How can we grow high-yield rice?

(1) The main goal of the seedling stage is to cultivate healthy seedlings of suitable age. The measures include seed drying, seed selection, seed soaking, accelerating germination, carefully making seedling boards, timely sowing, reasonable water management, topdressing and weeding, and controlling pests and diseases. This measure requires 1. Before sowing, the seeds should be diluted and dried for 2-3 days to improve the germination rate and germination potential. 2. Select brine, slime water or other solutions for specific gravity selection, and remove impurities and chaff. Hybrid rice can sow semi-strong grains and strong grains. The concentration of the selected solution is about 1.05- 1.08 for indica and japonica rice with sunshade, and about 1.08- 1. 10 for japonica rice without sunshade. The former is about the size of a penny when fresh eggs come into contact with water, and the latter is about the size of a penny when they come into contact with water. Generally, 30-40 kg of mud or 25-30 kg of salt is added per 100 kg of water. After seed selection, the seeds should be washed with clear water to avoid affecting the germination rate. 3. Soaking seeds is beneficial to the uniform absorption of sufficient water by the seed valley. When the water absorbed by the seed grain reaches 30-40% of its seed weight, it reaches saturated water absorption, and the belly white and germ on the rice grain are clearly visible, which is the best time for germination. The water absorption rate of seed valley is related to temperature, which is slow at low temperature and fast at high temperature. Generally, early rice seeds are soaked for 3- 14 days, and late rice seeds are soaked for 2- 13 days. Change the water frequently when the outside temperature is high, and soak the seeds with warm water in early spring to shorten the soaking time. If seeds are soaked with 1% limewater, the limewater film on the water surface should not be broken, so as not to affect the sterilization effect, or seeds are soaked with bactericide. Seeds soaked in lime water or bactericide should be selected for germination, so as not to affect the uniformity of germination. 4. To accelerate germination, it is necessary to master that the seed pile is moist, the chest is broken at high temperature (35-40℃), the suitable temperature is long (about 30℃), the root bud is half as long as the seed valley, and the root length is equal to the seed valley, neat and stout. When sowing double-season early rice, the temperature is low, the root bud length is long, and the temperature in middle rice is high, and the root bud length can be shorter, as well as late rice and late rice. Early and middle rice can germinate in the cellar, and the place should be sheltered from the wind and sunny, with Gao Shuang terrain and convenient drainage. The cellar is 3 feet wide, 2.5 feet deep and 65,438+00-65,438+02 feet long (3 feet per 65,438+000 Jin of seeds). The drainage in the middle of the cellar bottom is 3 inches deep and 3 inches wide, and the ditch surface is overhead. Soak the seeds in warm water at 45-50℃ for a few minutes, then pile them up (the pile height is 0.8- 1 ft), and keep the temperature at about 35-40℃ and 25-30℃ until the white is completely exposed and moist. When the lengths of roots and buds meet the requirements, spread the buds and dry them before sowing. When sowing late rice, the outside temperature is high, so seeds can be put in people's pockets (cloth, hemp, mats, etc. ) Soak in running water during the day, expose in the sun at night, and sow after 2-3 days. 5. The proportion and area of precision seedling board depend on season, variety and transplanting with different leaf ages. Under the age-appropriate transplanting conditions, early rice 1:8- 10, middle rice 1: 6-8, hybrid rice 1: 10, late rice and late rice 1:4-5, late rice. Paddy fields should choose fields with soft and fertile soil, little grass, shelter from the wind and sun, and convenient irrigation and drainage. It is necessary to plow and sun, apply sufficient decomposed base fertilizer, harrow flat and thin, and the seedling board is horizontally sun-dried, with the upper deficiency and the lower solid, and the hardness is moderate. The seedling board is 4.5 ~ 5 feet wide, the ditch is 6 inches wide and the ditch is 6 inches deep. 6. Sow at the right time. When transplanting, sow in batches according to temperature, variety, stubble, sowing date and leaf age. The sowing amount must also be based on the sufficient light and healthy growth of seedling stems when transplanting. The leaf age is small when transplanting, and the sowing amount is large, while the leaf age is old when transplanting, and the sowing amount is small. Generally, sowing can be started when the average daily temperature of the whole year passes 12℃, and it is about 10℃ in April along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu. Early rice and double-cropping early rice can be sown from the end of March to the beginning of April if they are raised in plastic film or indoor greenhouse. The seedling age is about 35 days, and the sowing amount is about 200 kg per mu. Raising seedlings in the open field, starting sowing in mid-April, the seedling age is about 25-30 