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Section 1 Earth in the universe

The influence of the sun on the earth in the second quarter

Knowledge abstract

1. Celestial bodies and celestial bodies systems

2. Types and characteristics of celestial bodies

3. The energy source of solar radiation and the influence of the sun on the earth.

4. Main types of solar activities and their impacts on the earth.

5. The generality and particularity of the earth and the living conditions on the earth.

Knowledge structure

First of all, the universe

1, celestial bodies: concepts and types

2. Celestial system: concepts and levels

Second, the sun.

1, the energy source of solar radiation and its influence on the earth

2. Solar activity

(1) Stratification and activity of solar atmosphere

Photosphere: sunspot

B chromosphere: Flares and sunspots.

C corona layer: solar wind

(2) Impact on the Earth

A interferes with radio short-wave communication on the earth.

Magnetic storms and auroras

Impact on weather and climate

Second, the earth.

1, universality

(1) The nine planets * * * have the characteristics of the same direction, near circle and * * * circle.

(2) According to the structural classification, it belongs to Earth-like planets.

2. Traits

(1) is alive.

(2) There is life

The movement of the earth in the third quarter

Knowledge abstract

1. Features of the Earth's rotation, such as direction, period and speed.

2. Geographical significance of the earth's rotation ―― alternation of day and night, local time difference and geostrophic deflection.

3. Calculation of local time and time zone; international date line

Knowledge structure

First, the geographical significance of the earth's rotation.

1, general situation

(1) direction: from west to east, it is counterclockwise when viewed from above the North Pole, but the opposite is true at the South Pole.

(2) Cycle: sidereal day: 23: 56: 04.

(3) Speed: the size and distribution of linear velocity and angular velocity.

2. Significance

(1) produces day and night alternation.

(2) Time difference:

A local time: every longitude 15 degrees, local time difference 1 hour, east early and west late.

B time zone division: the world divides one time zone every 15 degrees, and the world divides 24 time zones.

Calculation of time in area C: Take the local time of the central meridian of each time zone as the time zone of this area.

D International international date line: roughly coincides with meridian 180 degrees, and the date in the west is one day longer than that in the east.

(3) Horizontal moving objects are biased: the northern hemisphere is to the right, the southern hemisphere is to the left, and the equator is not biased.

Knowledge abstract

1. The characteristics of the earth's revolution, such as direction, period, speed and orbit.

2. The intersection of yellow and red and its influence

3. The geographical significance of the earth's revolution: the change of the height angle of the sun at noon, the change of the length of day and night, and the division of the four seasons and five zones.

Knowledge structure

First, the geographical significance of the earth's revolution

1, general situation

(1) direction: from west to east

(2) Speed:165438+ near perihelion in early October, which is relatively fast; At the beginning of July, near the perihelion, the speed was slow.

(3) Cycle: Tropical Year: 365 days, 5: 48: 46.

2. Huang Chijiao

(1) concept: the angle between the ecliptic plane and the equatorial plane.

(2) Degree: currently 23 26'

(3) Influence: The direct point of the sun moves back and forth between the Tropic of Cancer.

3. Geographical significance

(1) Annual variation of the midday sun height

(2) Annual variation of the length of day and night

(3) Division of four seasons: astronomical four seasons; The climate has four distinct seasons; The traditional four seasons in China; Warm weather in four seasons.

Chapter II Earth's Atmosphere

Knowledge abstract

1. Composition and structure of the atmosphere; The composition of the lower atmosphere, the main components and functions of clean air; Vertical stratification and characteristics of the atmosphere.

2. The heating process of the atmosphere; Global atmospheric circulation and pressure zone.

3. Atmospheric movement, the basic form of atmospheric movement.

4. Common weather systems, subtropical high and meiyu and summer drought in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Knowledge structure

I. Composition of the atmosphere

1. Clean air: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ozone.

Step 2: Moisture

3. Solid impurities

Second, the structure of the atmosphere.

1, troposphere

2.stratosphere

3. Upper atmosphere

Third, the cause of atmospheric movement.

1, the root cause: uneven hot and cold.

2. Direct cause of horizontal movement: air pressure difference in the same horizontal plane.

3. The motive force of horizontal movement: horizontal pressure gradient force.

Fourth, the horizontal movement of the atmosphere.

1, horizontal pressure gradient force: determines the original wind direction and wind speed.

