Knowledge points of politics, biogeography and history in grade one of junior high school

The first volume of the seventh grade geography mainly introduces the whole earth. The first chapter is to study the earth and geometry, mainly to learn how to analyze maps, topographic maps, the revolution and rotation of the earth, as well as longitude and latitude lines and divided temperature zones. The second chapter is about studying land and sea, mainly about learning that the earth is made up of seven continents and four oceans. Remember the dividing lines of the continents, and we must not confuse them. We also studied land-sea changes and plate movements, and proved that continental drift was caused by plate movements. The third chapter studies the weather and climate, mainly studying the two major points of the weather, namely, short time and great differences between different places. I also studied weather symbols, temperature and its distribution, precipitation and its distribution, and the climate of the world. The fourth chapter is the study of residents and settlements, mainly studying the growth mode of the world population (natural population growth lu= birth lu- death Lu), the distribution of the world population (population density = population divided by geographical area), the three major religions and representative buildings in the world. The fifth chapter is about learning, development and cooperation. Countries are divided into developed countries and developing countries, and the United Nations is headquartered in new york, USA.

The above are the key points, please remember! I hope you can learn well!

History review materials for the first grade of junior high school

1, labor played a decisive role in the evolution from apes to humans.

2. China is one of the cradles of human beings and the country with the largest number of early human fossils and sites in the world.

3. The earliest known human being in China is Yuanmou, which is about 6,543,800 years ago.

47,000 to 200,000 years ago, Beijingers lived in Gulong, Zhoukoudian, Beijing. Beijingers can walk upright, and their upper limbs are similar to those of modern people, but their heads still retain some characteristics of apes. They have begun to use natural fire and simple language.

5. 18000 years ago, cavemen also lived at the top of Gulong Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing. They used stone tools, mastered the technology of polishing and drilling, and mastered the technology of artificial firing.

Hemudu site in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River 6.6000 years ago was also one of the earliest places to grow rice in the world.

7. Hemudu people use tools such as stone grinders and bone implements, and also burn black pottery. They raise pigs, dogs, buffaloes and other domestic animals and lead a stable life.

8. The Banpo site in the middle reaches of the Yellow River 5,000 years ago was also the earliest place to grow millet and vegetables in the world.

9. The livestock raised by Banpo people mainly include pigs and dogs, but also a small number of cattle and horses. Sheep, chicken. They can spin linen. Sew clothes.

Banpo people live in semi-caves.

10, in primitive times, a relatively fixed production and living collective formed according to blood relationship was called clan.

Hemudu people and Banpo people belong to matriarchal clan society.

1 1400 years ago, there were three outstanding tribal leaders in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, namely Yan Di, Huangdi and Chiyou.

12, Huangdi and Yan Di formed a tribal alliance and fought against Chiyou. Chiyou was defeated and captured by the Yellow Emperor.

13 years, Huangdi and Yan Di were honored as ancestors of China by later generations. Huangdi is regarded as the founder of Chinese civilization, so we also call him "the ancestor of mankind"

14 After the Yellow Emperor, the leader of the famous tribal alliance in the Yellow River Basin was Yao Shunyu.

15, in ancient times, the method of electing tribal alliance leaders was recommended by the people, and the leaders gave way, which was called "abdication system" in history.

18. During the Shun period, there was a serious flood in the Yellow River basin, and Shun sent Yu to control the water. Yu introduced the river water into the sea through dredging, and let the people live a stable life. People praised his achievements in water control and called him "Dayu"

19. In 2070 BC, Yu established the first dynasty in the history of China-Xia.

20. After Yu's death, Yu's son Qi succeeded to the throne and became the second generation supreme ruler of Xia Dynasty. Since then, the hereditary system of the throne inherited by father and son has replaced the abdication system, and "the public world" has become "the family world"

2 1, the last king of Xia, Jie, was a famous tyrant in history.

22. In BC 1600, Tang, the tribal leader of Shang Dynasty, set out to attack the summer. Overthrew Xia's rule, established Shang Dynasty, and made its capital in 600 BC.

23. In BC 1300, King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved the capital to Yin, so we also call Shang Dynasty Yin Dynasty.

24. The Shang Dynasty ruled a wider area than the Xia Dynasty, stretching to the seaside in the east and to the western Shaanxi in the west.