days, and the sowing amount is about 200-250 kg per mu; sowing early rice in three seasons in late April, the seedling age is about 25-30 days, and the sowing amount is about 200-250 kg per mu; The sowing date of medium indica rice and medium japonica rice (including hybrid rice) should avoid the high temperature in early August when heading and flowering, and heading should be carried out in the middle and late August. Medium indica rice should be sown at the end of April, the seedling age is about 30 days, the sowing amount per mu is about 200 kilograms, medium japonica rice is about 35 days, and the sowing amount per mu is about 150 kilograms. Hybrid rice should be sown in the middle and late May, and the seedling age is about 25 days. Sow single-season late rice in mid-May, the seedling age is 35-40 days, and the sowing amount is about 1.20 kg per mu. The sowing date, seedling age and sowing amount of late rice are mainly determined according to the "safe full heading period" and the length of variety growth period. The variety has a long growth period, which requires early sowing, less sowing amount, long seedling age, short growth period, late sowing date, more sowing amount and short seedling age. Generally, the seedlings are sown in June 15 until the end of June, and the seedling age is 25-45 days. The sowing amount is about 0/50-200 kg per mu/kloc, and the sowing amount is about 300-400 kg per mu. Two-stage seedling raising (first stage) of late rice adopts late japonica or early-maturing late japonica varieties. The sowing date is in the first half of June, the seedling age is 25-30 days, and the sowing amount is about 300 kg per mu. The seedlings sent to the nursery (the second stage) are about mid-July, and the seedling age is 20-25 days. 1 mu of seedlings, you can plant about 3 mu in the seedling farm. When sowing, the seeds should be weighed according to the border, and the seeds should be evenly dropped. After sowing, the seeds should be broken in time to reduce dew. Early rice should grasp the "cold tail and warm head" and sow in sunny days. Prevent rain erosion after sowing late rice. The amount of seeds used for indoor soilless seedling raising is about 0.2-0.3 kg per square foot, and the general early rice varieties are sown about 15 days before sowing. 7. Scientifically manage water after sowing early and middle rice, keep the seedling board moist and the soil highly ventilated to promote rooting and seedling formation. Generally, you can master full ditch water on sunny days and half ditch water on cloudy days. Before the cold wave comes (before the two-leaf stage, the daily minimum temperature is below 4-5℃, and after the three-leaf stage, it is below 6-7℃), and the water in the heart leaves is watered at night, and drained immediately in the morning, leaving shallow water after the two-leaf stage. Plastic film seedling, sealed and insulated before the first leaf stage, exposed after ventilation and hardening in the second leaf stage. Semi-dry seedlings in the later season should also be kept moist during rooting to prevent shallow water and high temperature from scalding seedlings. Seedlings should be cultivated indoors without soil. In the stage of seedling emergence and greening, the suitable temperature is required to be 35-38℃, and the seeds should be kept highly moist. When the incomplete leaves protrude from the bud sheath, the seeds should be pressed to prevent the buds and roots from lifting upward, and the whole leaf will spread to the first complete leaf. The temperature should be kept at 28-32℃, and the water supply should be appropriate and timely to achieve the purpose of spitting water. Herbicide can be applied one week before topdressing and weeding. Generally, 0.5-0.8kg of 25% herbicide diethyl ether is used per mu to mix fine soil and keep a thin water layer for about a week to germinate weeds and improve the efficacy. Barnyard grass and weeds should be pulled up frequently after emergence, seedling fertilizer should be applied after full seedling, and 65,438+00-65,438+05 diluted human manure should be poured per mu. Apply a proper amount of weaning fertilizer to one leaf in one heart period, and use about 20 kilograms of ammonium sulfate per mu. After that, relay fertilizer should be applied to the seedlings 2 14 days before transplanting. According to the age of seedlings and the weather when transplanting, fertilization is carried out by pulling out seedlings or shoveling seedlings, and the dosage of ammonium sulfate per mu is 20-30 kg. Fertilization should be controlled in the late rice seedling field to avoid crazy growth. 