2. Geostrophic bias: change the wind direction without changing the wind speed.

3. Friction: change the wind direction and reduce the wind speed.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) atmospheric circulation

1. Formation and distribution of three-circle circulation: low latitude, middle latitude and high latitude.

2. Monsoon circulation

(1) reason: the difference of thermal properties between land and sea; Seasonal movement of pressure zone and wind zone

(2) Distribution: East Asia: temperate monsoon climate; South Asia: tropical monsoon climate

Sixth, the distribution of land and sea affects circulation

1, and the pressure zone in the northern hemisphere is distributed in blocks.

(1) 1 Monthly continental high and oceanic low.

(2) In July, continental low pressure and ocean high pressure.

2. The pressure belt in the southern hemisphere is banded.

Seven, common weather system

1, front

(1) cold front

(2) Warm front

(3) quasi-static stop front

2. Cyclones and anticyclones

Chapter III Water on the Earth

Knowledge abstract

1. Composition of hydrosphere, composition and function of water in hydrosphere.

2. Types, main links and significance of water cycle, and spatial scope of different types of water cycle.

3. Ocean currents, types and distribution laws of ocean currents, causes of ocean currents and their impacts on geographical environment.

Knowledge structure

First, the composition of the hydrosphere

1, seawater

2. Land water

(1) Surface water: rivers, lakes, swamps and glaciers.

(2) Groundwater

Second, the types of water cycle

1, sea-land circulation

2. Internal circulation at sea

3. Land internal circulation

Third, ocean currents.

1. Concept: seawater moves in a relatively stable direction on a large scale.

2. Ocean current distribution law

(1) Ocean circulation centered on subtropical high in the middle and low latitudes.

(2) Ocean circulation centered on the sub-polar depression at mid-high latitudes in the northern hemisphere.

(3) west wind drift

3. Geographical significance of ocean currents

(1) For climate: warm current increases temperature and humidity, while cold current decreases temperature and humidity.

(2) Impact on marine life: formation of large fishing grounds.

(3) Impact on shipping: fast water flow and slow water flow.

(4) Impact on marine environment: speed up purification and expand pollution scope.

Chapter IV Shaping Surface Morphology

Knowledge abstract

1. Characteristics of the three major spheres, lithospheric structure and crustal structure of the earth.

2. The composition of the lithosphere, the three major rocks, the material cycle of the lithosphere and the relationship among the three major rocks.

3. Energy sources and manifestations of internal and external forces; Crustal movement and geological structure; Understand the influence of crustal movement, flowing water and wind on landform.

Knowledge structure

First of all, the interior of the earth

1, shell

(1) stratification

Silicon-aluminum layer: mainly oxygen, silicon and aluminum, and more sodium and potassium.

B Si-Mg layer: It is mainly composed of oxygen, silicon and aluminum, and contains more magnesium, iron and calcium.

(2) Structural features

The crust thickness is uneven, and the distribution of silicon and aluminum layers is discontinuous.

Step 2 cover

3. The Earth's Core

Second, the lithosphere

1 and range

Step 2 write a composition

Magmatic rocks: granite and basalt.

Sedimentary rocks: limestone, shale and sandstone.

Metamorphic rocks: marble, slate and quartzite.

Third, the geological process

1, internal force

(1) type: metamorphism, crustal movement and magmatic activity.

(2) Geological structure: fold, anticline and syncline; Fault:

2. External force

Weathering, erosion, handling, accumulation, gravity, chemical action

The fifth chapter is the integrity and difference of natural geographical environment.

Section 1 Integrity of Geographical Environment

Knowledge abstract

1. Understand the concept and performance of land environmental integrity.

2. Understand the reasons of land environmental integrity.

3. On the basis of Unit 2, it is necessary to deeply understand the energy exchange and material movement among the four circles of the earth through atmospheric circulation, water circulation, crustal material circulation and biological circulation, so that various geographical and environmental factors interact, restrict and penetrate each other. Combine teaching materials and related examples to consolidate.

Knowledge structure

First, the integrity of the geographical environment

1. Concept: The elements of geographical environment influence and relate with each other to form an organic whole.

All elements are in harmony with the overall characteristics of the environment.

Each element restricts each other and affects the whole body.

2. Cause: The result of interaction between different layers of the earth and between different regions.

Section 2 Differences in Geographical Environment

Knowledge abstract

1. Understand the concept of natural zones and remember the distribution of natural zones on land and the corresponding climate types.

2. Understand the regional differentiation law of geographical environment and the influence of non-zonal factors.

In the process of learning, we should combine the illustrations in the textbook and the examples around us to deepen our understanding.

Knowledge structure

First, the differences in geographical environment.

1, regional differences

2. The law of regional differentiation

(1) lateral regional differentiation

A concept

B classification

C basic performance of career

(2) Non-zonal regional differentiation: vertical regional differentiation