What are the common objects of indirect lyric in classical poetry?

Classical poetry appreciation test has always been a test that candidates are afraid of, because they can't understand poetry, so they can't start when answering questions. So how do you read classical poetry?

First of all, we should understand the characteristics of classical poetry. The ancients said: Poetry expresses ambition. In other words, poetry expresses thoughts: thoughts, feelings, wishes, interests and ideals ... In layman's terms, poetry is used to express feelings.

There are two ways of lyric in classical poetry: direct lyric and indirect lyric.

Direct lyric, the poet directly expresses his feelings, or wishes, or ideals, which is called direct expression. For example, "Ew!" Collect poems and preach songs in Yuefu. I want to know you and live a long life. There is no mausoleum in the mountains, the river is exhausted, there is lightning and thunder in winter, and there is rain and snow in summer. Heaven and earth are in harmony, and I dare to separate from you. "Writing a woman's confession to" Jun "directly expresses the girl's true, perfect and intense love, which is frank, true and shocking. Another example is "before me, where was the past era?" Behind me, where are the future generations? On the Youzhou Tower in Chen Ziang. I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, and my tears fall. " With a generous and sad style, the poet poured out his resentment and depression caused by his lack of talent through his poems and directly expressed his feelings. Li Bai is dreaming in the sky. Oh, how can I solemnly bow and scrape to those high officials who will never be seen with sincere faces? On the basis of narrative description, the author expressed his thoughts and feelings of not colluding with the rulers with the passion of volcanic eruption. Liu Yong's "Yulinling" "Holding hands and watching tears, I am speechless." The expression is so frank and the language is so simple and natural, which is completely different from most euphemisms.

What the ancients liked best was indirect lyric.

In China's ancient poems, pines, bamboos, Meilan, rock streams, ancient desert roads, sunset at the border, jathyapple breeze, drizzling grass, banana residue, phoenix tree drizzle, duckweed, swan crane, roadside kiosks, etc. are often the objects for poets to express their feelings, and these scenery are no longer purely natural things, but carry and convey people's extremely rich and complicated thoughts and feelings.

"Wildfire never completely devoured them, and they grew taller in the spring breeze" (Bai Juyi) expressed the irresistible natural law with the tenacious struggle of "original grass". "Jiang, rain in the rain, the Six Dynasties dream birds crow. The most ruthless thing is Taicheng Willow or Smoke Cage. " The Six Dynasties were famous for their luxury. By the Tang Dynasty, its luxury had declined. When the poet saw the rain and grass growing in the river, he saw a desolate and declining scene, and he was very sad to think that the luxury of the Six Dynasties had passed like a dream. But when I came to Taicheng, I saw that ten miles away, the spring was bright, the catkins were flying, and the smoke cages were lingering. He thought that the natural scenery was still so beautiful, but the personnel were all wrong, and the glory of the past-gone forever, added another sadness. Therefore, this little poem has both background and contrast. In this way, the combination of the two enhances the appeal and effect of poetry. "Changchun buys money and gets drunk every day. Yu Qian used to know West Lake Road and was arrogant in front of the restaurant. Singing and dancing in the fragrance of red apricots, swinging in the green Yang Ying. The spring breeze is ten miles beautiful, and the flowers on the head are biased. The original boat carries the spring home, and I pay for the lake smoke. Help the drunkard tomorrow and find the flowers on strangers. " (Song Yu's national treasure "Wind Drinks into Pine, Topic Restaurant") This is a poem describing a happy scene. When the spring is beautiful, among the apricot blossoms and poplars, people who play take a boat tour, drink, sing and dance, so that readers can fully feel the fun of a spring outing.

There are several ways of indirect lyricism: lyricism by borrowing scenery, lyricism by borrowing things, and lyricism by chanting history.

Lyricism by borrowing scenery mainly includes: touching the scenery, becoming attached to it, expressing feelings in the scenery, and blending scenes.

There are some feelings in the author's heart, but they are hidden and stimulated by the present situation, which leads the author to express them. This kind of poetry usually writes about scenery first, and then expresses feelings. Gao Shi's Biedongda: "Thousands of miles away in Huang Yun, the sun is shining, and the north wind is blowing geese and snow. Mochow has no confidant in the road ahead, and no one in the world knows you. " The first two sentences of the poem describe the sudden change of scenery and weather: "Huang Yun is thousands of miles away", the north wind dances wildly, and snowflakes fall in succession, symbolizing the bad situation of Dongda University. The last two sentences are the poet's words to comfort Dongda University, meaning not to worry about the future. Many people all over the world know you! The words of comfort seem ordinary, but in fact they show the deep friendship between the poet and Dong Da.

Summarize feelings with scenery, and wrap the whole poem with affectionate scenery sentences at the end of the poem. The emotion of this kind of poems is highlighted first, and then set off by the scenery. This situation, touching the scene, is just to highlight the passion, breaking the conventional order in expression, implicit, euphemistic and implicit. Qin Guan's "Huanxisha": "The desert is light and cold, and the rogue is like a poor autumn. Looking back at the screen, the light smoke, the flowing water, the mood is faint. Outside the window, the flowers are dancing freely, just like in a dream, the rain is falling and drifting aimlessly, like melancholy. There is a small silver hook on the curtain. " This is a poem describing the morning scene in early spring. "Lonely and cold" is the author's feeling, which renders the lonely atmosphere upstairs. Then write the scenery, the last sentence, write flying flowers like a dream, drizzle like sorrow, the author skillfully uses inverse proportion, describes the scenery with emotion, and writes feelings with scenery. At this time, in the poetic realm, the scene is like jade, reaching a highly unified artistic conception.

