Spring sowing melon in small arch shed _ Early-maturing cultivation techniques of watermelon and melon in small arch shed in Shaya County

Watermelon and melon cultivation in small arch shed is an early-maturing mulching cultivation mode based on plastic film mulching cultivation, which has the characteristics of simple structure, less investment, quick effect and early maturity of crops. It is a very effective production method to cultivate watermelon and melon in a small arch shed to promote early maturity by making use of the characteristics of abundant sunshine and rapid temperature rise in early spring in Shaya County. The following is a brief introduction to the cultivation techniques of watermelon and melon promoted by small arch shed in Shaya County in spring.

Variety selection of 1

Select high-yield and high-quality varieties with high quality, early maturity, high yield and disease resistance, strong stress resistance and low temperature tolerance. It is suggested that melon should be planted in Kekule Naxi Gan and Selike Naxi Gan. Watermelon varieties such as Xin Jing No.2 and Huozhou 1 were selected.

2 land selection

Choose soil with medium fertility or above, loam or sandy loam is suitable for soil texture. It is best to choose the plot planted in the previous year and plough it in autumn (the ploughing depth is more than 25cm, and the soil is irrigated in winter to cure and eliminate weeds and overwintering pests). The selected plot is required to be free of melon crops for 3-4 years (otherwise, sweet watermelon continuous cropping agent should be applied), and the previous crop is suitable for beans or food crops. It is forbidden to plant cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae crops around Gua Tian.

3 preparation before planting

3. 1 ditching

After the soil moisture content increases in spring, plow and rake first, and draw ditch lines. The ditch spacing is about 3.5m, and the ditch length is no more than 30m. Fertilization ditches are opened on both sides of the center line of melon ditch. The spacing between the two fertilization ditches is 1 ~ 1.2m, and the depth is 25-30cm. 5m3/667m2 of high-quality decomposed organic fertilizer, 20 kg/667m2 of diammonium phosphate, 0/5 kg/667m2 of potash fertilizer, 20 kg/667m2 of urea or 35-40kg/667m2 of compound fertilizer. Open a melon ditch along the center line of the melon ditch, with a depth of 0.25~0.3m and an upper mouth width of 0.4m. The bottom, edge and wall of the ditch must be straight and tidy, with the same waterline, without large clods and plant roots. The melon ditch can be shallow first, and then deepened after the small arch shed is completely uncovered, or it can be opened once, with a depth of 0.25~0.3m, and then covered with plastic film.

3.2 Cover with plastic film

Level the sowing belt and cover it with a 65cm wide transparent plastic film. The method is to bury the membrane groove on the ditch wall at a distance of 15-20cm, and then lay the membrane. It is required that the plastic film should be close to the ground, flattened, compacted and compacted, and the illumination surface of the plastic film should reach 40 ~ 45 cm, which is conducive to raising the ground temperature in early spring.

3.3 Arch

The archway is made of bamboo, and other materials can also be used. The arch should be firmly inserted, and an arch should be inserted every 1.5-2m. The arch frame is connected by three thin lines, usually one on the top and one on both sides.

3.4 buckle shed

It is best to use blue or transparent drip-free film as the material of the buckle shed. The shed film should be tightly tied and the bottom should be compacted. In order to prevent wind, the film can be tightened with a film pressing line. The width of the arched shed bottom is 1.5- 1.6m, and the height is 80-90cm. Sowing can be done on the day when the shed is closed, preferably 5-7 days in advance, and then after the ground temperature rises.

4 Colonization

4. 1 colonization time

The planting time in Shaya County is generally from March 20th to 25th. When the indoor air temperature is stable at 15℃ or the outdoor air temperature is stable above 10℃, the seedling age is 25-30 days, and the plant has two pieces 1 heart or three pieces 1 heart, planting is started. After planting in the field, it is necessary to water the seedlings slowly and fasten the plastic film to raise the temperature in the greenhouse.

4.2 Planting density

The planting density of large fruit varieties is 800 ~ 900 plants /667m2, and that of small fruit varieties is 900 ~ 1000 plants /667ma, and the suitable plant spacing is 35 ~ 40cm.

