What are climate resources?

Definition of scientific and technological terms of climate resources

Chinese name: Climate Resources English name: Climate Resources; Definition of climatic resources 1: The climatic conditions available in production and living activities are part of natural resources. Applied discipline: atmospheric science (first-class discipline); Definition 2 of climatology (two disciplines): the sum of matter, energy and phenomena that can provide exploitable climate elements for human life and production activities. Applied discipline: geography (first-class discipline); Definition 3 of resource geography (two disciplines): the sum of matter, energy, conditions and their phenomena among the climatic elements on which human beings and all living things depend and which may be developed and utilized by social development. Applied discipline: resource science and technology (first-class discipline); Climate Resources Science (two disciplines) This content is approved and published by the National Committee for the Examination and Approval of Scientific and Technological Terminology.

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Climate resources mainly refer to agricultural climate resources and climate energy.

catalogue

Climate resources-basic definition

Formation factors of climate resources

Climate resources-characteristics * * * Similarity between climate resources and other resources

Differences between climate resources and other resources

Climate resources-historical records

Climate resources-existing problems

Climate resources-protection significance

Differences related to climate resources

Climate resources-influencing climate resources is the basic condition for human survival and development.

Rational development and utilization of climate resources

Climate, energy and sustainable development

Climate resources and agriculture

Climate resources and tourism

Climate resources and architecture

Climate resources and transportation

Climate resources and health

Climate resources and sports

Climate resources-development and utilization

Climate resources-countermeasures and suggestions

Regulations on the protection of climate resources

The basic characteristics of climate resources in China are abundant solar energy resources and great photosynthetic production potential.

There are many hot areas, and the subtropical and temperate areas are large.

The remarkable influence of monsoon climate

The underlying surface is complex and diverse.

Thermal effect of special terrain

Uneven distribution of precipitation resources

Rain and heat are basically the same season.

Problems and challenges

Climate resources-basic definition

Formation factors of climate resources

Climate resources-characteristics * * * Similarity between climate resources and other resources

Differences between climate resources and other resources

Climate resources-historical records

Climate resources-existing problems

Climate resources-protection significance

Differences related to climate resources

Climate resources-influencing climate resources is the basic condition for human survival and development.

Rational development and utilization of climate resources

Climate, energy and sustainable development

Climate resources and agriculture

Climate resources and tourism

Climate resources and architecture

Climate resources and transportation

Climate resources and health

Climate resources and sports

Climate resources-development and utilization of climate resources-countermeasures and suggestions-protection regulations-basic characteristics of climate resources in China

Rich solar energy resources, great photosynthetic production potential, many hot zones, subtropical and temperate zones, large monsoon climate, significant impact on the underlying surface, complex and diverse thermal effects of special topography, uneven distribution of precipitation resources, and basic problems and challenges in the same season of rain and heat. Edit this paragraph, Climate resources-basic definition.

Climate resources refer to light energy, heat, moisture and wind energy that can be used for human economic activities, and are available climate resources.

Renewable resources are also one of the top ten natural resources in China. Include solar radiation, heat, moisture, air, wind energy, etc. It is inexhaustible and irreplaceable. Climate resources are precious natural resources, which can provide raw materials and energy for the production process of human material wealth.

Edit climate resource forming factors in this section.

The forming factors of climate resources are not the same as those of climate, but more complicated. Because climate is just a gas climate resource.

