Seek examples of global natural disasters in recent years.

The main sudden natural disasters in the world are: drought, flood, typhoon, storm surge, freezing injury, hail, tsunami, earthquake, volcano, landslide, debris flow, forest fire, agricultural and forestry diseases and insect pests, etc.

Flood is a flood caused by excessive rainfall or intensity (rainstorm or rainstorm), which causes rivers to burst their banks, flash floods, flooded fields, destroyed buildings and casualties. In China, floods are frequent and intense, especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Huanghuaihai River, the lower reaches of the Liaohe River and South China. April to September is the flood control period of major rivers every year, and the state has to spend a lot of money on flood control measures. In recent 30 years, the most serious flood disaster in China occurred in Zhumadian, Henan Province from August 5 to 7 1975, and the maximum rainfall in three days reached 1605 mm (the average rainfall in this area for many years was 800 mm). Torrential rain triggered flash floods, which caused the earth dams of two reservoirs to burst and flooded farmland1130,000 hectares. 199 1 in the summer of, a large-scale flood disaster in the Jianghuai area became a major disaster at home and abroad, with direct economic losses exceeding 50 billion yuan.

Drought. A long drought brings rain. Meteorological disasters with high temperature, continuous lack of rain or no rain. At the beginning of its appearance, people could not feel its arrival, but the longer it took, the larger and more serious the drought-affected area became. China suffers from drought all the year round, and spring drought occurs frequently, seriously and for a long time in most areas. The occurrence of drought is not only relatively concentrated in time series. For example, among the 170 droughts that occurred in Beijing during 1470- 1949,10/5 droughts occurred year after year. In addition, it appears in large numbers in space. For example, in the spring of 1950, droughts occurred in most parts of Inner Mongolia, Hexi Corridor in Gansu, northern Hebei and northwestern Shaanxi, and droughts occurred in large areas in the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Hanshui River basins from July to September. 1950- 1980.

A low-pressure atmospheric vortex originating from the tropical ocean surface. According to the wind power near its center, it is divided into four grades: tropical depression 6-7, tropical storm 8-9, strong tropical storm10 ~1,typhoon 12 and above. In the tropical western Pacific, 30 typhoons are generated every year (accounting for 38% of the world), and the peak of typhoon activity is in July-August. After the formation of the tropical ocean surface, it moves to the northwest, with an average of 7 typhoons landing on the coast of China every year. Typhoon brings strong winds, heavy rains (80% of the highest rainfall record in China's coastal 15 provinces is caused by typhoon), huge waves and tidal disasters, which seriously threaten people's lives and property.

The above-mentioned1August, 975, the catastrophic flood disaster in Henan Province was caused by the landing of Typhoon No.7503, which slowed down the inland movement of deep people and kept the low pressure. The typhoon landed in Taiwan Province and Zhejiang successively. Heavy rain occurred in Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Hebei, Henan and other provinces 10. Among them, Henan is the most serious, with the rainstorm area accounting for one-third of the whole province, and the maximum rainfall 1/ hour189.5mm, 24/ hour1.066,5438+0.8mm, which caused a rare flood disaster in a century.

The so-called tidal disaster refers to the fact that under the action of strong storms, offshore storm surges and huge waves are superimposed on the astronomical climax in flood season, and the tide exceeds the local warning water level, destroying defense facilities, leading to flooding and forming tidal disasters. Tidal disasters in China are mainly caused by typhoons and cold waves. The southeast coast was hit by typhoon, which is an area with frequent and repeated tidal disasters. In the Bohai Sea and the northern part of the Yellow River, cold waves and cold fronts pass through in winter and spring, resulting in a strong northeast wind of magnitude 7 or above in the Bohai Sea and a tidal disaster in the south bank of the Bohai Sea.