5 shed temperature management

In the cultivation of watermelon and melon in small arch shed in spring, the management of greenhouse temperature is very important, which is directly related to the growth and development of melon seedlings and affects the fruit setting sooner or later. The management of greenhouse temperature should master the following principles.

5. 1 slow seedling stage

Because the soil temperature is generally low during planting, there is no ventilation 1 week after planting, so as to increase the soil temperature and the temperature in the greenhouse and promote the slow seedling. After that, according to the weather conditions, gradually start ventilation, and keep the highest temperature in the shed not more than 32℃ and the lowest temperature not less than 12℃, otherwise it will not be conducive to slow seedling growth.

5.2 Tree-growing period

The temperature in the shed is kept at 30-32℃ during the day and 65438 05℃ at night. When the temperature in the shed exceeds 32℃ during the day, it is ventilated to cool down; When the temperature is too low at night, cover the grass felt in time to keep warm.

5.3 vine extension period

The melon seedlings began to pull the vine. If the temperature is too high, the nodes of melon seedlings will be long and thin, and the differentiation of female flowers will be inhibited, which will easily lead to difficulties in fruit setting. Therefore, high temperature should be prevented during this period, and the maximum temperature should not exceed 30℃ during the day and not lower than 12℃ at night.

5.4 flowering and fruit setting period

When the average temperature of the day is 20℃, both ends of the arch shed can be ventilated day and night. After late frost in late April or when the temperature is stable above 12℃ at night, the small arch shed can be demolished. Before uncovering the shed, reasonably control the temperature and water, increase ventilation to prevent the seedlings from being tall and thin, and ensure the stability of Miao Zhuang.

5.5 Ventilation management

Due to the small space, the temperature of the small arch shed changes dramatically during ventilation. We should pay attention to the following points: First, change the position of the vent every day. If it is ventilated in one place for a long time, it will affect the growth of plants in the ventilated area; Second, the daily ventilation should be controlled from small to large. If the ventilation volume is suddenly increased, it is easy to cause "flash seedlings"; Third, don't ventilate from the windward side in low temperature weather.

6 pruning

6. 1 cucumber stage management

In early spring, watermelon in arch shed is pruned with double vines. Its advantage is that it is easy to sit on the melon, and the melon is on the market early. Leave 1 main vine, and then leave 1 vigorous lateral vine as the vegetative branch within 30cm of the plant base. Don't go to the side vines, go to the root melon, and choose the second female flower or the third female flower as the main vine. After complete pollination, when the melon seat is stable, remove the melon sitting on the second female flower and keep the melon sitting on the third female flower. Generally, the third female flower is ideal for the main vine, so the main vine melon is given priority, and other melons can be left after the melon expansion period to increase the yield per unit area. When the watermelon grows too strong to sit on the melon, it can be twisted after the third female flower to promote sitting on the melon.

6.2 whole vine

According to different varieties of melon in arch shed, one-stop pruning or double-vine pruning can be selected. Prune with double vines to keep the melon knots low.

One-stop pruning means removing or leaving 1 leaf to connect the stem below the eighth section of the main vine, leaving 3 leaves to connect the stem above the eighth section, and then removing the unfruitful stem at any time. Leave 1 leaves to connect the stems before flowering and let them grow later.

Double-vine pruning should be carried out when the main vine is 4-5 knots, that is, 4-5 leaves are unfolded and all leaf axils can send out sub-vines. Two robust vines should be selected. As a result, the sun vine should be selected at the 8- 12 node in the middle of the vine, and three leaf centers should be taken before fruit setting. Ziman picked his heart in verse 25-40.

7 artificial pollination

When the female flowers with reserved nodes bloom, pick the male flowers that open on the same day from 10: 00 to 12: 00 every day, remove the petals, lightly smear them on the stigma of the female flowers, and evenly smear the pollen on the stigma of the female flowers to promote fruit setting.

8 topdressing

Watermelon double-film cultivation in small arch shed should not be topdressing before uncovering the shed, and topdressing should be combined with irrigation after uncovering the shed. When the grape was irrigated with water, urea 15g was applied in the melon ditch 20cm away from the ditch edge, and then irrigation was carried out. Fruit early. Combined with irrigation, topdressing urea 12kg/667m2. At the fruit expansion stage, 20 kg/667 m2 of ternary compound fertilizer or diammonium 10 kg/667 m2 and potassium fertilizer 10 kg/667 m2 were applied with irrigation.

