Cultivation techniques of chrysanthemum

Select and popularize two varieties of Chrysanthemum morifolium and Chrysanthemum morifolium with good growth and good taste, compress Chrysanthemum morifolium, eliminate heterogeneous chrysanthemums with poor quality, maintain the authentic quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium and improve the overall quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Fields used as seedbeds should be selected, purified and rejuvenated in the growth and flowering period of last year, and miscellaneous plants should be removed.

Second, cultivate strong seedlings.

1. Selection in Miao Di: Select the fields with good soil fertility, high and dry terrain, good chrysanthemum growth and few pests and diseases to keep seeds, and do a good job in weeding and safe wintering.

2. Cultivate strong seedlings: After the seedbed is started in spring, apply 200 kg of human excrement and urine, plant ash 100 kg, open drainage ditches around the seedbed, and transplant seedlings selectively. Generally, the growth rate is fast in spring, and the degree of lignification of plants is low, so it is difficult to survive. Therefore, we should choose to plant it after rainy days or before it rains to improve the survival rate.

3. Selection of strong seedlings: When transplanting, choose chrysanthemum seedlings with good growth, no pests and diseases, single plant height 12~25 cm, strong stems and developed roots.

Third, on-site management

1, implement rotation: due to the solid soil in the old area, it is usually rotated once every two years, and continuous cropping in the same place needs to be changed to deep ploughing to avoid multiple cropping in the original border; It is best to choose paddy-upland rotation, which is beneficial to alleviate the disease.

2. Base fertilizer and field arrangement: before planting, the field should be ploughed once, and base fertilizer should be applied in combination with soil preparation. According to the fertility of the field, the amount of organic fertilizer applied per mu is 1000- 1500 kg, and the ditch width is 1.2 m, and the ditch width is 0.3 m. ..

3, planting time and density:

Chrysanthemum planting time is generally in the first half of April, but not later than the first half of May. The planting density depends on the farming system and planting period, and the number of seedlings per mu is generally between 3500 and 5000. The density of late-planted fields should be increased appropriately. If there are any crops, they should be harvested before mid-July.

Planting mode: hole sowing or furrowing planting, density 1.2m× 20-30cm, 2 plants per hole, planting depth 10- 15cm, planting in the middle of each bed, and applying 50 kg/mu of phosphate fertilizer to the hole; Planting is delayed and the plant is too big. When planting, you can plant it obliquely, and after planting, you must water your feet. In case of drought, you must water it to prevent it, so as to ensure the survival rate.

4. Planting methods: There are two main ways: paddy-upland rotation and dry land intercropping. Paddy-upland rotation can reduce diseases and obtain high quality and high yield; The growth period of chrysanthemum is as long as 8 months, and the early growth is slow. Farmers mainly adopt intercropping, such as mulberry (fruit) orchard intercropping, tobacco-chrysanthemum intercropping, chrysanthemum-bean intercropping (cowpea, soybean) and chrysanthemum-vegetable intercropping, in order to improve the comprehensive economic benefits. Intercropping crops is generally cleaned up before mid-July, and layered and fertilizer and water management are carried out in time to ensure the normal growth of chrysanthemum seedlings in the later period. Proper management has little effect on the yield and quality of chrysanthemum.

5. layering: layering chrysanthemums for 1-2 times, the first time is about one month after transplanting, when the seedling height is 30-50 cm. At this time, the quality of chrysanthemum seedlings is low, the stems are soft and easy to spread. Weed and loosen the soil to a certain depth before layering, and apply bio-organic fertilizer or sheep manure 1000 kg on both sides of chrysanthemum seedlings. When layering, the branches should be pressed to the ground on both sides, and the clods should be pressed every 65,438+00 cm to ensure that the branches are in full contact with loose soil, which is beneficial to the rooting of chrysanthemum seedlings and the growth of lateral branches on the nodes. When the new lateral branches grow to about 20 cm, the second layering is carried out. At this time, the layering direction is from dense to sparse, so that the growth of chrysanthemum seedlings tends to be balanced and will end before the end of July at the latest.

6. Picking the heart (topping): Picking the heart of chrysanthemum seedlings can promote the growth balance between branches of chrysanthemum seedlings and prevent lodging. After layering, when the new shoots are slightly longer than 10- 15 cm, the height of the new shoots and the balance of the whole garden should be taken into account, so that the lower new shoots can grow in balance and the flowering period is neat. Depending on the yield growth, it is generally divided into 1-2 times, and most farmers use 1 time to core, which is carried out in June-August, so that the number of branches per mu of chrysanthemum seedlings reaches about1.20 thousand. Picking must be completed at the end of August. If it is too late, it will affect the later growth of chrysanthemum, and the chrysanthemum seedlings will have weak branching ability, small buds, delayed flowering and be vulnerable to early frost.

Fourth, fertilizer and water management.

1, flood control and drought relief:

Chrysanthemum morifolium is a dry land crop, which is sensitive to water, afraid of waterlogging and drought, especially the influence of spring rain and plum rain, such as poor ditches leading to waterlogging in the field, which is prone to root retting, premature senescence of basal leaves and even death of the whole plant. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job of ditching (especially in low-lying areas), ensure smooth drainage and irrigation, improve ventilation conditions and reduce bacterial infection; After long-term drought in summer and autumn, chrysanthemum seedlings will lose water and shrink, so it is necessary to timely furrow irrigation to fight drought and promote normal growth.

2. Rational fertilization:

Principles of field fertilization: heavy application of base fertilizer, light application of seedling fertilizer, heavy application of branch fertilizer and heavy application of bud fertilizer. In the early stage, organic fertilizer and farmyard manure were the main materials, and in the later stage, quick-acting fertilizer was the main material. There are mainly the following fattening times:

(1) base fertilizer: before planting, cooperate with soil preparation and ploughing to apply organic fertilizer 1000- 1500 kg, and the main types of organic fertilizer are human manure, sheep manure and duck manure. Apply 50 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer.