25. The last King Zhou of Shang Dynasty was a tyrant. People are dissatisfied with his brutal rule. About BC 1046, Zhou Wuwang led an army to attack the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Zhou Jun won a great victory, and the Shang Dynasty perished.

26. After King Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty was established, with Haojiang as its capital, which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.

27. After the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to strengthen the rule over vast areas of the country, the feudal system centered on the Zhou royal family was implemented, and the descendants of the royal family, heroes and old nobles were enfeoffed to various places to become princes and establish vassal States. Wei, Qi, Lu, Jin,. Ten vassal States, including Song and Yan.

28. According to the Western Zhou Dynasty, only the eldest son born to his wife is eligible to inherit the positions of son of heaven, vassal and doctor Qing. This is the eldest son inheritance system. It ensures the smooth succession of the ruling power of the royal family and nobles, and is conducive to the stability of social order.

29. The territory of the Western Zhou Dynasty extends to the east of Gansu in the west, to the north of Shandong in the east, to the south of Liaoning in the northeast and across the Yangtze River in the south.

30. In 77 1 BC, the dog army attacked Haojiang and killed Zhou Youwang, ending the Western Zhou Dynasty. In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty began.

3 1, we call Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

32. Oracle Bone Inscriptions recorded the activities of Shang kings, which reflected the political and economic situation of Shang Dynasty. The written history of China began in Shang Dynasty.

33. The Muswuding unearthed in Yin Ruins is the largest bronze ware found in China at present, and it is a symbol of Shang Dynasty's power.

34. Bronze craft is an important symbol of Shang and Zhou civilizations. People call Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties the Bronze Age.

35. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, some bronzes were engraved with words. Because the ancients called copper gold, this kind of writing was called bronze inscription. Also known as Zhong Dingwen.

36. During the Spring and Autumn Period, great powers competed for hegemony for land, population and power to dominate other countries.

37. The five overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period were Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, He Lv, King of Wu, and Gou Jian, King of Yue.

38. Qi Huangong appointed Guan Zhong as Prime Minister, actively reformed internal affairs and developed production. Strengthened the national strength, and under the call of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries", the status of Qi was improved through the campaign. In 65 1 year BC, the governors were summoned to join the alliance in Kuishan, and the Zhou Emperor also sent representatives to attend.

39. In 632 BC, Jin Wengong adopted the strategy of "avoiding three schools", defeated the Chu army in the battle of Chengpu and dominated the Central Plains.

40. During the Warring States Period, the main vassal states were Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao and Wei, and the battles were Maling and Changping.

4 1, iron farm tools and Niu Geng were used in the Spring and Autumn Period and popularized in the Warring States Period.

42. In 356 BC, Qin Xiaogong began the Shang Yang Reform.

43. The main contents of Shang Yang's political reform are: recognizing the private ownership of land, allowing free trading, encouraging farming, and promoting the county system.

44. The function of Shang Yang's political reform was to abolish the old system, promote agricultural production, improve the combat effectiveness of the army, and make Qin the most prosperous vassal state during the Warring States period, which laid a solid foundation for the subsequent annexation of six countries and the reunification of China. ;

45. During the Warring States Period, many countries built some important water conservancy projects, of which Dujiangyan built by Qin was the most famous.

It was built by Li Bing and his son. This project turned Sichuan Plain into a rich "land of abundance".

46. China's civil construction craftsman is Luban.

47. During the Warring States Period, the imperial doctor was Bian Que, and the "four diagnoses" became the traditional diagnostic method of Chinese medicine.

48. China's earliest collection of poems was The Book of Songs.

During the Warring States Period, Qu Yuan used Chu language and folk songs to create a new poetry genre-"Chu Ci". His masterpiece is the lyric poem Li Sao.

50. A musical system was formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and bell and drum music prevailed in the Warring States Period. The complete set of chimes unearthed in Suixian County, Hubei Province was the most precious musical instrument at that time.

5 1, The Picture of a Phoenix Girl and the Picture of a Dragon in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are the oldest silk paintings in China.

52. Founder of Confucius Confucian School. The center of his Confucianism is "benevolence", which refers to personal personality and interpersonal relationship.

53. According to legend, Confucius compiled The Book of Songs and The Spring and Autumn Annals according to Historical Records, and Confucius' disciples compiled The Analects according to his words and deeds.

54. In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang established the Qin Dynasty and made Xianyang its capital.

