Talking about the development direction of cave architecture in northern Shaanxi?

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Based on the investigation and analysis of the present situation of caves in northern Shaanxi, this paper puts forward practical ideas and countermeasures for the continued protection and development of caves in northern Shaanxi.

The ancient geography and climate formed the loess plateau with an average elevation of 1000 meters, and the unique loess resources created caves. At present, China's caves are mainly distributed in Gansu, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Ningxia and other five provinces, and the caves in northern Shaanxi are typical because of their special plateau landforms. Cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi have a long history. In primitive society, cave-like horizontal caves appeared. In modern times, caves in northern Shaanxi supported the victory of China Red Revolution. Cliff caves and independent caves are its main forms of existence.

Cliff-leaning cave dwelling: Cliff-leaning cave dwelling is a horizontal hole cut in the natural earth wall, often several holes are connected, or several floors are up and down. Some add brick coupons or stone coupons in the cave to prevent landslides, or build brick walls outside to protect the cliff surface. Large-scale houses are built outside the cliff to form a courtyard, which becomes a cliff kiln.

Independent cave dwelling: From the architectural and structural analysis, the independent cave dwelling is essentially an arched building covered with soil. First form the foundation wall with rammed earth or masonry, then arch it with masonry to issue vouchers, and finally cover the upper part with soil. Independent cave houses are facing the sky on all sides, so the layout is flexible, and they can form three-entry courtyards, four-entry courtyards and mixed courtyards, which are widely used.

Since the 20th century, with the economic development of the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi and the popularity of multimedia and Internet, people's ideas have gradually changed. In northern Shaanxi, caves are regarded as synonymous with "poverty and backwardness", and the young and middle-aged people who get rich first are eager to "abandon the kiln to buy a house" or "abandon the kiln to build a house". A survey report in Yang Jialing, Yan 'an City in 2006 showed that most residents in Yang Jialing wanted to live in commercial housing, and more and more people came to the city to buy commercial housing, among which the younger generation accounted for the vast majority [1]. Simple brick-concrete houses with rough buildings, poor quality and high energy consumption can be seen everywhere in villages and towns on the Loess Plateau, and high-rise houses with simple shapes and lack of individuality can also be seen everywhere in medium-sized cities such as Yan 'an in northern Shaanxi. On the one hand, the consumption of energy and resources has increased exponentially, on the other hand, more and more high-rise buildings have dressed up towns in northern Shaanxi as quite urbanized and fashionable, making people wonder where they are.

The position of cave dwelling function is being seriously challenged by commercial housing. Except for many abandoned caves, most of the remaining caves are only used as tourist buildings ("Red Holy Land Tour" and "Loess Customs and Culture Tour"). At the same time, many public buildings in Yan 'an lack the regional characteristics of northern Shaanxi, and the influence of caves on the construction industry in northern Shaanxi is getting smaller and smaller. At present, the development of caves in northern Shaanxi is in an embarrassing situation.

So in the contemporary society with rapid economic development, has the development of caves come to the end of life? Of course not. I think there are four reasons.

① From the perspective of ecological energy saving, ancient caves have many advantages that can be inherited, such as warm in winter and cool in summer, land saving and energy saving, and ecological environment protection. In 2006, Chou Baoxing, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Construction, said that China's building energy consumption has accounted for about 27.5% of the total social terminal energy consumption, and the heating energy consumption per unit building area is equivalent to 2-3 times that of developed countries in the same climate area. Therefore, the Ministry of Construction is promoting low-tech construction technology suitable for China's national conditions, which can not only reduce development costs, but also achieve good social effects. Therefore, it is necessary to inherit the energy-saving technology related to caves on the basis of learning modern science and technology.

(2) Low-tech ecological buildings (such as caves and other dwellings) with low economic development level, small land and large population, low development cost and easy construction are more in line with China's actual national conditions and easier to exert comprehensive benefits. In northern Shaanxi, it is a feasible way to use local renewable and recyclable building materials (loess and bluestone) to build new cave buildings by excavation and reinforcement.

