drama. He won many firsts. In the history of the US military, * * * awarded 10 five-star generals, and Eisenhower was promoted to "the first fastest"; He was born as the "first poor man"; He was the first person to command the largest battle of the American army. He was the first commander-in-chief of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Allied Forces. He is the first retired senior general of the U.S. military to serve as president of Columbia University. His future is "number one"-the only five-star general to become president.

Place of birth: Denison, Texas.

Place of death: Mount Vernon Farm, Gettysburg, Kansas

Buried place: Abilene, Kansas

School: United States Army Military Academy (West Point)

Position: Commander-in-Chief of the European Allied Expeditionary Force, Chief of Staff of the Army, President of Columbia University, Chairman of the Military Commission of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the 34th President of the United States.

Rank: five-star general.

Lady: Marie Zivani Dodd.

Works: Expedition to Europe, ordered to change, make peace, gossip.

Famous saying: "I can't tolerate those ultra-right elements calling everyone who disagrees with them the * * * production party, and I can't tolerate those ultra-right elements calling us all cruel people who are greedy for money."

Dwight david eisenhower (1890- 1969), American military leader and the 34th president of the United States (1953- 196 1). He was the supreme commander of the allied forces in Europe during World War II (1939- 1945) and the first supreme commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces. As a soldier, he commanded the Normandy landing and defeated the last German attack in the Battle of the Protrude. As president, he ended the Korean War in 1953, started the interstate highway system, established the nuclear arsenal of the United States, and pursued the policy of containing communism all over the world while maintaining peace.

all one's life

1890 65438+ 10 65438+April was born in Denison, Texas, USA.

19 1 1 year, Eisenhower was admitted to the US Naval Academy, but he was too old to be admitted. Later, recommended by the state senator, he was admitted to the United States Military Academy at West Point. This year's graduates of West Point Military Academy will shine with stars, and 56 of the graduates of 168 will be promoted to generals, so they are called "star-studded classes". Eisenhower graduated from West Point Military Academy with the rank of second lieutenant in 19 15 and went to San Antonio, Texas. 19 16 liter specialty.

1July 7, 920, Eisenhower's permanent rank was major. 192 1 graduated from the army tank school, 1922 transferred to the 20th Infantry Brigade of Panama. General Fox Connor, the brigade commander, thought he had a bright future, so he spared no time and energy to train him. 1923, with the help of Connor, entered the army command and staff school. 1926, after graduating with the first place, he went to France for battlefield investigation after Connor introduced him. 1927- 1928, Eisenhower studied at the Army Military Academy.

From 65438 to 0929, Eisenhower went to the office of the Assistant Secretary of the War Department. 1933 was appointed assistant to MacArthur, chief of staff of the army. 1935- 1940. As the senior assistant of MacArthur, the military adviser of the Philippines. 1936, Eisenhower was promoted to lieutenant colonel. 1940 was transferred to California 15 Infantry Regiment in February, and 165438 10 was promoted to Chief of Staff of the 3rd Division in October. 1941March, promoted to chief of staff of the 9th army. 1941June became the chief of staff of the third army, and was just promoted to brigadier general 25 years ago. Eisenhower successfully organized and implemented large-scale military exercises during his tenure as Chief of Staff of the Group Army, which attracted the attention of Marshall, Chief of Staff of the Army.

19411February, after the pearl harbor incident, Eisenhower was transferred to the deputy director of the operational planning department of the army general staff. 1Feb. 942, he was promoted to the position of director of operation planning department. In February, Marshall reorganized the operational planning department into the operational department, the highest command organization of the US military, and appointed Eisenhower as the operational department minister in March. Shortly thereafter, Eisenhower was promoted to major general.

1942 Since March, Eisenhower has been instructed by Marshall to draft the joint operational plan of the European Allied Forces. Eisenhower believed that the US military should take the battlefields in Europe and the Atlantic as the main strategic direction, concentrate its main forces and weapons in Britain first, then cross the Strait and suddenly head for Europe. In May, he was ordered to go to London to inspect the military situation and the future establishment of the US military in Europe. In June, after submitting the investigation report "Instructions to the Commander of the European Theater", he was appointed as the commander of the European Theater of the US Army and returned to London. In July, Eisenhower was promoted to lieutenant general.