Waiting for the source and foundation of resources. Climate must also be combined with certain social factors before it can be transformed into resources. Since 1970s, the World Meteorological Organization began to regard climate as the product of the climate system. Climate system includes atmosphere, ocean, continent, cryosphere and biosphere and their interactions. In other words, climate is the product of the interaction of five natural circles on the earth's surface. At present, the well-known solar activity, sea surface temperature, ground temperature, greenhouse effect and El Ni? o phenomenon are just some prominent links in this huge system. Abnormal phenomena in any link may have an impact on the climate system, and then affect climate anomalies; But it cannot determine the operation of the whole system or play a decisive role in climate anomalies. At present, there are no objective conditions for comprehensive and accurate diagnosis, analysis and prediction of various components of the climate system and their interactions, which is also the reason why it is difficult to improve the accuracy of climate prediction quickly. However, the same climate can have very different utilization benefits and may even become a disaster. This mainly depends on people's technical conditions (such as water conservancy projects, crop varieties, etc. ) and whether the decision-making and management measures taken are correct and effective. This shows that the transformation of climate from natural phenomena to resources is completely inseparable from the role of social factors. Therefore, the climate resource factor is a huge system including many natural factors and many social factors. So far, people can't fully understand the members of this system and their relationships. So we can only adopt some simplified methods. Such as idealization. For example, when calculating the potential of a certain resource, it is assumed that other production conditions and resources meet the ideal requirements, and only the output limit that a certain climate resource can achieve is estimated. For example, Zhu Kezhen estimated the potential of light energy in agricultural production. He believes that if only a quarter of the radiation is used every year, the solar energy efficiency is 1%, and the yield of single-season rice in the Yangtze River basin can reach 94 1 kg. If the light energy efficiency is improved by 3%, the yield per mu can reach 2823 Jin. Although these simplified methods can only roughly describe the distribution and abundance of climate resources under specific conditions, they can still give the basic concept of the quantity of such resources, which is very useful for planning and managing such resources.

With the development of industry, the population is increasing rapidly, the production is also developing at a high speed, and the shortage of climate resources is becoming more and more serious. Social production is more and more sensitive and dependent on climate and its changes, and the influence of human activities on climate is increasingly exposed. The land rich in climatic resources has been overloaded and planted in arid and semi-arid areas and slopes with insufficient climatic resources, resulting in serious soil erosion and desertification. Air pollution not only worsens air quality, but also leads to irreversible man-made climate change. In this way, climate resources are facing the doom of deterioration or even destruction.

Edit climate resources-protection significance in this section.

The development, utilization and protection of climate resources are important strategic issues related to the sustainable development of society and national economy. The sustainable development of economy and society is based on a good balance between environment and ecosystem. To successfully implement the national sustainable development strategy, we must have strong legal protection in disaster prevention and mitigation, resource utilization and protection, climate and environmental monitoring and protection. In the process of economic construction and social development, rational utilization of climate resources can achieve good social, economic and ecological benefits, otherwise it will suffer economic losses, destroy climate resources and even induce climate disasters.

Edit climate resources-related differences in this section.

Climate is the general name of the physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere around the earth and belongs to a part of objective natural phenomena. Climate environment is only the general name of the nature of the part of the atmosphere that has an impact on human beings. There is no obvious difference between modern climate and climate environment, only conceptual difference. Climatic resources refer to climatic conditions (such as light energy, heat energy, moisture, wind, etc. ) can be reasonably used by human beings.

Edit Climate Resources-Impact in this section

Climate resources are the basic conditions for human survival and development.

Climate resources refer to the climatic conditions that light, heat, water, wind energy, oxygen, nitrogen and negative ions in the air can be used by human beings through development and utilization. Climate resources, like other natural resources, can provide indispensable energy and material for human production and life.

Rational development and utilization of climate resources

The sustainable development strategy emphasizes the combination of social economy and ecology, and relies on scientific and technological progress to coordinate the social and economic development of climate resources.

And the relationship between efficient utilization of resources and ecological environment protection, so that production, ecology and economy can develop simultaneously. Climate resources have a persistent and subtle influence on the formation and development of biological communities. On the premise of maintaining the coordinated development of environment and economy, adopting reasonable climate indicators and making full use of climate resources can not only obtain huge economic, social and ecological benefits, but also prevent climate disasters. A suitable climate is a valuable resource, and light, heat, water and wind can be provided to anyone for free. However, the concept that climate resources are inexhaustible renewable resources has now begun to change. River pollution reduces the value of fresh water resources, and climate change changes the constancy of resources. In the socio-economic development, agriculture, energy, transportation, architecture, economy, commerce, health and life have become the most sensitive areas to climate. Studying the relationship between these areas and climate resources is of great significance for rational development and utilization of climate resources and implementation of sustainable development strategy.