9. Cotton rot, damping-off (bacterial wilt, yellow dwarf), rice blast, thrips oryzae, stem borers and leafhoppers should be prevented in time to prevent and control pests. (2) The main goal of tillering stage is full seedlings and early development, and the measures to compete for full ears are to level the field and apply sufficient base fertilizer. Reasonable close planting, timely transplanting, shallow water irrigation, timely topdressing, intertillage weeding and pest control. Measures need 1 to level the site. The soil layer must be deep, loose, flat and soft. Create a good upper layer of water, fertilizer, gas and heat conditions for rice roots. Deep tillage must be comprehensively considered according to soil fertility, physical and chemical properties and water conditions. Generally, the depth is 4-6 inches, and organic fertilizer and quick-acting fertilizer should be applied to increase the tillage depth. The height of the field should be less than half an inch all day, which is beneficial to shallow water irrigation and baking. Part of the green manure field should not be ploughed directly into the soil, but should be used to prepare grass pond mud. The ploughing time of green manure land should not only ensure timely transplanting, but also improve the yield and quality of fresh grass. Generally, it should be ploughed about 10 days before transplanting, and the three wheat (wheat, barley and yuanmai) and rape fields should be ploughed as far as possible to bask in the sun. In the later stage, the paddy field should be reasonably organized, animal-powered, fertilized while harvesting and raked to ensure timely sowing. 2. Applying sufficient basal fertilizer can not only improve the soil, promote the thickening of mature soil layer, and preserve fertilizer and water, but also be beneficial to the growth of rice roots and tillers. The base fertilizer should be fully applied and the fertilizer should be decomposed. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 2: 1:2-4. Generally, organic fertilizers such as grass pond mud and farmyard manure are used as base fertilizers, and the middle and late rice in a single season is appropriately applied deeply. Pre-season rice and post-season rice should be lightly applied, and quick-acting fertilizers such as human and animal fertilizers and chemical fertilizers should be added. High-yield fields along the Yangtze River 1000 kg or more in Jiangsu should be fertilized. If chemical fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, it should be ploughed into the soil during ploughing, so as to reduce the loss of nitrogen removal, extend the time of fertilizer supply and ensure the early growth and rapid development of seedlings. 30-60 kg of calcium superphosphate should be added to each mu of phosphorus-deficient white clay and cold-dipped soil. 3. Reasonable close planting should be based on the principle of obtaining suitable panicle number and improving the utilization rate of light energy, and the planting density should be determined according to stubble, variety characteristics, climate, soil quality, fertilization level and seedling age. The tillering period of early rice is short, the temperature is low, and the density is higher, generally 410.5 million holes per mu, the basic seedling is about 30.1350 thousand, and the effective tillering period of late rice is very short, 410.5 million holes per mu. Single-season late rice has high temperature at tillering stage and long effective tillering stage, with about 30,000 holes per mu, about 200,000 holes for basic seedlings, 31.4,000 holes per mu for middle rice between early and late rice and about 250,000 holes for basic seedlings. Mid-season rice is planted late, with 40,000 holes per mu and 250,000-300,000 basic seedlings; Single-season hybrid rice generally has about 2125,000 holes per mu, about 2 seedlings per hole, and about 5170,000 basic seedlings per mu. The number of transplanted seedlings with high fertilization level can be appropriately less; On the contrary, more. 4. Transplanting in time, grasping the season, transplanting in time, increasing the field growth period, and transplanting early indica rice with the annual average daily temperature stable at 65438 05℃. For example, the earliest transplanting period along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu is around early May. Generally speaking, the planting period of late rice should ensure that more than two leaves can be extracted from the young panicle after Honda transplanting, and later planting will affect reproductive growth. Take Jiangsu double-cropping rice as an example, the latest sowing date should not be later than the beginning of autumn. The planting period of two-stage seedling raising shall not exceed August10; The planting period of medium indica rice is only June15; The planting date of late japonica rice is before June 20th; Late planting of mid-season japonica rice should be from late June to early July; The transplanting period of single-season hybrid rice is around mid-June. When planting, shallow planting should be uniform, and the planting depth should be controlled at about 1 inch. The temperature of early rice is low, the seedlings are small and shallow, the temperature of late rice is high, and the seedlings are large and deep. The tillering nodes of shallow transplanted seedlings are located in the soil layer of about 65438 0 inches, with good ventilation, high ground temperature, fast greening and early tillering. If the planting is too deep, the tillering nodes are located in the soil with poor ventilation, malnutrition and low temperature, which will not only slow down the greening of living trees and delay tillering, but also produce nodes underground, resulting in "two-segment roots" or "three-segment roots" and affect tillering. In order to carry out shallow planting, it is necessary to plant seedlings in flat and shallow water and adopt the "crab clip method". The number of seedlings in each hole should be even, and the hole spacing should be correct and even to prevent floating seedlings from leaking holes. 