55. The unification of the Qin Dynasty ended the long-term separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and created the first unified situation in the history of China. ]

56. Qin Changcheng starts from Lintao in the west and ends in Liaodong in the east.

57. The territory of the State of Qin extends to Longxi in the west, to the East China Sea, to the South China Sea and to the Great Wall in the north.

58. What measures did Qin Shihuang take to consolidate reunification?

1), politically: it is stipulated that the supreme ruler is called the emperor.

Set up "three publics" in the central government, that is, the prime minister, imperial envoys and Qiu implement the county system in the local area.

2) Economically: unify currency and measurement. The unified car is relaxed.

3) Culturally: unified writing.

4), ideologically: burning books to pit Confucianism.

59. For some important pictures in the textbook, especially the official drawings of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period.

60、

school of thought

figure

Main proposition

Confucianists

Mencius

The people are precious, the monarch is light, and the power of the people cannot be underestimated.

xunzi

Man is destined to conquer nature.

mohists

Mozi

"Universal love" and "non-aggression" advocate thrift and oppose waste. select talented people

dao jia xue pai

Zhuangzi

People can't conquer nature, despise powerful people and enjoy it.

Legalist school

Han Fei Unit 1 Biology and Biosphere

Chapter 1 Understanding Biology

The first section biological characteristics

First, the biological characteristics:

1. Biology needs nutrition. 2. Living things can breathe. 3. Waste can be excreted.

4, stress 5, composed of cells (except viruses) 6, growth and development 7, reproduction 8, genetic variation

Second, the observation method of P2

The second part investigates the creatures around us

First, the general method of investigation.

Steps: Make clear the purpose of the investigation, determine the object of investigation, make a reasonable investigation plan, record the investigation, sort out the investigation results and write an investigation report.

Second, the classification of organisms.

According to morphological structure: animals, plants and other organisms.

According to the living environment: terrestrial organisms and aquatic organisms.

By use: crops, poultry, livestock and pets.

Chapter II The biosphere is the home of all living things.

Section 1 Biosphere

1. Biosphere range: bottom atmosphere: birds, insects, bacteria, etc.

The whole hydrosphere: the water layer within 0/50m from the sea level/kloc-.

The surface of the lithosphere is the "foothold" of all terrestrial creatures.

Second, the biosphere provides basic conditions for living things: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and a certain living space.

In the second quarter, the influence of environment on living things

1. Effects of abiotic factors on living things: light, moisture, temperature, etc.

Second, the experiment of the influence of light on the life of mice and girls (understanding and mastering the topic of the senior high school entrance examination paper)

Third, the process of inquiry: 1, finding problems, asking questions 2, making assumptions 3, making plans 4, implementing plans 5, drawing conclusions 6, expressing and communicating.

Four. Control experiment P 15

Five, the influence of biological factors on biology:

According to the relationship between the same species or different species, biological factors can be divided into two types: 1, and the intra-species relationship: intra-species mutual assistance (ants moving food) and intra-species struggle (two leopards competing for antelope and habitat).

2. Interspecific relationships: parasitism (ascaris lumbricoides), competition (lions and leopards compete for food) and mutual assistance (rhinoceros and hornbill).

The third quarter biological adaptation and influence to the environment

I. Examples of biological adaptation to the environment P 19

Second, the biological impact on the environment: plant transpiration can adjust the air humidity, plant dead leaves and dead branches can adjust the soil fertility, animal manure can improve the soil, and earthworms can loosen the soil.

Section 4 Ecosystem

I. Composition of the ecosystem:

1. Biological parts: producers, consumers and decomposers.

2. Abiotic parts: sunlight, water, air and temperature.

Second, the food chain and food web:

1. The food chain starts from the producer.

2. Material-energy flows along the food chain-food web.

3. The higher the trophic level, the less the biomass; The higher the trophic level, the more toxic substances are accumulated, such as aquatic diseases in Japan.

Third, the ecosystem has a certain ability of automatic adjustment.

Generally speaking, the number and proportion of organisms in the ecosystem are relatively stable. However, this automatic adjustment ability has a certain limit, beyond which it will be destroyed.

Section 5 The biosphere is the largest ecosystem

I. Types of ecosystems

Forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, farmland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, urban ecosystem, etc.

Second, the biosphere is a unified whole p30

Pay attention to the examples of DDT (usually practice paper topics)

Unit 2 Organisms and Cells

The first chapter is to observe the cell structure.