Climate, energy and sustainable development

Climate energy mainly refers to wind energy generated by uneven distribution of solar radiation and directly available solar energy. Social and economic development is based on high energy consumption. Energy supply and environmental protection are the main problems in this century and the key to sustainable economic development. According to the forecast of relevant departments, the environmental and climate warming problems caused by the massive consumption of energy, the increase of pollutants emitted by industrial production and greenhouse gases have seriously affected the sustainable development of social economy. Therefore, it is urgent to save and control the use of fossil energy and find alternative energy sources. The development and utilization of clean and renewable energy, such as wind energy and solar energy, is not only conducive to sustainable economic development and environmental protection, but also promotes the rise and development of related industries.

Climate resources and agriculture

Light, heat, water, air and other substances and energy in the climate are important components of agricultural natural resources, which often determine the planting system in this area, including crop structure, maturity, allocation and planting methods. The distribution of light, heat, water and air is uneven. Therefore, when making agricultural development plans, all regions should pay attention to local conditions, make full use of resource advantages and obtain maximum benefits. (2) With the development of agricultural science and technology, make full use of climate resources reasonably, tap the potential of agricultural climate resources, and continuously improve the development and utilization rate of climate resources such as light, heat and water. For example, intercropping and interplanting are widely used to develop ecological agriculture and three-dimensional agriculture. Impact of climatic resources on agricultural production: The climatic factors affecting agricultural production include monthly average temperature and precipitation, solar radiation, seasonal distribution of precipitation, etc. These climatic factors often determine the agricultural type, planting system, production potential, layout structure, development prospect, and the quality, quantity and distribution of agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry products in a region.

Climate resources and tourism

Tourism is a new industry with huge investment and rich income. Its purpose is to provide people with special climate resources for material and spiritual enjoyment.

Suffering contributes to people's physical and mental health. Tourism is inseparable from climate, which is an indispensable resource in tourism. The first is the beauty of the climate phenomenon itself. For example, snow in winter is the most magnificent natural scenery, while lightning in summer is the most thrilling natural phenomenon. The crisp autumn makes people calm, and the warm spring flowers make people full of vitality. Secondly, the special natural landscape and human landscape formed under special climate conditions are more important goals of tourism. Even the desert landscape can make residents in wet areas feel novel. The red leaves in Xiangshan and the peony in Luoyang are famous all over the country. Finally, tourism is a human activity, which generally requires pleasant climatic conditions. China has beautiful spring and crisp autumn, which is the best climate for tourism. Spring outing and autumn outing are also very popular in China, and people often choose these two seasons for their holidays. Tourism has many outdoor activities, which is a good opportunity for human beings to get close to nature. Therefore, it is also a very sensitive industry. It is undoubtedly an important task to fully evaluate and develop climate resources to develop tourism.

Climate resources and architecture

(1) sunshine and street orientation. In urban planning and architectural design, the reasons of light and street orientation should be fully considered. It is suggested to contact the local reality, compare the sunshine conditions of different street orientations, choose the best street orientation, and then use theory to guide real life. ② Wind direction and urban planning. The wind direction determines the transport direction of pollutants. In an area where a dominant wind direction prevails all the year round, industrial enterprises that discharge harmful substances into the atmosphere should be arranged in the downwind direction of the prevailing wind, and residential areas should be arranged in the upwind direction. In the monsoon region, industrial enterprises that discharge harmful substances into the atmosphere should be located in the upwind direction of the local minimum frequency wind direction, and residential areas should be located in the downwind direction.

Climate resources and transportation

Transportation by sea, land and air often needs to cross different climatic zones, and climate disasters should be avoided as much as possible to ensure safe operation and huge economic benefits. In highway design and construction, attention should be paid to the frequency and intensity of heavy rain, debris flow and strong wind, as well as the depth of frozen soil and snow. Attention should be paid to local rainstorm intensity in bridge design and construction. The airport should be located in a higher place far away from the city.