Double-film cultivation in small arch shed combined with application of urea 10g and compound fertilizer 20g at irrigation points at jointing stage. At the early stage of fruit setting, urea 10 kg/667m2 was applied with irrigation. At the fruit expansion stage, 20 kg/667 m2 of ternary compound fertilizer or diammonium 10 kg/667 m2 and potassium fertilizer 10 kg/667 m2 were applied with irrigation.

9 irrigation

In spring, because soil evaporation and plant transpiration are small, irrigation times should be reduced appropriately. General irrigation 1 ~ 2 times before the shed is uncovered; After the shed is uncovered, irrigation should be carried out according to soil moisture and plant water demand, generally once every 15 days. Be careful not to let water overflow the melon bed during irrigation to avoid seedling death or other diseases.

Watermelon should be combined with regulated irrigation from planting to maturity. Generally, irrigation is needed at least three times, that is, planting water, vine-promoting water and melon-promoting water. Planting water should be poured enough. No irrigation is needed from slow seedlings to vines. When the stems and vines begin to elongate, irrigation promotes the rapid growth of the stems and vines, and then irrigation is controlled to "squat melons". After sitting on the melon, irrigation will make the melon expand rapidly, and then irrigation will be carried out according to soil moisture and temperature.

Water should be used for melon planting. No irrigation is needed from slow seedlings to vines. When the vines begin to stretch, irrigation should be carried out according to soil moisture and air temperature, and then irrigation should be controlled to "squat melon". Irrigation is carried out during the flowering and melon-sitting period to promote the growth of melons. During the fruit expansion period, irrigation will promote the fruit to expand rapidly, and then irrigation will be carried out according to soil moisture and temperature. When the melon is about to mature, it is necessary to strictly control the moisture and maintain the quality of the melon.

10 pest control

10. 1 watermelon pest control

In spring, watermelon cultivated with double film mulching in small arch shed has fewer pests and diseases, so prevention should be the main measure. Disease pits are mainly dead seedlings caused by Fusarium wilt, and pests are more common in ground tigers.

In addition to the above-mentioned attention to land selection and seed disinfection, the methods of preventing and controlling Fusarium wilt are to irrigate the roots with 400-500 times solution of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder or 400-500 times solution of 60% chlorothalonil for three times, with an interval of 7- 10 day per plant.

10.2 melon pest control

The main pests and diseases of melon in arch shed are powdery mildew, downy mildew, Fusarium wilt, Fusarium wilt, leaf blight, virus disease, aphid, red spider, thrips, whitefly and so on.

Control methods: select disease-resistant varieties, cultivate strong seedlings and strengthen management. Pre-spray chemicals regularly to prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases, so as to achieve early prevention, early detection and early prevention. Control Fusarium wilt with 800 times solution of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or 800 times solution of 50% carbendazim gel suspension; 70% mancozeb 800 times solution was used for downy mildew; 25% fenxiuning EC 2000 times solution to control powdery mildew; Is 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or 58% metalaxyl 600 times solution used for leaf blight? 500-fold solution of Mn-Zn wettable powder: 3000-fold solution of 1.8% avermectin or 2000-2500-fold solution of 20% methomyl can be used to control liriomyza sativae and red spider; Aphids can be trapped and killed by yellow board, and can also be controlled by 4000 ~ 5000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder. In addition, when pruning, thinning leaves and coring, the wound should be smeared with the mixture of carbendazim gum suspension, 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution in time. When spraying fungicides and pesticides, appropriate amount of potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be added to supplement nutrition.

1 1 harvest

In spring, watermelons and melons should be harvested in time, and they should be cultivated with double-film mulching in a small arch shed, so as not to pick raw melons and put them on the market early, and not to grab them blindly, otherwise the quality of watermelons and melons will be affected. The harvest should be carried out in the morning or evening after the dew is dry, and cut off with scissors, leaving a T-shaped fruit handle to show freshness.