1in July, 942, in view of the successive setbacks of British troops in North Africa and American troops in the Far East, and Churchill's strong support, the United States and Britain decided to launch the North Africa campaign. In August, Eisenhower was appointed as the supreme commander of allied landing operations in North Africa.

1942165438+1On October 8th, Eisenhower led a coalition of 65438+10,000 troops to land in French North Africa in three ways. Under the cover of a powerful air force, they occupied Algiers, Oran and Casablanca, Morocco respectively. Then, they marched to the west, forming an east-west attack on the German-Italian allied forces retreating into Tunisia. 1943 65438+ 10, US President Roosevelt came to North Africa to review the landing of American troops, and held a Casablanca meeting with British Prime Minister Churchill from 14 to 26. In February, Eisenhower won the highest rank of general at that time.

1943 In late March, under the command of Eisenhower, the United States and Britain launched a general attack on southern Tunisia. After more than 20 days of fierce fighting, German and Italian troops were driven to the north of Tunisia. The decisive battle began on April 20, and on May 6 and 7, the United States and Britain broke through the enemy lines, boarded the coast and occupied Tunis. At the same time, American troops attacking in the north occupied Bisesa. German and Italian troops are in a dilemma, and there is no retreat. On May 13, all 250,000 people surrendered. At this point, all the fascist troops in Africa were wiped out.

Eisenhower was ready to attack Sicily, and immediately set about making plans for the Italian campaign. Regardless of the opinions of the staff, he thinks that the garrison on Ban Treglia Island between Sicily and North Africa must first surrender. At the beginning of June, about 300 tons of bombs landed on this island with an area of about 50 square kilometers, which opened the prelude to the battle of Sicily. Only 1000 ships participated in this campaign, and the number of people who landed was 15000. In order to get close to the battle site, Eisenhower arrived in Malta on July 7. Everything was ready for the landing campaign, but the weather changed suddenly and the sea was rough, which was extremely unfavorable to the naval and air force operations. Many staff officers requested to change the landing date. Eisenhower was unmoved and insisted that the allies should act according to the original plan. On the night of July 9, Montgomery's British 8th Army and Barton's American 7th Army began to land and airborne. 17 in August, the allied forces conquered Messina and occupied the whole island, and the battle of Sicily ended. The allied forces killed and injured about 23,000 people; German and Italian troops suffered 32,000 casualties, 6.5438+0.35 million people were captured, and another 6.5438+0.00 million people retreated to Italy.

At the Tehran Conference, which began in June 1943+0 1, the United States and Britain once again clearly expressed their determination to open up the second battlefield in Europe in June 1944, while the Soviet Union hoped to determine the supreme commander of the allied forces as soon as possible. After the meeting, Eisenhower was appointed as the supreme commander of the allied forces to command the overlord action.

19441In mid-October, Eisenhower arrived in London to form the Supreme Command of the Allied Expeditionary Force. With the consent of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States and Britain, Eisenhower appointed Ted as deputy commander, Smith as chief of staff, Bradley as commander of American ground forces, Montgomery as commander of British ground forces, Ramsey as commander of navy and Lima Lori as commander of air force. According to the system designed by Eisenhower, the above-mentioned service commanders have dual roles: on the one hand, the service commanders are members of the Supreme Command and participate in the planning work of the Supreme Command; On the other hand, the service commander is the commander who commands specific actions in the whole military operation and has his own headquarters. In order to gain the air superiority in Normandy, Eisenhower completely controlled the British tactical and strategic air force.