Section 1 Practice using a microscope

I. 1. Structure of microscope

Mirror seat: stabilize the mirror body;

Mirror column: supporting the part above the mirror column;

Mirror arm: the part holding the mirror;

Stage: a place where slide specimens are placed. There is a light hole in the center and two flat clips on both sides for fixing the observed object.

Shutter: There are round holes of different sizes on it, called aperture. Each hole can be aligned with the light-transmitting hole. Lights are used to adjust the intensity of light:

Mirror: it can be rotated to make the light reflect upward through the light hole. The two sides are different:

Lens barrel: an eyepiece is installed at the upper end, a converter is installed at the lower end, an objective lens is installed on the converter, and a focusing screw is installed at the rear.

Focus screw: coarse focus screw (also known as coarse adjustment): the lens barrel rises and falls greatly when it rotates; Fine-tuning focal screw (also called fine-tuning).

The relationship between rotation direction and lifting direction: rotate the focusing screw clockwise, and the lens barrel will descend; On the contrary, it will rise.

III. Mastering the use of P37-38 diagram of microscope.

1. The observed object image is opposite to the actual image.

2. Magnification = objective multiple x eyepiece multiple

3. The biological specimen observed under the microscope should be thin and transparent, and the light can pass through, so that it can be observed clearly. Therefore, it must be processed into slide specimens.

Section 2 Observation of Plant Cells

First, the difference between slicing, smearing and assembling P42

Two. Experimental process P43-44

Third, the basic structure of plant cells.

1, cell wall: support, protection

2. Cell membrane: controls the entry and exit of substances.

3. Cytoplasm: liquid and mobile.

4. Nucleus: storing and transmitting genetic information.

5. Chloroplast: the site of photosynthesis.

6. Vacuole: Cell fluid

7. Mitochondria: the place to breathe.

Section III Observation of Animal Cells

First, the oral epithelial cell experiment P47 was observed.

Second, the structure of animal cells.

1. Cell membrane: controls the entry and exit of substances.

2. Nucleus: storing and transmitting genetic information.

3. Cytoplasm: liquid and mobile.

Chapter II Cell Life

Section 1 Cell life needs matter and energy

1. Matter consists of molecules that are constantly moving. Take the experiment of sugar melting as an example to illustrate.

Molecules are not the smallest particles that make up matter. Molecules are made up of atoms. Atoms are the smallest units of matter, while cells are the structural and functional units of organisms.

Second, the substance in the cell.

Organic matter (usually containing carbon and combustible materials): sugars, lipids, protein and nucleic acids, which are macromolecules.

Inorganic substances (generally carbon-free): water, inorganic substances, oxygen, etc. These are small molecules.

Third, the cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances, and it is selective for substances, and useful substances enter and waste is discharged.

Four, the energy converter in the cell:

Chloroplast: Photosynthesis is a process in which carbon dioxide and water synthesize sugar and produce oxygen.

Mitochondria: It performs respiration and is the "power factory" and "engine" in cells.

Section 2 The nucleus is the genetic information base

First, genetic information exists in the nucleus.

Dolly's example p55

Second, the carrier of genetic information in the nucleus-DNA.

1, DNA structure is like a spiral staircase.

2. Genes are DNA fragments with specific genetic information.

Third, DNA and protein constitute chromosomes.

1, different biological individuals have completely different chromosome morphology and number.

2, individuals of the same species, chromosomes in the form and quantity to maintain a certain.

3. Chromosomes are easily dyed dark by alkaline dyes.

The number of chromosomes should be kept constant, otherwise there will be serious genetic diseases.

Fourth, the control center of cells is the nucleus.

The third part of cell division produces new cells.

First, the growth of organisms from childhood is due to: cell growth and cell division.

Second, cell division.

1, chromosome replication

2. The nucleus is divided into two equal nuclei.

3. The cytoplasm is divided into two parts.

4. Plant cells: form new cell membranes and cell walls in primitive cells.

Animal cells: The cell membrane gradually invades to form two new cells.

Content after the mid-term exam (focus on review)

Chapter III How Cells Form Organisms

The first section animal body structure level

I concepts of cell division and cell differentiation

Third, all kinds of cells formed by cell differentiation can only function when they are gathered together. These cell groups composed of cells with similar morphological structure and the same function are called tissues.

Four, several kinds of tissues are arranged together in a certain order, which are interrelated to form a structure with a certain shape and multiple functions to meet the needs of a certain aspect of life activities in plants. Such a structure is called an organ.