Low temperature chilling injury is a sharp cooling caused by strong cold wave in the process of crop growth and development. Including the low temperature in summer in Northeast China, freezing rain in winter in South China and low temperature hazards around the cold dew season. Late rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and South China is heading and flowering. In this kind of weather, the empty shell of rice will shrink, resulting in reduced production. 1969 65438+1From October 26th to 30th, the cold wave reached the Yangtze River valley, and the temperature dropped 14 ~ 20℃, causing severe freezing damage to winter wheat, rape and fruit trees. 1977 65438+1From October 25 to 29, the cold wave caused the snow in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang to be 0.5 meters deep, the grasslands were buried, and a large number of livestock died.

Earthquakes are modern crustal activities caused by dynamic action inside the earth, which are generally divided into tectonic earthquakes (95%), volcanic earthquakes and subsidence earthquakes. The reason why China has become the most serious earthquake area in the world is strongly related to the modern crustal activity in China, which is located at the intersection of the Pacific Rim tectonic belt and the Mediterranean Himalayan tectonic belt. Except for Zhejiang and Guizhou provinces, earthquakes of magnitude 6 or above have occurred in all provinces. 1556 65438+123, the M8 earthquake occurred in hua county, Shaanxi Province. "It was an earthquake in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan Province at the same time. Thunder rumbled, chickens and dogs barked ... or the spring burst, or the veranda houses were trapped underground, or the hills stood out on the ground ... killing 820,000 officials, soldiers and soldiers. 1976, an industrial town with a population of one million, was instantly in ruins, ranking first among the most destructive earthquakes of 10 in the world in this century.

Earthquake is inevitable, and earthquake prediction is still a difficult problem in the world. China has made great progress in the field of medium and long-term prediction, but only a few people can make accurate predictions, and efforts are still needed to predict this difficult impending earthquake.

Landslide is a large number of rock and soil bodies on the slope, which slides down a certain sliding surface under the action of gravity, resulting in the destruction or burial of farmland and buildings above and below the slope, resulting in casualties. Due to the differences between natural conditions and human factors, there are various types of landslides. China is a mountainous and earthquake-prone country. Landslides caused by heavy rains and earthquakes have occurred from time to time in history. With the development of construction, reservoirs appear constantly. Mining, cutting and landslides in mountain cities. 1933 During the Diexi earthquake in Maowen County, Sichuan Province on August 25th, 30 miles around the mountain collapsed and landslide occurred. Diexi City and two giant high-speed landslides in Longchi Mountain fell opposite each other, blocking the vortex river and forming a dam with a height of160m. Forty-five days later, the congested river burst and was seriously damaged hundreds of kilometers along the river. In Yanchihe Phosphate Mine in Yuan 'an County, Hubei Province, due to underground excavation, the mountain cracked and the displacement suddenly increased after the rain. 1in the early morning of June 3, 980,1100,000 square meters of mountain suddenly collapsed and landslide, and the buildings in the pit were destroyed. Office buildings, dormitories, a large number of mining machinery and more than 280 employees were instantly buried under the ruins of more than 20 meters.

Debris flow often breaks out suddenly in the rainy season. Thunder in the valley and muddy torrent with mud and gravel swept down, sweeping everything along the way. Debris flow disaster has affected 23 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in China, affecting industrial and mining, transportation (railways, highways and waterways), farmland villages, water conservancy and various facilities in mountainous towns. According to the data of the railway department, there are 1386 debris flow gullies in mountainous railways in China, which threaten the safe operation of more than 3,000 kilometers of lines.

Forest fire is a fire phenomenon caused by natural or careless people. Most serious forest fires are caused by drought. Caused by special meteorological conditions such as high temperature, strong wind or lightning strike, it is often out of control due to underestimation. Once a fire is formed, it is beyond human's ability to control it. With the progress of science and technology and the strengthening of forest fire management, the loss rate of forest fire in China is decreasing. However, for China, where the forest coverage rate is only 13% and the per capita forest stock is less than 10 cubic meter, it is equally important to reduce losses and improve the coverage rate. Because forest fires not only cause economic losses and casualties, but also cause serious damage to the ecology and natural landscape. 1987 forest fire in Daxinganling. Burned land1140,000 hectares, accounting for 1% of the national forest land.