Climate resources and health

People live at the bottom of the atmosphere, and the four seasons in the atmosphere, wind, frost, rain and snow all have various effects on the human body, and even cause diseases. Some are directly or indirectly caused by climatic conditions, such as heatstroke, frostbite, cold, chronic bronchitis, arthropathy, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, etc. In addition, altitude sickness, air conditioning disease and fan disease are also related to climate. In order to meet the needs of residents to prevent and treat diseases, prolong life and improve the quality of life, meteorological departments in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing and other cities have carried out medical meteorological forecasts such as human comfort, heatstroke index, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, gastrointestinal infectious diseases, ultraviolet intensity and pollen concentration. Of course, appropriate use of climatic conditions can also prevent diseases, such as using climatic conditions as a means of physical exercise, mountaineering, winter swimming, skating, skiing and so on. , enhance physical fitness. Climate recuperation such as sand therapy, sunbathing, air bath and cold water bath has been accepted by more and more people. Weather forecasts such as dressing index and mountaineering index have played a guiding role in people's rational utilization of climate resources, disease prevention and fitness. Humans are also animals that love light. We often bask in the sun, and the sunshine in the room is good, which can not only sterilize and reduce diseases, but also help to absorb trace elements such as calcium and improve physical fitness.

Climate resources and sports

As we all know, people should make rational use of climate resources to carry out sports, and climate conditions should be considered when holding large-scale sports. Sports meteorologists have studied and summarized the influence of various climatic factors on 20 kinds of sports competitions, among which wind, temperature, precipitation, fog and air pressure have the greatest influence on athletes' physical fitness and performance. Therefore, it is the host's obligation to provide all participants with the climate background information of the competition site and provide weather forecast service in time during the Games.

Edit climate resources in this section-development and utilization

The most widely used climate resources are: agriculture, architecture, transportation, commerce, tourism, medical care and so on. Climate resources are different from other resources and cannot enter the market for trading. Among all kinds of natural resources, climate resources are the most prone to change, and the changes are also the most dramatic. Favorable climatic conditions are natural productivity and resources; Unfavorable climatic conditions destroy productivity and are a disaster. If used properly, climate resources are inexhaustible, but the distribution of time and space is uneven and irreplaceable. Therefore, we should proceed from reality and correctly evaluate the climate resources of a place in order to get reasonable development and utilization.

Edit this section Climate Resources-Countermeasures and Suggestions

Suggestions on Rational Development and Utilization of Climate Resources China has done a lot of work in the development and utilization of climate resources and achieved remarkable results. Climate resources and differences

On the whole, however, the whole society is not aware of the development and utilization of climate resources. The level of development and utilization of climate resources does not meet the needs of social and economic development; There is a big gap between the scale and benefit of the development and utilization of climate resources and the actual exploitable resources and their potential contribution rate to the sustainable development of social economy. Therefore, further measures must be taken to strengthen the development and utilization of climate resources. 1. Strengthen the leadership and management of climate resources. Climate work and climate resource management have the characteristics of multi-discipline and cross-department. It involves meteorology, ocean, agriculture, land, energy, transportation, environmental protection, planning and many other fields and departments, and also involves how to mobilize the whole society to rationally develop and utilize climate resources under unified planning, organization and layout. Therefore, it is necessary for governments at all levels to further strengthen the guidance and coordination of this work. It is necessary to strengthen government management, enhance the awareness of climate resources in the whole society, broaden the fields of climate resources utilization, improve the utilization rate of climate resources, prevent the destruction of climate resources by human activities, and strive to achieve sustainable development of resources, environment and social economy. 2. Increase investment to improve the development and utilization of climate resources and the ability of climate change monitoring services. Climate is an important natural resource and a renewable resource with great application value. Strengthening the monitoring of climate change and continuously improving the development and utilization of climate resources and the monitoring, evaluation and service capabilities of climate change are of great significance for broadening the field of resource utilization, enhancing predictability and promoting the sustainable development of environment, resources, ecology and economy. It is suggested that the state and governments at all levels should incorporate the rational development and utilization of climate resources into social and national economic development plans and plans, and increase investment. It is necessary to make full use of China's existing atmospheric, marine, terrestrial and ecological observation systems, establish a modern climate resource change monitoring network system through integration and improvement, strengthen the construction of climate resource impact assessment system and climate numerical model system, comprehensively carry out dynamic climate zoning analysis and climate impact assessment, establish an economic and ecological evaluation index system for climate resource development and utilization, and carry out climate feasibility demonstration and benefit evaluation for projects sensitive to climate resources. 3. Improve the system and promote the development and utilization of climate resources. In order to further promote the development and utilization of climate resources, it is necessary to further improve laws and regulations, formulate laws and regulations to encourage the rational development and utilization of climate resources such as solar energy and wind energy, and provide more favorable industrial policies. When formulating relevant policies, we must consider its industrial economic benefits and ecological benefits as a whole. It is necessary to establish regulations or norms for climate feasibility demonstration of related major projects and major development projects. Formulate standards, policies and regulations for the enjoyment of climate system data to ensure the enjoyment of climate system observation data and information in the whole society. 4. Strengthen cooperation and continuously improve the scientific and technological level of climate resources development and utilization in China. Strengthen the research on the overall carrying capacity of climate resources in agricultural production, ecological environment, urban development and economic construction, deeply analyze and study the impact of its changes on the environment, ecology and socio-economic system, actively carry out the research on climate resources change, study and formulate the industrial layout and development model conducive to the sustainable development of environment, resources, ecology and economy, and pay attention to the medium-and long-term action strategy and planning to deal with climate resources change from a strategic perspective. Vigorously develop and improve the utilization technology of climate energy (solar energy and wind energy), and constantly develop and utilize products with high efficiency, economy and practicality. Strengthen the research on weather modification and develop new efficient working tools and methods.