The basic tissues of animals and humans can be divided into four types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue.

Six or four tissues are formed in a certain order, and one of them is dominant to form organs.

Seven, animals or human body can * * * complete one or more physiological functions of multiple organs, according to a certain order to form a system.

Eight, the basic structural levels of animals and people: cells → tissues → organs → systems → animal bodies and human bodies.

Nine. P65 Question 3

X. Eight system names

Section II Structural Levels of Plants

First, the six organs of colorful flowering plants

1. Nourishing organs: roots, stems and leaves. 2. Reproductive organs: flowers, fruits and seeds.

Second, the organization of plants.

Meristem organization, conservation organization, nutrition organization, transportation organization, etc.

In the third quarter, there is only one cell.

Single-celled organisms: yeast, paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Eupolyphaga, amoeba.

Second, paramecium

Structure: Cilia, epidermis, collecting duct, contractile vesicle, anal canal, sulcus, food vacuole, cytoplasm and nucleus (macronucleus, micronucleus).

Function: Take notes

Third, the relationship between single-celled organisms and humans.

1, advantages: Remarks

2. Harmful aspects: attention

Unit 3 Green Plants in the Biosphere

Section 1 Algae, Bryophytes and Ferns

First, the aerial part of ferns is not the stem, but its compound leaves; Underground parts are underground stems and roots.

Secondly, ferns have differentiation of organs such as roots, stems and leaves, as well as transport tissues and mechanical tissues, so the plants are relatively tall.

3. Spore is a kind of germ cell. Sporangium can be seen not at any time, but in summer, when spore germinates, it can form prothallus.

4. The economic significance of pteridophytes lies in: ① Some of them are edible; ② Some drugs are available; ③ Some are for viewing; ④ Some of them can be used as excellent green manure and feed; ⑤ The remains of ancient pteridophytes turned into coal after a long time.

5. There are two kinds of bryophytes: one has stem and leaf differentiation, but the stem is very small and the leaves are small and thin, such as Cucurbita moschata and Phragmites australis; The other has no differentiation of stems and leaves, and the plant body is just a flat leaflike body, such as liverworts.

Six, the roots of bryophytes are false roots, which can't absorb water and inorganic salts, while the stems and leaves of bryophytes have no transport tissues and can't transport water. So bryophytes can't live without boiling water.

Seven, bryophytes grow densely, and the gaps between plants can store water. Therefore, bryophyte patches play a certain role in soil and water conservation of woodland and Shan Ye.

Eight, bryophytes are very sensitive to toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide, and it is difficult to survive near heavily polluted cities and factories. Using this characteristic, people use bryophytes as indicator plants to monitor the degree of air pollution.

Nine, the main characteristics of algae plants: simple structure, single-celled or multicellular individuals, no differentiation of roots, stems, leaves and other organs; There are chloroplasts in the cells, which can be used for photosynthesis; Most of them live in water.

10. Organic matter produced by algae plants through photosynthesis can be used as bait for fish, and the released oxygen is not only for fish to breathe, but also an important source of oxygen in the atmosphere.

The economic significance of algae: ① kelp, laver and sea cabbage are edible; ② Iodine, fucoidan and agar extracted from algae can be used in industry and medicine.

Chapter IV Organism without Cell Structure-Virus

I. Types of viruses

Depending on the host: animal virus, plant virus and bacterial virus (phage)

Second, the structure of the virus

The genetic material in the shell and inside of protein.

Third, the relationship between virus and human beings.

Section 2 Seed Plants

First, the structure of seeds

Broad bean seeds: seed coat, embryo (embryo, hypocotyl, radicle) and cotyledon (2 pieces).

Corn seeds: pericarp and seed coat, embryo, cotyledon (1 piece) and endosperm.

Second, seed plants are more adaptable to land life than mosses and ferns. One of the important reasons is that they can produce seeds.

Three, gymnosperms and angiosperms

Remember common gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Fourth, the role of peel (see note)

Chapter II Life of Angiosperms

Section 1 Seed Germination

First, the conditions required for seed germination

Environmental conditions: suitable temperature, certain humidity and sufficient air.

Self-condition: the seeds are full, the embryos are complete and energetic, and the dormancy period has passed.

2. Determination and sampling inspection of seed germination rate

Third, the process of seed germination.