As early as March 1943, the allied forces set up a joint staff office in London to study and formulate a European operational plan. On the basis of the original plan, Eisenhower presided over the formulation of the "overlord" operational outline, including: landing on the Normandy coast and breaking through the enemy's defensive positions; With two army groups to carry out extensive frontal pursuit, the left wing focused on obtaining the necessary ports, advancing to the German border, threatening Ruhr, and the right wing should be connected with the troops attacking France from the south; Obtaining ports in Belgium, Brittany and the Mediterranean in order to establish new bases along the western border of German-occupied areas; Launch the final attack by encircling the Ruhr with two wings, focus on the left wing again, and then directly break into Germany according to the specific direction decided at that time; The attack date is set at1June 5, 944. At the same time, the allied forces concentrated in Britain stepped up cooperative combat drills focusing on amphibious landing operations, and a considerable number of landing craft and special tanks were gradually equipped with troops; The air force frequently dispatched, hit the German Air Force hard, seized air superiority, and isolated the assault area; The intelligence department obtains German intelligence through "super" and "magic" decoding institutions, while the meteorological department pays close attention to climate change. The construction of artificial ports and breakwaters, the laying of oil pipelines across the strait and the adoption of military deception measures made the German high command misjudge. On the eve of the implementation of the "Overlord" operation, the allied forces concentrated 38 divisions (2.87 million people), more than 5,000 tanks, more than 9,000 ships and13,000 aircraft in Britain.

On the western front, the German defensive positions in Lund, Stedt (under Rommel's army group B and blasco's army group G) ***59 divisions; Speller's Air Force 3rd Air Force and krank's western naval cluster are obviously weak. It is puzzling that Lundstedt and Rommel are quite limited: they have no right to give orders to Speer or krank; Without the approval of the high command, have no right to mobilize any armored division; The combat area and jurisdiction depth of all army troops defending coastal areas shall not exceed 20 miles. In addition, Lund Stedt, Rommel and the High Command also have great differences in national defense planning.

On June 4, at the allied combat meeting, Eisenhower decided to change the attack date to June 6 according to the change of climate situation.

In the early morning of June 6th, 1944, the Battle of Overlord was launched. Airborne troops landed in key areas of Normandy. The air force and navy conduct fire attacks and mine clearance on coastal targets. Under the cover of naval and air fire and the guidance of special tanks, five allied divisions attacked Normandy beach and landed successfully.

In the battle of beachhead, the allied forces (Montgomery's 2 1 Army Group, which is under the jurisdiction of the US Army 1 Army Group and the British Army Group 2) mainly consolidated and expanded the landing site through fierce fighting. In July, after the allied forces captured Cherbourg and Gangcheng, the landing site was expanded to the area with the width of the front line 100 km and the depth of more than 50 km. From July 25th to 30th, the American Army's "Cobra" campaign achieved a breakthrough in German defense. 1 In August, Bradley's 12 Army Group (under the jurisdiction of/kloc-0 Army and the 3rd Army of the United States) was established. Subsequently, the US military swept Brittany. After the Allied forces repelled the counterattack of Motein, they found that an encirclement of the Germans could be formed in Fares. Eisenhower ordered a campaign to surround the Germans. Since August 8, the allied forces have surrounded Falls from the north, west and south by mobile troops. By the 20th, 50,000 Germans were captured and 1 10,000 people died. At the end of the Normandy campaign, the Germans lost about 400,000 people and the Allies lost about 2 10000 people. On August 25th, the Allies liberated Paris. In August, the allied "anvil-dragoons" campaign began. In September, the allied forces fighting "Overlord" and "Anvil-Dragon Cavalry" will win a great victory. Devers's 6th Army Group began to belong to Eisenhower. On September 1 day, Eisenhower moved his headquarters to France and officially took over the command of the ground forces from Montgomery. Around this time, American troops liberated Sharon, Reims, Verdun and other places, crossed the Maas River, and British troops liberated Amiens, Lille and Brussels. Eisenhower decided that the Allies would adopt a "lenient and positive strategy", which made the Germans unable to attend to one thing and lose sight of the other from beginning to end, and accelerated their collapse. On the 4th, Eisenhower ordered the troops north of the Ardennes to occupy Antwerp, break through siegfried line and seize the Ruhr area. The troops south of Ardennes must break through siegfried line and then occupy Frankfurt. After the British conquered Antwerp, the Allies were blocked in front of siegfried line. In June 5438+02, Eisenhower was promoted to a five-star general.