(3) International architects who study the future architecture advocate reducing the damage to the environment and avoiding excessive energy consumption during the construction process. Cave dwelling is one of the objects they try to study and explore. These architects believe that it is a kind of architectural form of human returning to nature, which can be improved and utilized in the future. Many countries in the world, including the United States, Russia, Australia and some countries in Africa, have made many beneficial explorations in the improvement and use of buildings in recent years. For example, the modern new cave houses in the White Cliff Mountain area of New South Wales, Australia, are built by local traditional methods and are very popular with local people [3].

④ Northern Shaanxi is not only a backward area, but also a modern area oriented to regional development. All kinds of phenomena show that with the rapid economic development today, northern Shaanxi has lost its position helplessly. To solve this problem, we should not only rely on topography, but also look for the support of regional architectural culture in urban planning, so as to better complete urban positioning. As a traditional symbol of regional architecture in northern Shaanxi, cave dwelling can not be ignored, and it is an important part of regional culture in northern Shaanxi. From the above analysis, the balanced development of northern Shaanxi is indeed inseparable from the development of caves. After improvement and innovation, caves can go deeper and further in architectural form, architectural function, land saving and energy saving.

In order to more accurately understand the influence of economic development in northern Shaanxi on cave architecture, the author conducted a field survey in northern Shaanxi. The survey results show that ordinary people in northern Shaanxi agree with the cultural symbol of caves, and there is a considerable mass base for the preservation and development of caves in northern Shaanxi. However, due to poor sanitary conditions, inconvenient transportation and other reasons, cave architecture can not fully meet the local people's pursuit of modern life. So how to develop caves? Many experts and scholars have made useful attempts and explorations in improving cave design, such as the construction of a new cave demonstration area in Zaoyuan Township, Baota District, Yan 'an, northern Shaanxi. This new cave demonstration area was planned by the brigade in a unified way. An architect in Beijing provided the design scheme and the villagers raised funds to build it in a unified way. After its completion, it has achieved good social repercussions and social benefits.

① The combination of reinforced concrete structure and traditional stone kiln arch structure can not only keep its characteristics of warm in winter and cool in summer, but also further strengthen the stability of cave structure.

② The functional partition of the whole space is clear. Store sundries in the basement; The first floor is the living room, guest bedroom and kitchen-public space; The second floor is the master bedroom (with traditional heatable adobe sleeping platform and earthen stove), the second bedroom and the living room-private space, which ensures the separation of dynamic and static and retains the characteristics of local houses.

③ Unified planning and construction of infrastructure (natural gas, boilers, roads and drainage).

The new cave demonstration area in Zaoyuan Township not only retains the regional characteristics of northern Shaanxi, but also considers the living habits of people in northern Shaanxi. Modern technology is used to improve the cave, and some facilities are planned and constructed in a unified way. As a demonstration site of cave architecture, it provides positive ideas for the development of cave architecture. In addition to the above ideas, the protection and development of caves in northern Shaanxi should also pay attention to the following five aspects:

1. Rational, systematic and scientific planning of cave architecture. The traditional scattered cave architecture layout will be changed and replaced by a relatively concentrated living and living area (such as a village or villagers' group), with reasonable site selection, unified planning and one-time completion. With the goal of building a cave dwelling district, the overall water supply and drainage systems such as water, electricity and heating are concentrated in one system, and the outdoor environment and supporting facilities are unified into the overall planning. This can not only effectively use land resources, reduce construction costs, but also create conditions for improving the overall function of new cave architecture. In addition, the caves are planned according to the conditions of the mountain, or arranged in contour lines along the mountain, or hidden under a large soil slope, so as to be integrated with the earth to the greatest extent, and will not affect the unique rural landscape image of the Loess Plateau.

2. In architectural design, we should use architectural language to express the mellow and simple temperament of caves and the ecological characteristics of warm in winter and cool in summer. Without analysis, we should completely imitate modern symbolic language to build modern high-rise buildings, so that the towns in northern Shaanxi have a thousand cities and a thousand floors, thus losing the regional characteristics of northern Shaanxi and blurring the identity of the revolutionary holy land.