Love in the scenery (there is a heartless scenery), only writing about the scenery is not lyrical, relying on the scenery, people and things to express feelings. Emotion in scenery is an important means to create artistic conception, in which scenery is often the catalyst and carrier of emotion, and emotion is the lifeblood and soul of scenery; Love is born by the scenery, and the scenery lives according to the feelings. As for what scenery you touched and what feelings you expressed, it varies from person to person, from time to time and from feeling to feeling. This kind of poetry seems to describe the scenery sentence by sentence, but in fact it is lyrical sentence by sentence, and the emotion is contained in the scenery, and the scene is integrated. Fan Zhongyan's curtain cover: "The sky is yellow, the leaves are autumn, the smoke is cold, and the waves are green." The mountain reflects the setting sun and the sky meets the water, and the grass is ruthless, even outside the setting sun. Dark homesickness, chasing travel, every night unless, good dreams make people sleep. The high-rise building in the bright moon rests alone, and the wine turns into sorrow and tears. "This word expresses homesickness and worries about traveling, and makes a sad and charming language with a heart of stone." Blue sky and yellow leaves "two sentences, one high and one low, one leaning and one leaning, show the vast autumn scenery in the world. The phrase "autumn is full of waves" refers to the rich autumn colors and soft autumn waves between the high sky and the thick land: autumn colors and autumn waves are connected to the horizon, autumn waves are empty, and autumn smoke is slightly chilly. Here, blue clouds, yellow leaves, green waves and green smoke form a colorful picture. The phrase "the mountain reflects the sunset" brings the castle peak into the picture, which makes the sky, the earth, the mountain and the water blend together and complement each other. At the same time, "Setting Sun" points out that dusk is autumn scenery. The phrase "the grass is ruthless" has changed from a real scene in the eyes to a virtual scene in the heart, and parting is hidden in it. Complaining about the ruthlessness of Cao Fang shows that the author is affectionate and righteous. The scenery and lyricism of this word are naturally combined.

Scenery blending, there are both elements of scenery description and lyricism in the poem, and the two are integrated and difficult to distinguish. Du Fu's "Spring Hope": "Although the country is divided, the mountains and rivers remain forever, the vegetation turns green in spring, and the tears fall, and the lonely birds sing sadly." Through the description of flowers, birds, flowers and trees, the anxiety and discrete sadness of national subjugation are expressed, and the effect of scene blending is achieved.

Lyricism by borrowing things, also known as expressing one's will by supporting things, is often used in poetry and prose, that is, the author expresses his thoughts and feelings or a certain character's ambition implicitly by describing something, and the things in poetry are personalized. Yu Shinan's "Cicada": "Drink clear dew when you hang down, and smell Shu Tong when you flow. It's not the autumn wind that makes you afraid to speak loudly. " Three or four sentences in the poem, with the unique feeling of cicadas singing far and wide, tell the truth contained in it, that is, a person with noble moral character can be famous far and near without some kind of outside help, thus expressing warm praise and high confidence in his inner moral character. Wang Anshi's "Beipi Apricot Blossom": "A pool of spring water surrounds the flower body, and the flower shadow is enchanting and occupies spring. It is better to be blown into snow by the spring breeze than to be crushed into dust by Nanmo. " Apricot flowers, gorgeous and refined, are more graceful beside the water. This poem is about apricot blossoms that bloom near the water. It is a poem about things, and it is also the embodiment of the author's indifferent mood and noble personality. Better be a broken jade than a stubborn personality of Waquan.

Chanting about history, using historical relics or historical stories and allusions to express feelings, is also called using the ancient to satirize the present or using the ancient to express feelings. On the surface, expressing one's will through the ancients is to recall history and describe the ancients, but in fact, it is to express one's understanding of people and things. Du Fu's Book of Letters: "Where is the temple of fame? It is deep in the pine forest next to Silk City. The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves. The third call aggravated his state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations. But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats. " This poem is based on Zhuge Liang's story and expresses the author's grief and indignation at his lack of talent and ambition. [China] from Zhang Kejiu? Selling flowers? Nostalgia: "Beauty committed suicide on the banks of Wujiang River. The war once burned Chibi Mountain, and the generals were empty and old. Sad Qin and Han Dynasties, people paint charcoal, and scholars sigh. " This song laments the war between rulers and nationalities in the Qin and Han Dynasties, which brought great disasters to the people and showed the author's thoughts and feelings of sympathy for the people. Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane: "There are wild grass flowers on Zhuque Bridge, and the sunset at Wuyi Lane is oblique. In the old society, Wang Xie Tang Qianyan flew into the homes of ordinary people. " In the past, Suzaku Bridge, which was full of traffic, and Wuyi Lane, which was full of clothes, are now desolate and desolate, shrouded in a lonely and desolate atmosphere. From this, we can clearly hear the author's infinite feelings about this change.