Edit the regulations on climate resources protection in this paragraph.

Meteorological Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) Article 32 The competent meteorological department of the State Council shall be responsible for the comprehensive investigation and zoning of climate resources throughout the country, and organize the implementation of the Meteorological Law of People's Republic of China (PRC).

Conduct climate monitoring, analysis and assessment, monitor atmospheric components that may lead to climate deterioration, and regularly publish national climate status bulletins. Thirty-third local people's governments at or above the county level shall, according to the characteristics of local climate resources, formulate the direction of development and utilization of climate resources and key protection plans. Thirty-fourth competent meteorological departments at all levels shall organize the climate feasibility demonstration of urban planning, national key construction projects, major regional economic development projects and large-scale solar energy, wind energy and other climate resources development and utilization projects.

In this part, the basic features of climate resources in China are edited.

There are abundant solar energy resources and great potential for photosynthetic production.

Except for Sichuan and Guizhou, solar energy resources in most parts of China are equivalent to or higher than those in other countries at the same latitude, equivalent to the United States and slightly higher than Japan. The high-value center and the low-value center are between 22 and 35 N, which is the high-value center of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Its southern light energy is close to the most abundant Sahara desert in the world, and Lhasa is known as the "Sunlight City". The low-value center appears in Sichuan basin. In the main agricultural areas of China, there is a lot of photosynthetic effective radiation during crop growth, which provides sufficient light energy for high yield of crops. The growth period of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is short, and the amount of photosynthetic effective radiation that can be provided for plants is the lowest in China.

There are many hot areas, and the subtropical and temperate areas are large.

China has the largest number of hot spots in the world. From south to north, the distribution maps of tropical, south subtropical, middle subtropical and China climate resources appeared one after another.

North subtropical zone, south temperate zone, middle temperate zone and north temperate zone. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau also includes temperate zone, sub-frigid zone and frigid zone. The main agricultural areas in eastern China are large, of which subtropical zone, middle temperate zone and south temperate zone account for 42.5% of the total land area of China, and their heat is similar to that of major agricultural areas in the United States. The accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃ is slightly higher than Japan's 40 N, which is close to the Mediterranean climate zone. In 30 N region, it is 500℃ higher than that in Mediterranean climate region, and 600 ~ 1000℃ lower than that in West Asia, South Asia and Africa.

The remarkable influence of monsoon climate

The seasonal variation of heat resources is very obvious, and there are four distinct seasons in most areas, so agricultural activities are very sensitive to the change of solar terms. Compared with the same latitude areas in the world, Leng Xia is hot in winter in the eastern part of China, and the higher the latitude, the more obvious it is, and the more prominent it is in winter than in summer. Summer is very hot, and annual crops (rice, corn, etc. ) can be planted in the northeast region with higher latitude, which is conducive to expanding the planting area of thermophilic crops and improving the multiple cropping index. However, it is too cold in winter, which makes the planting boundary of overwintering crops or perennial subtropical and tropical economic fruit trees south. This heat characteristic is also one of the reasons for the diversity of planting system in China.

The underlying surface is complex and diverse.

