As the main means of transportation in modern times, what are the little-known development history of automobiles?

Since the automobile was born at the end of last century, it has experienced more than one hundred years of ups and downs. The first three-wheeled car made in karl benz has been running at the speed of 100km/h, and now a super sports car has been born. It only takes a little more than three seconds to accelerate from zero to100 km/h. In this century, the speed of automobile development is so amazing! At the same time, the automobile industry has also created a number of giants, who have created some famous companies that play an important role in the economies of various countries, such as General Motors, Ford, Toyota and Honda. Let's look back at this period of history, savor the bitterness and joy, and experience all kinds of joys and dreams brought by cars. ...

Cars, like computers and other modern cutting-edge tools, were not invented by a person sitting there. Cars at the beginning of invention are not what they are now. If I could see the car at that time, I might think it wasn't a car. The development of automobiles also has a long history. Generally speaking, the history of automobile development can be divided into three stages: before the invention of the steam engine, the steam automobile came out and the automobile began to be produced on a large scale.

The initial work and labor of human beings were completely done by themselves. There are no cars or engines. If there is, the engine of human shares was used before the use of cattle and horses. Slave is a kind of "biological engine". With the progress and development of mankind, people's understanding of nature is getting deeper and deeper, and their ability to use and transform nature is strengthening day by day. People not only use human and animal power, but also know how to use water power and wind power.

1705, newcomen invented a practical steam engine for the first time, which did not rely on people and animals to do work, but on machinery. This kind of steam engine was used to drive machinery, resulting in the epoch-making first industrial revolution. With the birth of steam-driven machinery, namely automobile, human society began the endless development of automobile.

1769, the Frenchman N.J. Cugnot made the world's first steam-driven tricycle. In 1804, Trouilh Sike designed and manufactured another steam car, which also pulled 10 tons of goods and ran on the railway for 15.7 kilometers.

183 1 year, ColdsworthyGur-ney of the United States put into transport steam cars, and there is regular transport service between Gestia and Luo Teng Hamm, which is15km away. This transport plane will take about 45 minutes to complete the journey. In the next three years, steam-driven buses also appeared on the streets of London. When this heavy monster ran in English towns, it caused a great sensation. Speaking of it, this kind of car is heavier and slower than the existing road. It often crashes into unpaved roads, causing various accidents. At that time, some citizens called for a ban on this kind of car. To this end, Britain has enacted the so-called "Red Flag Law". Ironically, due to the implementation of this law, Britain later fell far behind other industrial countries in the start of manufacturing cars.

Because the steam car itself is stupid and heavy, and it is hot and dirty when riding in a steam car, in order to improve this kind of engine, Etienne Renault made an engine at 1800, which is different from the steam engine (that is, the external combustion engine) in that the fuel burns outside, so that the fuel burns inside the engine. Later, people called this engine an internal combustion engine.

1876, CountNicholasOtto invented that the mixture of air and gasoline was compressed and then ignited after entering the cylinder, which improved the efficiency of the engine. This engine has four strokes: intake, compression, work and exhaust. To commemorate Otto's invention, people renamed this cycle Otto cycle.

1879, German engineer KartBenz successfully tested the two-stroke experimental engine for the first time. 1Established "Mercedes-Benz Company and Rhine Gas Engine Factory" in June, 883. 1In June, 885, he manufactured the first patented Mercedes-Benz motor vehicle in Mannheim, which was a three-wheeled vehicle with a two-stroke single-cylinder gasoline engine and 0.9 horsepower. This car has some basic features of modern cars, such as spark ignition, water cooling cycle and steel tube frame. At the same time, German Daimler cooperated with William Maybat to build the first high-speed gasoline experimental engine in 1893, and with Maybat's assistance, the world's first "horseless car" was built in 1886 in Batkanstad. This car was bought by a four-wheeled "American carriage", equipped with an engine, with power 1. 1 horsepower and a speed of 650 rpm. The car drove from Stuttgart to Constat at a speed of 18 km/h, and the world's first four-wheeled car driven by a gasoline engine was born. The actual use shows that the car runs well. The following year, Mercedes-Benz sold its tricycle to a Parisian in France for the first time. Because of its reliable design, excellent material selection and manufacturing, it has been widely praised and sold.

For the above reasons, people generally take 1886 as the first year of automobile, and some scholars take the year when Carl Benz made the first three-wheeled automobile (1885) as the year when the automobile was born. Mercedes-Benz and Daimler are regarded as the ancestors of the automobile industry. This is the second major event in the history of automobile development.