1944 12 16. The Germans launched a counterattack in the Ardennes (commonly known as the battle of the bulge) in an attempt to capture Liege and Antwerp, forcing the United States and Britain to agree to peace talks. The Germans set out from St. Victor's area, attacked the south of the US 1 Army to the west, and finally reached Dilante on the Maas River. At the same time, the Germans carried out the "Graff Plan", formed an English company, put on American uniforms, and broke into American defense zones to create chaos. 17, Eisenhower made a correct judgment on the situation and took corresponding measures. 19, Eisenhower held an operational meeting and decided that the allies on the north side should take the defensive first and turn from standby to attack; The allies in the south should attack the north as soon as possible. Allied forces in the south launched an attack on the 22nd, forcing the Germans to turn from attacking to defending. The northern allied forces did not attack until June 65438+the following year 10. 1945 65438+ 10. In October, the allied forces joined forces and drove the Germans out of the original line of defense. In the battle of the bulge, the allied forces suffered 77,000 casualties and the Germans suffered 1.2 million casualties. After the breakthrough of siegfried line, the Allies captured Sal, drove the Germans out of the Rhine, seized the ludendorff Bridge in Remagen, and then controlled the east bank of the Rhine, surrounded by Ruhr with two wings. On April 18, German Army Group B (more than 320,000 people) surrendered. 1945 in March, Eisenhower and Montgomery disagreed on the main assault direction of the allied forces. Montgomery advocated a quick attack on Berlin before the Soviet Union occupied it. Eisenhower thought that the main assault direction was Leipzig and Dresden (considering that the Soviet Union was far closer to Berlin than the Allied Forces, the Yalta Conference stipulated that Berlin was in the Soviet-occupied area and must strive for the Soviet Union to participate in the war against Japan), so he informed the Soviet Union to coordinate its actions accordingly. On May 2, the Soviets conquered Berlin. German representatives went to the Allied Command in Reims, France to negotiate surrender. On May 7th and 8th, German representatives signed Germany's unconditional surrender in Reims and Berlin.

Eisenhower's main activity in wartime was to organize, coordinate and direct allied operations, and allied joint operations were the remarkable characteristics of this war. Eisenhower succeeded with his good military quality, rich theoretical knowledge and superb command art. After Germany surrendered, Eisenhower became the commander of the American occupation army in Germany. 1945 65438+ February. Eisenhower became the chief of staff of the United States Army. 1948, Eisenhower retired from active service and became the president of Columbia University. 1950, Eisenhower became the supreme commander of NATO's European allied forces. 1953- 196 1 year, Eisenhower was re-elected as president of the United States for two terms. In order to make the White House office an effective executive body of the president, Eisenhower set up a chief of staff in imitation of the chief of staff system. Eisenhower signed the Korean armistice agreement during his term of office, but continued to pursue the cold war policy, and successively put forward Eisenhower doctrine, large-scale retaliation strategy and brinkmanship policy.

1969 On March 28th, Eisenhower died in Washington at the age of 79. His major works include European Adventure, Years in the White House and Eisenhower's War Experience.

evaluate

Eisenhower 1890 was born in Kansas, USA. His choice of military career is not entirely out of personal hobbies, nor the wishes of his parents, but related to his family. His family is poor, and his other six brothers have no higher education. Eisenhower can only enter West Point Military Academy for free. His mother is a pacifist and doesn't want her son to join the army, but it's not convenient to stop him. In addition,1the war in the United States continued at the end of the ninth century, so joining the army is a sacred and fresh thing for young people.

On the eve of World War I, Eisenhower graduated from West Point Military Academy with the rank of second lieutenant. Because of the war, many students went to France to participate in the war, but he was left at home for training. He founded the first chariot training camp of the US Army and became a major officer at the age of 28. The commander of Panama, Major General Connor, took a fancy to the young man's military talent and invited him to serve in Panama. During his three years in Panama, he was specially trained by Connor, and his military knowledge and skills were greatly improved. Later, Connor accompanied him into the Army Command and Staff College for training. Eisenhower studied hard and trained hard, and graduated with the first place in the school 1926. Then go to the Army Military Academy for two years.