It leads to the redistribution of climate resources, and the mountainous and hilly areas in China account for about 2/3 of the national area. The complex terrain, the trend of large mountains, the ups and downs of the terrain and the distance from the sea have caused the redistribution and combination of light, heat and water resources, making the non-zonal influence in some areas exceed the zonal influence. There is a saying that there are "climate zones" and "different days in ten miles". For example, Qiaojia, Huaping and Yuanmou in the southwest Jinsha River basin are all in the middle subtropical zone, but they have a tropical climate in South Asia. Accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃ is as high as 7000 ~ 8000℃, the average temperature in Leng Yue is above 12℃, and there is basically no frost all year round. Another example is Yunnan, which is located in the low latitude plateau. Because the increase of latitude is consistent with the increase of altitude, in the latitude less than 10 from north to south, hot, warm and cold climates and corresponding vegetation have appeared one after another. Generally, in the alpine region with an altitude of 2300-2500m, cold-tolerant crops are the main crops, and the altitude of 1, 300- 1, 500m is in the middle temperate zone, which is a triple cropping area for one or two years; The area below1300m is low tropical, and it is a double cropping or triple cropping area. Some east-west or northeast-southwest mountains in China have a significant barrier effect on cold air from the north and warm and humid air from the south, which is a watershed with significant differences in water and heat conditions on both sides of the mountains. For example, the average annual temperature difference between the banks of Daxinganling is 2 ~ 4℃, the cumulative temperature difference is 300 ~ 1000℃, and the annual precipitation difference is 100 ~ 200mm, which is the transition zone from agricultural areas to pastoral areas. Tianshan Mountains have become the natural dividing line between arid south temperate zone and arid middle temperate zone in Xinjiang. The Qinling-Bashan Mountain area is the dividing line that marks the climate in the north and south of China, and it is also the dividing line with zero water balance. It marks the combination of dryland agriculture in the north and paddy agriculture in the south, and it is also the dividing line between whether crops overwinter or not. In particular, the blocking effect of mountains makes the winter warming in Sichuan Basin very significant. The monthly average temperature in 65438+ 10 is 3 ~ 4℃ higher than that in the eastern plain of the same latitude, the accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃ is 300 ~ 500℃ higher, and the frost-free period is 40 ~ 60 days. If the warming effect is corrected by altitude, it is equivalent to moving the Sichuan Basin south by five latitudes. The heat resources in mountainous areas change obviously with altitude. Generally, with the increase of altitude 100 meters, the annual average temperature will drop by 0.5 1℃, and the accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃ will drop by 170℃, and the growth period will be shortened by about 4 ~ 6 days.

Thermal effect of special terrain

You can't ignore it. For example, some slopes in subtropical mountainous areas have inversion temperature in winter, and there are many warm zones and warm communities; Some large water bodies (lakes and reservoirs) can regulate the temperature around them, which is beneficial for fruit trees and crops to avoid cold and winter. On the other hand, in the low concave terrain, cold air is easy to accumulate at the bottom of the valley, forming a "lake" of cold air, which makes crops vulnerable to freezing injury.

Uneven distribution of precipitation resources

The dry-wet boundary is close to the isoprecipitation line. Compared with the whole world, the precipitation in China is not abundant. Roughly estimated, the average annual precipitation in China is about 648 mm, which is about 19% less than the global average annual precipitation of 800 mm and 12% less than the Asian average annual precipitation of 740 mm. The annual precipitation in parts of Japan and North Korea at the same latitude is more than that in China. The main water vapor of precipitation in China comes from the Pacific Ocean, and the distribution trend of annual precipitation is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland, and the isohyet generally shows northeast-southwest trend. According to this trend, the annual precipitation isoline of 400 mm is equivalent to the dividing line between semi-arid and semi-humid areas; The isoline of 250 mm annual precipitation is close to the dividing line between drought and semi-drought; The 900 mm annual precipitation isoline across the east is the dividing line between the semi-humid area and the humid area in the east. The regional distribution of precipitation is extremely uneven. Northwest inland basin accounts for 36.4% of China's total area, with an average annual precipitation of only 65,438 0.64 mm and an annual total precipitation of only 9.5% of China's total. The outflow basin in southeast China accounts for 63.7% of the country's total area, with an average annual precipitation of 896 mm, and its annual total precipitation accounts for 90.5% of the country. China has more precipitation in summer and less precipitation in winter, which is an important feature of monsoon climate. The seasonal distribution of precipitation varies greatly from place to place, especially in the north, where the rainy season is short and the precipitation is obviously concentrated in summer. Therefore, taking seasonal water transfer measures is one of the important countermeasures for drought relief. climatic resources

Rain and heat are basically the same season.