5, shallow water irrigation with fine water to plant seedlings, inch water to live trees, shallow water irrigation, improve soil temperature and ventilation conditions, promote root growth and tillering, naturally air-dry after each irrigation, and water after the water layer on the field surface is exhausted. For cold areas with poor ventilation and difficulty in heating up, we should strive for drainage and drying in sunny days, ventilation and warming up to promote tillering. For a large number of fields with immature organic fertilizers or low temperature, we must resolutely drain and bake the fields. For double-season early rice transplanted in early spring, in case of low temperature or large temperature difference between day and night, deep water insulation should be carried out for a short time at night. 6, early application of tillering fertilizer Tillering fertilizer should be applied early and fully. The shorter the effective tillering period, the earlier it should be applied. If the effective tillering period of early rice and late rice is short, we should master the principle of "one strike at the end" to ensure that the number of tillers reaches the number before panicle in a short time after planting, and the amount of tillering fertilizer should account for 60-70% of the amount of topdressing. Generally, about 30 kilograms of ammonium sulfate or 20-30 loads of human and animal manure are applied per mu. For mid-late rice with long effective tillering period, the frequency and dosage of fertilization can be determined according to seedling conditions and soil fertility, tillering fertilizer should be applied early, and weak seedlings with thin soil fertility and insufficient base fertilizer should be re-applied early; In the fertile field, the strong seedlings with sufficient base fertilizer should be lighter, so that the total number of tillers can reach the expected number of panicles in the effective tillering period. Generally, the dosage accounts for about 50% of the amount of topdressing, and ammonium sulfate 15-20 kg is applied per mu. The stiff seedlings lacking phosphorus should be combined with the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and the tillering fertilizer should be "catching Don Juan". In production, the main fertilizer applied in effective tillering stage to increase tillering is called tillering promoting fertilizer, while the main fertilizer applied in ineffective tillering stage to prevent excessive tillering reduction is called tillering fertilizer conservation. 7. About 65,438+00 days after intertillage weeding, intertillage weeding should be combined with topdressing. Rice should be cultivated early, and grass can only be removed by planting trees. After topdressing and intertillage, it should be naturally dried before watering to improve the effect of topdressing and intertillage. Herbicide can be used in barnyard grass, grass, tongue grass and other fields with serious weeds. 3-5 days after sowing, when seedlings turn green and weeds germinate, for example, 25% herbicide diethyl ether 0.8- 1 kg, 30-40 kg of fine soil can be mixed, and the water layer can be kept about 2 inches a week after dew is dried. 8. Prevention and control of pests and diseases During this period, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of rice thrips, rice leaf roller, rice borer, yellow dwarf and other pests and diseases. (3) At the long panicle stage, the target leaves are beautiful, the root system is developed, the stem is stout, the stem is full of big panicles, and the seed setting rate is high. Measures: timely baking, shallow water irrigation, good panicle fertilizer, pest control. 1, timely and moderate field baking can inhibit ineffective tillers, promote root growth, control excessive elongation of middle and upper leaves and internodes at the base of stems, realize timely enclosure, improve the utilization rate of light energy, achieve developed roots, robust stems and improve seed setting rate. The suitable period of baking field should be determined according to the total number of tillers in the population and the individual development process, that is, the principle of "not waiting for seedlings to arrive, not waiting for seedlings to arrive", and the suitable period of baking field should be when the inverted four leaves appear. In addition, when the total number of tillers in the whole field exceeds about one-third before heading (500,000-550,000 double cropping early rice, 350,000-450,000 single-season middle-late rice, 450,000-500,000 medium japonica rice, 280,000-300,000 single-season hybrid rice and 450,000-550,000 late rice), the field should be baked. No matter when the total number of tillers in the whole field arrives and whether the appearance of the inverted four leaves is the same, as long as the number of tillers reaches or the inverted four leaves are exposed, the field should be baked, and the field should be baked in the appearance of the inverted three leaves at the latest. Moderately bake the field, so that the leaves are straight, the color of the leaves fades, the white roots appear, the feet are not trapped in the field, and the edge of the field is thin. Low-lying land with rotten soil and poor drainage should be baked again and several times earlier. For fields with poor soil fertility and insufficient growth, they can be lightly roasted. For fields with strong leakage, baking is not necessary to avoid fertility loss or water shortage. In order to bake the field, ditches should be dug around the field and cross ditches should be dug in the middle of the field. 