Agricultural and forestry diseases, pests, weeds and rodents refer to diseases and insect pests of crops and forests. Malignant weeds and rats. As far as crops are concerned, diseases, insects, weeds and rats will take away 50 kilograms of grain and other food from everyone in the country every year. There are more than 1200 kinds of crop diseases and insect pests in China, as well as rampant rodents and malignant weeds. If pests and diseases occur and cause disasters, it will have a great impact on China's basic industry-agriculture.

The whole story of the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico

20 10 On April 20th, an oil drilling platform off the coast of Louisiana, USA exploded and caught fire, causing 1 1 deaths. The oil leakage from the bottom oil well went from 5,000 barrels per day to 25,000 to 30,000 barrels later, which became the most serious oil pollution disaster in the United States.

At least 1 1 people are missing.

Or the worst accident in decades. According to the Houston Chronicle on the 22nd, an oil drilling platform off the coast of Louisiana in the southern United States caught fire and exploded at around 10 local time on the 20th, causing seven people to be seriously injured and at least 1 1 person was missing. The authorities have sent ships and planes to carry out search operations in the Gulf of Mexico, hoping to find traces of lifeboats or survivors.

After the fire was still put out, most of the 126 workers on the platform escaped safely after the explosion. Some workers frightened by the explosion and fire jumped off the 30-meter-high drilling platform to escape, while others chose lifeboats.

The drilling platform was built at 200 1 and owned by Transocean Drilling Company. At present, a production contract has been signed with BP. The cause of the platform explosion is still under investigation.

Transocean Drilling Company said in a statement on Wednesday: "We are using different methods to dilute the hydrogen that may cause explosion and continuously monitor the drilling platform. The Coast Guard has also developed a response plan for possible upgrades. "

Coast guard officer Mike? Aubrey said that the fire caused by the explosion burned until the morning of 2 1 2, and it is not clear when the fire was put out.

Or the worst accident, the federal government says that although 35,000 Americans work in the Gulf of Mexico every day, less than 8 people die every year. Therefore, this explosion is the most serious accident in the Gulf of Mexico in the United States for decades. According to the statistics of the American Mineral Resources Management Service Center (MMS), since 2006, there have been as many as 509 fire accidents recorded in the Gulf of Mexico, and related enterprises have paid a fine of up to 8.5 million US dollars (more than 58 million yuan) to MMS.

This oil well is located under the sea1525m. According to the detection of submarine detector, the drilling riser and drill pipe began to leak oil, and the estimated oil leakage was about 1000 barrels per day.

"We think this is a serious oil spill," said Connie Terrell, a Coast Guard official. "We are doing our best to help clean up the oil slick." BP, which rented the drilling platform, dispatched planes and ships to clean up the oil slick on the sea surface, but the cleaning work was blocked due to bad weather conditions. The oil well continued to leak oil that day, and the engineers found another oil leak. In order to prevent the oil slick from drifting to the US coast, the US disaster relief department "encircled the oil" and burned thousands of liters of crude oil.

Newly discovered oil spill point

Coast Guard official Mary? Landry said at a news conference on 28th that the engineers of BP who rented Deepwater Horizon discovered the third oil spill.

Landry said: "BP informed us that another oil spill was found in the subsea well."

Landry did not specify the specific location of the oil spill. The two previously discovered oil spills are located in the riser and drill pipe of the oil well.

Deepwater Horizon is located about 82 kilometers southeast of Venice, Louisiana, USA. It is owned by Transocean Drilling Company, the largest offshore drilling contractor in the world, and leased by BP.

The rig exploded on the evening of 20th, causing a fire, and sank into the Gulf of Mexico about 36 hours later, killing 1 1 workers. The oil well at the bottom of the drilling platform began to leak oil on the 24th.

The chart provided by the Coast Guard and the disaster relief department shows that the oil slick area is 160 km long and the widest point is 72 km. Seen from the air, the dense oil slick area extends to the coastline like tentacles.

Far beyond previous estimates.