3. In terms of architectural function, caves in northern Shaanxi used to be mainly used as residential functions, but in the future, their functions should be broadened and caves should play the role of various types of buildings. In addition to maintaining and repairing old caves and developing red tourism and farmhouse music, we can also build cave office buildings, cave sanatoriums and cave banks (there have been many successful examples at home and abroad, such as Yang Jialing Cave Hotel in Yan 'an and "Cave Hospital" founded in Russia). Changing the single plane shape of the cave, appropriately expanding the single span, setting up the necessary protection system, increasing the scientific and technological content, and redesigning the cave building can completely increase its use function.

4. The development of caves can not be separated from the support of relevant government departments, and the government should strengthen the governance of the ecological environment around caves. Northern Shaanxi once nurtured the whole China Revolution with its gullies and ridges, but due to excessive reclamation at that time, there are related sequelae in northern Shaanxi today-soil erosion, sandstorm weather and even landslides. Therefore, it is of great significance for relevant departments to formulate environmental engineering policies, insist on returning farmland to forests, close hillsides to facilitate afforestation, and increase research and investment in geological disaster control.

5. Using simple and mature modern technology to overcome the shortcomings of traditional caves, such as dark, damp and poor ventilation, and integrate the advantages of ancient caves, such as warm in winter and cool in summer, energy saving and land saving, to build new caves.

A. Adopt simple and mature technology to carry out technical transformation on ventilation, moisture-proof dehumidification and lighting in the cave. For example, the cliff hole can be ventilated and dehumidified through the patio on the edge of the cliff, or the cliff hole with a trumpet mouth that is "big in front and small in back" can be built to improve the lighting problem;

B) Combining with the abundant solar radiation resources, daily temperature difference and climate characteristics with large annual variation in northern Shaanxi, strengthen the diversified utilization of solar energy (building sunshine glass houses, using solar water heaters, planting sunflowers and refining sunflower oil) to improve the quality of life of residents;

C. building a roof garden. Keeping the loess layer at least 1m thick at the ceiling, planting drought-resistant trees, shrubs and herbs, rationally planting local shallow-rooted cash crops and scientifically matching coniferous and broad-leaved tree species can not only reduce the outdoor comprehensive radiation temperature at the ceiling, but also beautify the outdoor environment and increase income (see Figure 3);

D try to use local building materials such as stone and loess, reduce transportation energy consumption and cost, and avoid construction waste and construction pollution.

E. combining the water resources situation and climate characteristics in northern Shaanxi, ensure safe domestic water and ecological water. Rainwater is collected in the courtyard and the top of the kiln as reclaimed water, and sewage is recycled as much as possible. In the water-deficient northern Shaanxi, water resources should be recycled.

F. Concentrate funds, plan and design biogas digesters in a unified way, plant vegetables in front of and behind the house, and improve the local environment by using the principle of ecological cycle. Wuqi county in northern Shaanxi is promoting related projects and has achieved phased ecological benefits.

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Today, with the rapid economic development, in addition to the application of new technologies and new materials to build modern residential buildings, it is necessary to develop new energy-saving and ecological caves in northern Shaanxi, and the cave buildings with the characteristics of northern Shaanxi should be preserved like biodiversity protection.

In order to effectively protect and develop caves in northern Shaanxi, besides planning cave buildings reasonably and systematically, respecting the local culture and living customs of people in northern Shaanxi, absorbing the advantages of caves in respecting the environment and saving energy, and exploring advanced modern technology to solve the existing shortcomings of caves, the key needs the full cooperation of the government, architects and the masses. The local government should actively guide and enhance local people's confidence in cave architecture through various ways, and architects should use professional knowledge to carefully design and improve caves. With the extensive participation of all social strata, the face of northern Shaanxi will be more distinct, and the ancient caves will glow with new vitality.

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