2. Good application of panicle fertilizer includes two situations: flower promotion fertilizer and flower protection fertilizer. When the young panicle differentiation begins (that is, the residual leaf age is 3.5), applying nitrogen fertilizer to increase the number of spikelets is called flower-promoting fertilizer. For those with small population, poor growth and light leaf color, flower-promoting fertilizer can be used appropriately. Flower-promoting fertilizer is suitable for population development, strong growth and dark leaf color, and generally should not be used. In the late stage of pistil differentiation, that is, the leaf age residue is 1.5- 1.2, so it is called flower protection fertilizer. At present, topdressing nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are better. Special attention should be paid to the application of flower protection fertilizer in high-yield cultivation. The application of flower protection fertilizer should also be determined according to the variety type and growth at that time, and the middle and late rice should be re-applied. The leaves are darker in color, and those with strong growth can be lightly applied or not applied, and those with poor growth can be reapplied. The amount of flower protection fertilizer is generally about 0/.5 kg per mu/kloc-0. Too little application can not achieve the effect of flower preservation, grain increase and weight gain, while too much application will aggravate the harm of pests and diseases at heading stage. The application of flower protection fertilizer should not be too early, so as to avoid excessive differentiation of spikelets, more degenerated spikelets and more empty grains. At the same time, it will also lead to internode elongation and leaf growth in the middle, which will aggravate the lodging hazard and is not conducive to safe heading. In addition, it will also promote the increase of ineffective tillers, premature closure, insufficient light, yellowing of basal leaves, vulnerability to sheath blight and reduction of 1000-grain weight. 3. During this period, pest control controlled rice borer, rice leaf roller, rice corn borer, sheath blight, bacterial blight and rice blast. (4) In the seed-setting stage, the main goal is to raise roots and protect leaves, and improve the seed-setting rate and grain weight. Measures: Skillful application of granular fertilizer, moist irrigation, timely harvest of seed selection, and the need for pest control measures 1. After heading, efforts should be made to protect the leaves, prolong their life, prevent the rapid decline of leaf area, improve their photosynthetic efficiency, apply granular fertilizer and increase the nitrogen content of leaves. The application amount of granular fertilizer is generally 5-65,438+00 kg ammonium sulfate. In the middle and late rice fields with premature senescence tendency after heading, grain fertilizer should be applied again after heading, such as ammonium sulfate 10- 15 kg, with little or no grain fertilizer applied. The application of granular fertilizer should be accompanied by a small amount of phosphorus. You can also spray potash fertilizer outside the roots with growth regulators, and the effect is more obvious. 2. Wet irrigation should maintain a certain water layer at the heading and flowering stage, and intermittent irrigation should be adopted at the maturity stage of filling, so as to facilitate clean water hardening and improve root activity. Until the late stage of wax ripening, it is forbidden to cut off water prematurely, raise roots and protect leaves, prevent premature aging, ensure fullness and reduce the rate of empty bracts. Generally, the drainage begins to decrease about 3-5 days before harvesting, which is convenient for harvesting. High temperature appeared at the heading stage of middle rice, low temperature appeared at the heading stage of late rice, and the seedlings grew white. It is necessary to keep the soil moist and promote early maturity. 3. Seed selection and seed retention should be strictly removed before seed collection. Single harvest, to prevent mixed harvest, first-class fields choose beautiful ones, and the plant shape reflects the characteristics of this variety, providing seeds for next year's Taneda. 4, timely harvest clean, dry, and return the particles to the warehouse. Two-cropping and three-cropping early indica rice a year, 8-9 cropping, 65,438+00% harvest, one ripe and one harvested, which is beneficial to timely transplanting of rice in the later stage. 5. Prevention and control of pests and diseases During this period, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of rice borers, rice planthoppers, rice leaf rollers, sheath blight and bacterial blight.