Qin Shihuang and China's first emperor, Ying Zheng, the founding emperor of Qin Dynasty.

Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor (259 BC-2 BC10), was born in Handan, the capital of Zhao State, because his surname was Zhao. China is a famous politician, reformer and strategist in history. He was the first founding emperor in the Qin Dynasty to unify China. He is the son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang. At the age of thirteen, he proclaimed himself emperor, and at the age of thirty-nine, he reigned for thirty-seven years. Qin Shihuang established the emperor system, and the central government implemented three officials and nine officials. The local government abolished the enfeoffment system and replaced it with the county system, unified writing and weights and measures, attacked the Xiongnu in the north and conquered the Great Wall of Wan Li in the south. It pushed China into the era of unification, created a new situation of establishing autocratic centralization, had a far-reaching impact on China and world history, and laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years. Li Zhi, a thinker in the Ming Dynasty, praised him as "an emperor through the ages".

Qin Shihuang's name was Ying Zheng (259 ~ 2 10), and he was the son of King Xiang of Qin. After the death of King Xiang, he succeeded the State of Qin, destroyed six countries and unified China. He was called the first emperor and the founding emperor of the Qin Dynasty. After 25 years in office, he ascended the throne in 12 and died at the age of 49. Buried in Yili (now 25 miles northeast of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province).

Qin Shihuang, who won the surname, was a famous minister. Born in Zhao, also known as the son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang (another son of Qin Zhuang). In 246 BC, Ying Zheng, who was only 13 years old, succeeded to the throne of Qin, which was handed over to the Prime Minister and Empress Xuan. In 238 BC, he took advantage of the opportunity of going out to mobilize troops to rebel. He crushed the rebellion in one fell swoop, killed the virus and imprisoned the queen mother. The following year, Lv Buwei was dismissed from his post, and then he was forced to kill Lv Buwei, while Liao Wei and Li Si were appointed.

Since then, Ying Zheng has inherited a series of policies since Qin Xiaogong, carried out reform and innovation, and rewarded farming. Then, Ying Zheng adopted the strategy of Reese and others, bribed the ministers of the six Kanto countries with huge sums of money, alienated the monarch and his subjects, made friends, and attacked them. During the period of 10 from 230 BC to 2265438 BC, the six countries of Korea, Wei, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Qi perished one after another, ending hundreds of years of separatism and melee since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

After Ying Zheng unified the world, he created the title of "Emperor", called himself the first emperor, announced that his descendants would be called II, III and even eternity, and imagined that the rule of the Qin Dynasty would continue from generation to generation. All government affairs of the country are decided by the emperor, and important officials of the central and local governments are appointed and removed by the emperor. The central government implements the system of three public officials and nine ministers. Subsequently, Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system since Shang and Zhou dynasties and implemented the county system. On the basis of the original laws and decrees of Qin, he absorbed some provisions of the laws of the six countries and formulated and promulgated unified laws. The nobles before the Six Kingdoms were moved to Guanzhong and Bashu to prevent their separatist activities.

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Economically, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce was implemented to foster the development of feudal private ownership of land. In the thirty-first year of the first emperor (2 16 BC), landlords and yeomen who occupied land were ordered to declare the amount of land to * * * and pay taxes. Their land ownership was recognized and protected by * * *, and the national weights and measures system was unified based on the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang. In order to develop the national land and water transportation, Qin's "half Liang" money was used as the currency, and "cars on the same track" was implemented, and the chidao from Xianyang to Yanqi and the straight road from Xianyang to Jiuyuan (now Baotou West, Inner Mongolia) via Yunyang. Wuchi Road was built in the southwest, and a canal was dug to connect Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River.

In terms of cultural thought, based on the popular characters of Qin State, Biography was formulated and promulgated throughout the country. In 2 13 BC, in order to control his thoughts, Ying Zheng accepted Reese's suggestion and ordered books on Qin history, medicine, divination and tree planting to be burned. Private schools are forbidden. In the second year, alchemists Lu Sheng and Hou Sheng talked about Qin Shihuang's greed and arbitrary punishment behind his back. After learning about Ying Zheng, people were sent to hunt him down. Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng fled in great anger and killed all the more than 460 Confucian scholars involved in Xianyang. These two things are called "burning books to bury Confucianism" in history, which stifled thoughts and seriously damaged culture.