Absorb water and transport nutrients-radicle develops into root-hypocotyl develops into stem and leaf.

Section 2 Plant Growth

First, the structure of the root tip and the function of each part

Second, the growth of young roots

1, the fastest growing part is: elongation zone.

2. The growth of roots depends on the increase of the number of meristem cells on the one hand, and the increase of the cell volume in the elongation zone on the other.

Third, the structure of the bud

1, bud axis-develop into stem

2, bud primordium-develop into lateral buds

3. Growing point-make the bud axis elongate continuously, and produce new bud primordium and Yuan Yeji.

4, Yuan Ye base-develop into young leaves]

4. Nutrients needed for plant growth

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

Section 3 Flowering and Fruiting

1. Flowers develop from buds.

Second, the structure of flowers.

Petals, receptacle, calyx, stamens (anthers, filaments), pistils (ovary, style, stigma)

Third, pollination and fertilization.

See note.

Fourth, the formation of fruits and seeds.

Ovary-fruit fertilized egg-embryo fertilization polar nucleus-endosperm

Ovule-seed integument-seed coat

V. Artificial pollination

When pollination is insufficient, artificial pollination can be assisted.

Chapter III Green Plants and Biosphere Cycle

Section 1 The life of green plants needs water

First, the role of water in plants.

1, water is a component of cells.

2. Water can keep the natural posture of plants.

3. Water is the solvent for plants to absorb and transport substances.

4. Water participates in the metabolic activities of plants.

Second, water affects the distribution of plants.

Thirdly, the water requirements of plants are different in different periods (P 109).

The second way to save water into plants

First, the main part of root water absorption is the mature area of root tip, where there are a lot of root hairs.

Second, the structure of the root.

From outside to inside: bark: phloem (with sieve tube), cambium; Xylem (with vessel)

Third, the mode of waterway transportation.

Conduit: upward conveying water and inorganic salts.

Screen tube: conveying the organic matter produced by photosynthesis of leaves downward.

In the third section, green plants participate in the water cycle of biosphere.

First of all, the structure of the blade

Upper and lower epidermis, mesophyll (palisade tissue, sponge tissue), veins and stomata.

Second, the structure of stomata protects cells from water absorption and expansion, and the stomata are opened; The guard cells lose water and contract, and the stomata close.

Stomata are open during the day and closed at night.

Third, the significance of transpiration:

1, which can reduce the temperature of plants and prevent them from being burned.

2. It is the main driving force for root system to absorb water and promote water transport in the body.

3. It can promote the transport of water-soluble inorganic salts in the body.

4. It can increase atmospheric humidity, reduce ambient temperature and increase precipitation.

Chapter IV Green plants are producers of organic matter in the biosphere.

Section 1 Green plants make organic matter through photosynthesis

First, the experiment of geranium

1, dark treatment: put geraniums in the dark for one night.

2. Control experiment: Cover the upper and lower surfaces of half a leaf with black paper.

3. Decolorization: After several hours, put the leaves in water and heat them in isolation.

4. Dyeing: Dyeing with iodine solution

5. Conclusion: Starch turns blue when exposed to iodine, and organic matter can be produced by photosynthesis of visible parts.

Second, photosynthesis.

1, producing organic matter such as starch.

2. Convert light energy into chemical energy and store it in organic matter.

Section 2 Utilization of Organic Matter by Green Plants

I. Utilization of Organic Matter by Green Plants

1, used to build objects.

2. Provide energy for the life activities of plants

Second, the respiratory function

1, in mitochondria.

2. Organic matter is decomposed into carbon dioxide and water, and the stored energy is also released for life activities.

Chapter V Carbon and Oxygen Balance between Green Plants and Biosphere

First, photosynthesis produces oxygen.

light

Inorganic matter+water-organic matter+oxygen

Chloroplast (storing energy)

Second, photosynthesis takes carbon dioxide as raw material.

Through photosynthesis, green plants constantly consume carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, produce oxygen, and maintain the balance of carbon and oxygen in the biosphere.

Third, pay attention to reasonable and close planting when planting crops.

Chapter VI Caring for Vegetation and Greening the Motherland

I. Main Vegetation Types in China

Grassland, desert, tropical rain forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest

Second, the main problems facing vegetation in China

1, low vegetation coverage.

2. Forest resources and grassland resources have been seriously damaged.

My answers are basically from the computer.

It's a little messy It will help if you take a good look.