During Eisenhower's early military career, I had the privilege of meeting two famous American officers Pershing and MacArthur. He worshipped these two men and followed them desperately, especially MacArthur for six years. First, I went to the army general staff, and then I went to the Philippines together. MacArthur spoke highly of him and appointed him as an assistant military adviser in the Philippines. 1In September, 939, the German army invaded Poland, and he insisted on returning to China despite the dissuasion and retention of MacArthur and others. After returning to China at the end of the year, he served as the logistics planning officer of the US Western Military Command. 194 1 year, Eisenhower was appointed as the head of the team, and later served as the chief of staff of the third army, and was promoted to brigadier general. 194165438+On February 7th, Japan attacked the US military base at Pearl Harbor. On the 8th, the United States declared war on Japan. On the fifth day after Pearl Harbor, Marshall called Eisenhower to return to Washington. This is of course related to Eisenhower's familiarity with military issues in the Philippines and the Pacific, but more importantly, he has rich experience in staff work. He first served as the deputy director of the war planning department, and soon the planning department was upgraded to the war department and was appointed as the director of the war department. A few weeks later, he was promoted to major general. This is the beginning of his long-term cooperation with Marshall when he entered the high command.

Eisenhower at this time, although not qualified to attend those high-level meetings on allied strategic issues, was able to guide global strategic actions on behalf of American interests from the perspective of the supreme commander. Eisenhower noticed that while the attention of the American government and the public was focused on the Pacific battlefield, Roosevelt and Marshall gave priority to the European battlefield. He agrees with this strategic view. 1in March, 942, he put forward the basic idea of how to wage war to the war department staff: concentrate a large number of American troops in Britain and refuse to use them in any peripheral attacks. He should gain the air superiority over Europe, and then cross the strait from Britain and point to France and Germany. Although the British people agree with this basic idea in principle, they have different opinions on many specific issues. Marshall also ordered Eisenhower to make a field trip to Britain, and set up an American command post in Britain to make suggestions for the future implementation plan. When he returned to Washington to give a report, President Roosevelt accepted Marshall's suggestion and appointed Eisenhower as the commander-in-chief of the American European theater in London. Soon, Eisenhower became commander-in-chief of the allied forces in North Africa. Before that, he didn't command the battle alone, but his first major task after taking office was successful, and the landing operation of the Anglo-American Coalition forces in North Africa went smoothly. This proves that Marshall has a unique vision. Eisenhower became famous for this. 1943 in February as commander-in-chief of the allied forces in North Africa and the Mediterranean.

Eisenhower showed outstanding military, political and diplomatic abilities in commanding allied forces to fight in North Africa, Sicily and Italy, and in realizing cooperation with allies, and was known as "soldier, politician and diplomat". He is firm, decisive and generous, and has full trust in his subordinates. Despite possible political criticism, Eisenhower decided to recognize Admiral Darren of Vichy government in North Africa as the supreme commander of France in the region, thus avoiding resistance and accelerating the process of allied forces in North Africa. 1at the end of 942, Kesselring Pass was defeated. Unswervingly, he took timely measures to send General Barton to replace the incompetent commander of the Second Army, Fredenda. Brooke, Montgomery and others once looked down on Eisenhower and even made some sharp criticisms from time to time. He is still generous, trying to make Anglo-American cooperation a reality. Under the difficult circumstances at that time, Eisenhower's command, if determined, first won the victory in North Africa, then captured Sicily and advanced into Italy. 1944 promoted to five-star general. He increased the first batch of landing troops from three divisions to five divisions, leaving other details to Montgomery and Bradley to deal with and care about what he thought was more important. Eisenhower realized that the problem of air superiority is very important and the most difficult one. He asked the British Air Force to carry out the Normandy War under his control. This decision was opposed by British strategic air force commander Harris, which made Eisenhower, who has always been cautious and kind, furious. On March 23, he announced: "If this problem cannot be satisfactorily solved, I will petition to resign." The British chief of staff had to agree to put the strategic air force under Eisenhower's command. The US Air Force and the air forces of other countries concerned have also made the same arrangement. Then, he reached an agreement with the French to bear the loss. In this way, the problem of air superiority was solved by Eisenhower. At first, the Normandy landing was planned for May, but it was postponed to June due to bad weather. By June 6, Eisenhower decided to attack, although the weather forecast was still very bad. Before that, he made a feint on the Dover Strait. At 2 am on the 6th, allied paratroopers and airlift troops first landed in Normandy, followed by air and sea bombing. At 6: 30, 6.5438+0.2 million people from five divisions carried by more than 4,000 warships landed in Normandy, consolidating the landing site. The first battle was won late at night. In September, France was liberated. Eisenhower then commanded the troops, repelled the German counterattack in Ardennes, broke through siegfried line, entered Germany, and wiped out a large number of Germans. Eisenhower was promoted to be a five-star general of the army because of his brilliant exploits in World War II.