It should be noted that the car driver at that time must be a brave and witty mechanic. On many occasions, he has to "climb out or get under the car" or go to the blacksmith in the country to repair the car. Most people can't wait for the car. Nevertheless, sitting on the extremely noisy and vibrating machinery is not only ridiculed by passers-by and exposed to the sun and rain, but also completely lacks the comfort and style of today's drivers. Moreover, the driver of the carriage thinks that the car has robbed their business. When cars and carriages are in parallel, they often raise their whips and hit the drivers.

After entering the 20th century, cars are no longer just the world in Europe, especially when HeneryFord began to sell the famous "T" car in June 1908+00, the output of this kind of car increased sharply, and in a short period of 19, 1500 cars became angry. During the period of 19 13, Ford Motor Company also launched a large number of assembly lines for the first time, which greatly reduced the cost of cars and made them cheap. It is no longer just a luxury for the nobility and the rich, but gradually becomes a popular commodity. It was also at this time that American cars became the darling of the world, and Ford became a veritable automobile kingdom. Therefore, people say that the automobile was invented in Europe, but it was only in the United States in the early 1930s that it achieved great development. Ford used the assembly line to produce cars, which set the third milestone in the history of automobile development.

In just a few years, the automobile has changed from an experimental invention to a comprehensive industry with the widest related industries and the greatest influence of industrial technology. Therefore, the development of the automobile industry depends not only on the technological progress of the automobile industry itself, but also on the investment ability of the automobile industry to apply these technologies and the capacity of the world automobile market. Both of them are influenced by the development of the whole economic situation, people's requirements for the environment, the supply of energy and raw materials, unexpected changes and national policies. For example, World War I demonstrated the mobility of automobile transportation and trained many drivers to drive military trucks. Many of them also learned some automobile mechanical technology, so the automobile business flourished after the war. In the United States, automobile manufacturers and parts suppliers are still unable to meet the rapid growth of full-load production. The price of cars is several times that before the war. But it soon came to an end because of the large demand for economical flute cars. After World War II, Britain's demand for cars was higher than that after World War I, and it could sell almost as much as it produced. The United States made a windfall during World War II, and American industry became more and more prosperous after World War II. Automobile production has always been in the leading position in the world. Automobile, steel and architecture were once called "three pillars", and the automobile industry is a symbol of American industrial pride. For a long time, they have been focusing on luxury cars. But 1973 When the oil crisis happened for the first time, the American automobile industry suffered a great impact, and Japan seemed to have noticed it long ago. They developed and produced a large number of small fuel-efficient cars, and finally ousted the United States from the throne of "automobile kingdom" in 1980 and replaced it.

Japan is really a "rising star". When history entered the 20th century, the first automobile appeared in Japan, and it was several years before Japanese people began to develop automobiles. But who would have expected that Japan, which exported cars (to China and Shanghai) for the first time in 1925, actually exported 64 million cars 60 years later and ascended the throne of the automobile kingdom. This incident has aroused widespread concern all over the world and become a big news in the history of automobile development. Of course, the United States will never stop there, and it is hard to predict who will die and live. The future automobile market is still the most competitive market in the world market. Some people take General Motors, the king of American cars, as an example. Its average investment in automobile production is as high as $0.8 million per 15 minutes/kloc-0. Therefore, it is expected that only car companies with huge funds can have such investment ability in the future. However, with the support of the government and other departments, the future automobile stage will not be dominated by large companies, and small and medium-sized automobile enterprises will also have great development.

In order to occupy the future automobile market, many companies have widely applied various advanced technologies and equipment, such as microcomputer, radio communication, satellite navigation and other new technologies, new equipment, new methods and new materials to the automobile industry, and automobiles are developing towards automation and electronization. With the satellite navigation system, cars can receive the communication data of traffic satellites, determine the position of cars, thus automatically providing the best driving route and displaying traffic maps; The radar system of the car can tell the driver the distance and size of the obstacle, so it is easier to stop; The language perception system can tell the driver all the parts of the car with pictures, tables and sounds. In addition, it can take actions according to the "sound" and execute driving instructions. In addition, the energy consumption, exhaust emissions, noise and pollution of automobiles will be reduced day by day, and the safety and convenience of use will be improved day by day. Even if the oil crisis happens again, the automobile industry will not be greatly affected. Experts believe that cars are the most important means of transportation in the world at present and will remain the most important means of transportation in the future, and no other means of transportation can completely replace cars.