Landry said that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated that the oil well leaked about 5,000 barrels a day, five times the previous estimate. BP disagrees with this quantity. Doug, sales manager? Sarteur said that the previous estimate of about 65,438+0,000 barrels per day of oil leakage should be accurate.

Sarteur said that the newly discovered oil spill was located upstream of the other two oil spills. "Judging from the location of this oil spill, we don't think the daily oil leakage of the oil well will change." .

Landry said that the Coast Guard has sent a message to US President Barack? Obama informed the latest situation that "we urge BP to invest more resources" and the US Department of Defense may intervene in disaster relief.

In order to prevent the oil slick from drifting to the coast of the United States, relief workers began experimenting with burning oil on the 28th. Disaster relief workers sealed thousands of liters of leaked crude oil in the fence, moved it to the sea farther from the coast, and ignited it in a "controllable way".

Coast Guard spokesperson Shirley? Ben-Yesho said that if the effect of "burning oil" on that day is good, disaster relief personnel may implement a larger-scale "burning oil" operation.

Beware of "invasion" of oil slick.

Before the afternoon of 28th local time, the tentacles of the oil slick had reached the sea area 37 kilometers away from the coast of Louisiana.

Charlie, an expert from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration? Henry predicted that the oil slick may drift to the Mississippi River Delta later on the 30th.

Louisiana Governor Bobby? Gindl called on the federal government to provide more assistance. Kindel said that a coastal wildlife sanctuary in Louisiana may be hit by the oil slick.

Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida and Alabama have set up tens of thousands of meters of inflatable fences near the coast to form a defense line against the invasion of oil slick.

The plugging operation continues. BP's previous attempt to activate the leak-proof door with an underwater robot failed. Engineers are scheduled to drill a relief well on the 29th to contain oil leakage, which is expected to cost hundreds of millions of dollars and the construction period will last for several months.

Engineers are still considering building a cover device to cover the oil slick and then pumping it to the ship. If the project starts, it may last for several weeks.

The oil well at the bottom of Deepwater Horizon, an oil rig that sank in the Gulf of Mexico, continued to leak oil on the 28th, Nanfang Daily reported on the 30th. On the same day, the US disaster relief department decided to ignite some crude oil leaked from the Gulf of Mexico to prevent the oil slick from drifting to the US coast.

The "burning oil" operation started at 8: 00/7 local time on the 28th (6: 00 Beijing time on the 29th). The US Coast Guard and BP, which rented Deepwater Horizon, sent several ships to operate in the densest oil slick area, enclosing the leaked crude oil in a water grid about 1.50 meters long.

The United States Coast Guard and BP Joint Disaster Relief Center said in a statement: "The oil will be moved to further waters (on the US coast) and ignited there in a controlled manner." The first "oil burning" will last about 65,438+0 hours, and thousands of liters of crude oil can be consumed.

Coast Guard spokeswoman Shirley said, "Today is just to see if this experimental combustion can be completed. ? Ben-Iesho said: "They will ignite oil with accelerant, and it is impossible to throw matches." Greg, head of the oil spill department of the Texas Land Affairs Office? Pollock believes that rescuers are likely to use colloidal gasoline and oil-soaked cloth to ignite the oil slick. After the oil slick burns, it will leave a hardened "tar ball" on the sea surface, which is convenient for fishing.

According to Ben-Yesho, if the effect of "burning oil" on that day is good, disaster relief personnel may implement a larger-scale "burning oil" operation.

Deepwater Horizon is located about 82 kilometers southeast of Venice, Louisiana, USA. It exploded at night on the 20th, causing a fire and sank about 36 hours later. The oil well at the bottom of the drilling platform has been leaking continuously since the 24th, and about 6.5438+0.5 million liters of crude oil flows into the Gulf of Mexico every day. BP had previously tried to start the plugging device with an underwater robot, but failed. At present, the oil slick area has reached 74,000 square kilometers, and the periphery of the oil slick is about 970 kilometers.

Analysis of "burning oil" does not damage the environment?