In summer, the benefits of light, heat and water are great, and the climate production potential is great. The seasonal changes of temperature and precipitation in most parts of China are basically synchronous, which is the advantage of agricultural climate resources. In summer, it is hot and rainy, and the discharge of photosynthetic effective vehicles is large, which provides very favorable conditions for the vigorous growth of plants and has great potential for climate production. The rainy and hot weather in the same season varies from place to place. In northern China, the temperature rises rapidly in spring and is high in summer.

The accumulated temperature in August ≥ 10℃ accounts for more than 50% of the whole year, and the precipitation in the same period accounts for more than 60% of the whole year. The accumulated temperature and precipitation of ≥ 10℃ from June to August in Jianghuai and its south area account for 30 ~ 40% of the whole year, with long rain and heat in the same season and high multiple cropping index. In Yunnan and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the temperature changes gently in a year, the precipitation concentration is higher than the temperature concentration, and the coordination of water and heat is slightly poor. For example, the accumulated temperature in Yunnan from June to August only accounts for 20-30% of the whole year, while the precipitation in the same period accounts for more than 60% of the whole year. The accumulated temperature of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from June to August accounts for 55-65% of the whole year, and the precipitation in the same period accounts for 60-80% of the whole year. Heat and precipitation vary greatly from year to year, which is prone to low temperature chilling injury or drought and flood disasters. According to the research of the famous meteorologist Mr. Zhu Kezhen, in the long history of 5000 years, there have been many cold periods and warm periods in China, which made the boundary between agriculture and animal husbandry move back and forth from north to south; The change of climate change in historical period also caused the change of planting boundary of single and double cropping rice from north to south in two latitudes. In the past century, the accumulated temperature of ≥ 10℃ in China fluctuated periodically for 7-8 years and 2-3 years, especially for 8 years. At the beginning of this century, the accumulated temperature in various places was less, which began to increase in the mid-1930s, reached the highest in the 1950s, and then gradually decreased. In the mid-1960s, there was a brief warming process, and now it oscillates around the average value. In recent 30 years, the differences of heat status between the warmest year and the coldest year are as follows: the accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃ is about 500 ~1100℃; The number of consecutive days ≥ 10℃ varies from 30 to 60 days. The relative variability of accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃ (the annual average of the absolute value of accumulated temperature anomaly as a percentage of the average accumulated temperature) is 4-5% in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, more than 3% in Northeast China, North China and Northwest China, and less than 1.5% in South China and South Yunnan. Unstable heat resources will lead to unstable agricultural production. For example, the average deviation of accumulated temperature between high temperature year and low temperature year in Heilongjiang Province is about 300℃, which can increase or decrease the output by about 30%.

Problems and challenges

Various climate types have created rich ecosystem types and various types of climate resources utilization in China. However, on the issue of using China's climate resources to promote China's sustainable development, we also have to see the following remarkable features. First, because of China's continental climate, the cold and water shortage in the vast northern region often become the limiting factor of biological production, so the abundant light energy resources and land resources are not fully utilized, which restricts the improvement of land productivity and even the further development of economy and society in China. Secondly, climate change is not only an increase in temperature, but also an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. The research shows that the future climate change will lead to an increase in the annual variability of summer monsoon precipitation in the north, which means that the northern hemisphere monsoon climate area may suffer from extreme weather events such as floods and droughts with greater probability and intensity. Most areas in China are in the monsoon climate zone, and the advance and retreat of the monsoon directly affects the flood and drought disasters in China and has a negative impact on the development of the national economy. East Asian monsoon, southeast monsoon and southwest monsoon have great influence on summer precipitation in China, and their variation will inevitably lead to the increase of climate disaster losses in agricultural production in China, and the possibility of stable improvement of production level will be greatly reduced.