After World War II, Eisenhower was the commander of the American occupation troops in Germany. /kloc-returned to China in 0/945 and served as the chief of staff of the US military. 1948 once retired from active service and served as president of Columbia University. 1950 went to France as the supreme commander of NATO armed forces. 1952 retired and participated in the presidential election, and was elected by an overwhelming majority. American presidents from 1953 to 1960. During the election campaign, he proposed ending the Korean War. 1953 took office and signed the Korean armistice agreement. 1957 put forward "Eisenhower Doctrine" in an attempt to control the Middle East. 1In June, 957, Eisenhower proposed in his special speech on Middle East policy to Congress that Congress should authorize the President to carry out the "military assistance and cooperation plan" in the Middle East, and he could use American armed forces in the Middle East under the pretext of dealing with "imperialist aggression"; In two years, 400 million US dollars will be allocated to provide economic "assistance" to countries in the Middle East and the Near East. The US Congress passed this resolution on March 7th. On March 9th, Eisenhower signed this resolution which was later called "Eisenhower Doctrine".

At that time, the British and French invasion of Egypt failed, and the United States attempted to use this plan, with the threat of force as a means, economic assistance as a bait, and anti-* * as a cover to further crowd out the forces of Britain and France and other countries in order to realize its plot to monopolize the Middle East. Later, Eisenhower doctrine was also used outside the Middle East. Eisenhower doctrine was opposed by the people in the Middle East. The governments of Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Jordan have twice issued statements rejecting Eisenhower Doctrine. 1959, with the death of secretary of state Dulles, Eisenhower doctrine was eclipsed. From 1953 to 196 1, Eisenhower was re-elected as the president of the United States for two terms. During his tenure, he held high-level talks with Khrushchev, chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, at Camp David in the United States. The "Camp David Talks" set a precedent for the summit meeting between the United States and the Soviet Union during and after the Cold War.

Eisenhower was an American president who served in the army for half his life and achieved outstanding results. Modern warfare needs all kinds of knowledge and talents. To give full play to the role of all aspects, without mutual friction and self-consumption, we need someone to coordinate. Eisenhower may not be as good as Barton and Montgomery in specific campaign command, but he is very talented in coordinating various relations. He won wide trust and support with a firm, calm and equal attitude towards others. He is also good at discovering talents, so Montgomery, Barton, Van Follette and many other famous players can be used by him. 1969 died on March 28th.

anecdote

Eisenhower's cross time plan: draw a cross and divide it into four quadrants, important and urgent, important and not urgent, unimportant and not urgent, put everything you want to do in, and then do the urgent and important quadrants well first. Since then, Eisenhower's work and life efficiency has been greatly improved. This matter has become a beautiful talk talked about by successful American scholars.

Eisenhower kept his mouth shut: once the strategic plan was implemented, Eisenhower already knew the work deployment. A close friend of his visited him and asked him some secrets. Eisenhower asked, "If I tell you, will you keep your mouth shut?" My friend firmly said "I can". "So can I!" Eisenhower said firmly. My friend had to leave in despair.