The Joint Disaster Relief Center said in a statement: "The oil burning operation will not affect any densely populated areas, and it is not expected to affect marine mammals and turtles." According to Pollock's point of view, the residue after burning oil will not adhere to the animal body surface, and "burning oil" has little impact on the environment.

Ben-Iesau said that the "oil burning" sea area is far from the coast. "We don't want anyone to be downwind of the smoke."

However, Agence France-Presse commented that although "burning oil" aims to prevent fuel leakage from polluting the coast, this practice will produce a lot of toxic black smoke and dirty residue, which in itself will pollute the environment.

The US Environmental Protection Agency will monitor air quality during the "burning oil" operation. The Joint Disaster Relief Center said that once the air quality exceeds the standard, it will immediately stop "burning oil". At present, the cost of disaster relief work is huge, which is likely to exceed $654.38+0 billion. BP said that in order to contain the oil spill, it needs to spend $6 million a day, and drilling relief wells needs $654.38 billion. The US Coast Guard did not disclose the cost of disaster relief.

BEIJING1Oct. 30 The US government listed the oil spill crisis in the Gulf of Mexico as a national disaster on the 29th. President Obama says he will do his best to clean up the oil that is about to drift off the coast of the United States.

According to reports, White House spokesman Gibbs said: "We will use all available resources, possibly including the resources of the Department of Defense."

The White House also said that BP must be responsible for the oil spill crisis in the Gulf of Mexico and asked the company to take the biggest response measures.

Secretary of Homeland Security Napolitano said that listing oil pollution as a national disaster would allow the government to use clean-up equipment and resources nationwide.

Coast Guard Commander O 'Hara said that the oil currently drifting to the United States will reach the coast of the Mississippi Delta in the United States on Friday night.

It is reported that the US Environmental Protection Agency is ready to clean up and monitor environmental changes when the oil spill lands.

However, the forecast of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States shows that the weather in the Gulf of Mexico will be very bad in the next few days, with strong winds and 4-meter-high waves, which will last for several days. This will bring inconvenience to the oil pollution cleaning work.

In addition, fishermen and tourists in Paskristian, Mississippi are worried that oil pollution will seriously affect their livelihood. At present, it is the season when local shrimping begins. About 100 ships are ready to go out to sea to catch shrimp.

Jenkins, the owner of a local oyster and shrimp processing factory, said, "It's time for us to catch shrimp, but oil pollution will kill all the small animals."

The oil leaked to the United States is five times more than originally estimated and will threaten the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida.

Wenchuan earthquake in China (5 12) and drought in southwest Guizhou (20 10).

General situation of disasters in Russia and Romania

Event: 20 10 Late July Cause: continuous high temperature weather and fire scene.

Location: Voronezh, Russia Area: The fire area reaches196,000 hectares. Warning: There were 520 fires. Sector 7 entered a state of emergency and died. At least 53 people were injured. Loss of at least 500 people: 6.5 billion rubles (about 217.79 million US dollars). Impact: Nearly 2,000 houses in Russia were destroyed, and more than 3,500 people were homeless. 2065,438. On July 29th, the temperature in Moscow, the capital, reached a record high of 39℃, making 20 10 the hottest month in the region since meteorological records were recorded. The capital Moscow has been shrouded in smog. Affected by the continuous high temperature and dry weather, 90,000 square kilometers of crops have been destroyed in Russia. It is estimated that Russia's grain output this year is less than 6.5438+million tons. In order to curb the rise of domestic food prices and ensure food reserves next year, Russia will stop exporting food from August 15 to February 18, so the global food supply will decrease. Russian food export ban has pushed up international food prices. According to the country's Food Federation, this is the worst drought in 130 years. Russian grain exports have fallen by at least 30%. Since July 30th, the situation of forest fires in Russia has become more severe, with more than 7,000 fire spots and 2 1000 people participating in the fire fighting. According to the data on August 9, forest fires have killed 53 people, burned more than 2,000 houses and left more than 3,000 homeless. The whole story of forest fire in Sri Lanka (/view/40748 12.htm)