(2) fertilizer for living seedlings: after living trees are planted, 50- 100 kg of human excrement and water are used to promote the growth of trees.

(3) Layering fertilizer: Before layering, sprinkle 1000kg of sheep fertilizer and 10- 15kg of urea on both sides of chrysanthemum seedlings, and cover the layering behind with loose soil.

(4) Branch fertilizer: applied after coring every time in August, and applied with 100- 150 kg human excrement and water or 10 kg compound fertilizer every time.

(5) Bud fertilizer: The first half of September is the budding period of chrysanthemum, and then it enters the peak growth period and reproductive growth period, which requires a lot of fertilizer. Apply urea or imported compound fertilizer 15-20 kg to promote the increase, expansion and orderly flowering of buds, and apply 1-2 times according to the growth situation.

Five, pest control

1. Disease control: Leaf blight is the main disease of chrysanthemum, and the onset period is from June to September. Control method: pay attention to rotation, reasonable density, drainage to reduce humidity. Chemical control can use 500 times solution of 50% carbendazim or 800 times solution of 70% thiophanate methyl or 5% jinggangmycin 100 times solution.

2, pest control:

The main pests of chrysanthemum seedlings are aphids, noctuids and locusts, which can be controlled by high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides, and the pesticides should be stopped 15 days before harvesting. It is forbidden to use high-toxic and high-residue pesticides such as omethoate and methamidophos, and the appropriate control period should be mastered according to the forecast.

Aphids: most of them occur from early September to 65438+1October, and more than 2% of leaves and flower buds are suitable for control. Depending on the occurrence of aphids, control 1 time every 7 days for 2-3 times continuously, and generally use 100% imidacloprid 1000- 1500 times.

Noctuidae: Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera exigua, Plutella xylostella and so on. At the end of August, the damage began. Generally, it is controlled every 7 days 1 time for 2-3 times continuously, and 5% chlorhexidine 1.500 times or 10% for 3,000 times. This medicine is particularly sensitive to silkworms and mulberry, so it needs a special medicine barrel to be isolated and prevented, and then washed with detergent. It is suggested to use 50% phoxim 800- 1000 times solution or 20% methomyl 1500 times solution in the mixed planting area of mulberry and chrysanthemum.

Six, completes the guardrail in time, to prevent lodging.

Seven, harvesting

According to the different processing and uses, different picking standards are adopted: the buds of chrysanthemum morifolium are fully spread, and the petals just break through the coating but do not stretch; Generally, 20-50% of drinking chrysanthemum is scattered in the flower core as the standard; 50-70% of medicinal Huaxin powder is collected in batches and grades, generally three times. In case of low temperature and early frost, straw or sunshade net should be covered in time, and flowers should be sold in time or treated by themselves after harvesting.

1, flower picking

165438+ 10 started picking flowers in early October (after beginning of winter), and it took only 10 days to finish the flower season. The flowers picked for the first time are the first round of flowers with good quality; After 3 ~ 5 days, the quality of the second round of flowers is slightly inferior to that of the first round. Pick the flowers one by one. Don't touch them, don't scatter petals, don't bring flowers and broken leaves.

Step 2 steam green

The picked flowers should be spread in the bamboo plaque for about 20 hours, so that part of the water will be lost, the flowers will wither slightly, and they will start steaming the next day.

Tools needed for steaming green: 1 iron pot with a diameter of about 66cm; ; There are 1 raised pot covers, and the height of the pot cover is not less than 50cm；; 1 wooden tripod, about 55cm high, divided into 5 grids; Bamboo curtain 10, about 35 cm in diameter and 5 ~ 6 cm in height.

3. flower steaming

Put about 5 kilograms of water into the pot, boil it with strong fire, steam five screens at a time, and each screen contains about 400 grams of slightly withered chrysanthemums. Put five screens with flowers in the grid of the steaming rack, cover the lid, boil water over high fire, steam for about 5 minutes, uncover the lid, take off the steaming screens, pour them on the outdoor curtains, and gradually dry them. If it rains continuously, it has to be dried with charcoal fire in the drying cage, but the product has low aroma, poor quality and charcoal taste. The moisture content of the finished product is 12% 2%, and the petals are easy to break when the sun is too dry; Lack of sensitivity, when the moisture content is close to 18%, black mold and rotten core will be produced after several days of storage, which will become defective products.

1. Dry ...

The aromatic oils contained in flowers are all low-boiling compounds, and the highest drying temperature is 50℃. If the drying temperature is increased, the fragrance of flowers will be lower and lower. When the drying temperature reaches 70℃, the fragrance of the flowers will evaporate and run out, and the dried chrysanthemum will become flower residue with no drinking value. But the moisture content of flowers is above 80%, and the moisture content after steaming is 90%. At 50℃, it is unrealistic to dry flowers at such a high water content. Therefore, the drying of Chrysanthemum morifolium depends on the skylight drying.

adoption of new technology

The flowers are fixed by microwave and then dried. Good fragrance, flowers don't stick together, and the appearance is better. But a 15kw microwave oven can only kill 10kg of flowers per hour, which is too expensive for flower farmers to accept. If you use a roller or jar to fix the enzyme, the petals will curl up with stamens like soybeans. If you use a steamer to make green tea, the steamed flowers will stick together, and drying in the sun is also a big problem; If the brick tea is dried in the drying room, the operation is cumbersome, so it is better to dry it simply and conveniently. In a word, the mechanized production of chrysanthemum is a difficult problem worth studying at present.