In 2 14 BC, Ying Zheng sent troops to Nanyue, adding four counties: Minzhong, Nanhai, Guilin and Xiang Jun (now Chongzuo County, Guangxi). In the same year, General Meng Tian was sent to attack the Xiongnu in the north, recovered the Hetao area in Inner Mongolia today, and moved to the civil construction city in the mainland. At the end of the first emperor, the number of counties in Qin increased from 36 at the beginning of reunification to more than 40, making Qin's territory reach the sea in the east, Longxi in the west, the Great Wall in the north and Xiang Jun in the south.

During the reign of Ying Zheng, the corvee was heavy and the punishment was harsh. In addition to paying two-thirds of the harvest as taxes, the people have to bear heavy corvee and military service. He recruited more than 700,000 people and built the luxurious Epang Palace and the tomb of Mount Li in the south of Weishui. He also recruited farmers to connect the original Great Wall in the northern part of Qin, Zhao and Yan, extending eastward and westward, starting from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west and building a city defense in Liaodong (now northwest of Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province) in the east. This is the Great Wall of Wan Li. It is a great project in ancient China and the crystallization of the sweat and wisdom of the working people in ancient China. At that time, there were more than 654.38+0.5 million conscripts and corvees, and the number of soldiers was insufficient. Even women are taken to transport their salaries. Many people were tortured to death. In order to prevent the people from resisting, he ordered the collection and destruction of folk weapons, and also stipulated that one person should be sentenced to death and his relatives should be executed, which was called "clan punishment"; A family breaks the law and neighbors are guilty of the same crime. This is called "sitting together". People can be accused of breaking the law at any time, be sentenced to hard labor, or be beheaded, cut off their noses, executed, and criminals who are escorted to the government abound.

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He was overjoyed and wasted his time. During his reign of 12 years, he made five large-scale cruises, carving stones and praising virtues along the way to show his immortal achievements. In order to live forever, alchemist Xu Fu led thousands of children and men to seek immortality in the East China Sea. It has consumed huge financial and human resources and deepened people's suffering.

As soon as the Qin Dynasty was established, class contradictions began to intensify. Due to the tyranny of Ying Zheng, a small-scale peasant uprising appeared. In 2 10 BC, Ying Zheng made his last cruise, accompanied by Prime Minister Reese, CZ (eunuch in charge of the emperor's official documents) Zhao Gao and his favorite youngest son Hu Hai. He crossed the Qiantang River and arrived in Wuzhong, Huiji County. On the way back, he fell ill in Pingyuan Jin (now southeast of Pingyuan County, Shandong Province). When I arrived at the sand dune (now Guangzong County, Hebei Province), my illness turned to safety. Knowing that he was dying, he quickly ordered Reese and Zhao Gao to draft letters and give them to his eldest son, Fu Su, urging Fu Su to rush back to Xianyang immediately to preside over the funeral. When Reese drafted the imperial edict and submitted it to Ying Zheng for review, Ying Zheng was already dead.

Fu Su was expelled from the capital by Qin Shihuang for discouraging Ying Zheng from entering Confucianism, and was sent to Meng Tian Army in Shang Jun as a supervisor. Zhao Gao has always held a grudge against the Meng Tian family. He was worried about Fu Su's succession and Meng Huo's reuse, so he seized the testamentary edict and conspired with Hu Hai to usurp the throne. He coerced and forced Reese to collude with them, forged a testament, accused Fu Su of not being able to make meritorious service outside, but resented his father and ordered him and Meng Tian to commit suicide. Meng Tian suspected and refused to commit suicide. Fu Su was honest and believed that the imperial edict was true, so he committed suicide and died.

Zhao Gao didn't send out obituary. He put Ying Zheng's body in the car, closed the door and drew the curtain on the car, so that officials thought that Qin Shihuang was still alive and played outside the car every day. While leading the brigade to drive the corpse truck back to Xianyang. Due to the hot weather, the body rotted and stinked. Zhao Gao sent people to kill abalone and ordered each car to be loaded with abalone, so as to confuse the smell of corpse. Then he sent out obituary and made Hu Hai emperor. Qin Shihuang is the floorboard of Ying Zheng, the first emperor in history.

Since ancient times, the evaluation of Qin Shihuang has been mixed. However, throughout Qin Shihuang's life, he has played a great role in promoting the development of China's history, and he is indeed an accomplished emperor in the history of China, and his achievements cannot be lost.