What is Coptis triangularis?

Coptis chinensis, also known as Tooth Lotus and Jia Lian, is a kind of commercial Tooth Lotus. It is a perennial herb of Ranunculaceae. According to "Compendium of Materia Medica", "Huanglian is found in both Wu and Shu, and Yazhou and Meizhou are the best." "Yingjing County Records" records: "Coptis chinensis goes out of the Wawu Mountain ... the next season's tribute is 850 Jin", and Yingjing and Hongya belong to Asia, hence the name Yalian. Mainly produced in Hongya and Emei in Sichuan Province, followed by Mabian, Ebian, Jinkouhe, Muchuan, Leibo and other counties. According to "Hongya County Records" (18th edition of Qing Jiaqing), "Up to now, the city is easy to connect, so we chose Yinshan Mountain to open up wasteland, take its seedlings and plant them, and cover them with branches and leaves of wood and bamboo to keep us from seeing the sun, and harvest them three years later." There is also a record in Emei County Annals published in the same year that "people live near the fertile soil in the mountains to plant livestock", which shows that 100 years ago had relatively complete cultivation techniques.

Use rhizome as medicine. Contains a variety of alkaloids, mainly berberine, coptisine, methylcoptisine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, magnolin and so on. Pharmacological experiments show that Huanglian decoction has good antibacterial effect, and has inhibitory effect on Shigella dysenteriae, typhoid Bacillus and Escherichia coli. Cold in nature, bitter in taste and non-toxic. Has the functions of purging fire, detoxicating, clearing away heat and eliminating dampness; Treat fever, such as excessive heat, vexation, hematemesis, epistaxis, damp-heat, fullness, nausea, dysentery, enteritis, red eyes and swelling.

I. Morphological characteristics

Rhizomes are solitary, sparsely branched, and sometimes slender internodes, commonly known as jumping stems; There are many fibrous roots on the node; The skin is brown or yellowish brown, and the section is dark yellow. The stolon is 13-30cm long, with 1-3 leaves at the top and enlarged terminal buds. The leaves are basal, leathery, isosceles triangle, 4.5-13cm long and 5-5-12.5cm wide, with 3 lobes. The central lobe is triangular, ovoid, pinnately divided, and the lobes on both sides are oblique ovoid triangles, ranging from 2 to 2, with adjacent leaflets. The leaf surface is undulating, near the leaf edge is shriveled, and the leaf edge has needle-like serrations. The stem is drawn from the top of the rhizome, with a length of 15-20 cm, a conical raceme with 3-9 flowers, yellow-green; Bracts linear-lanceolate, 3-lobed near the middle or pinnately parted; Sepals narrowly ovate; Petals narrow strip or nearly oblanceolate; There are about 20 stamens, only about 1/2 of petals, and most of them have no pollen. There are 6- 12 follicles, generally 6-7 follicles, and no seeds (fig. 14- 13a).

Fig.14 ——13a morphological diagram of Coptis triangularis.

1. Plant 2. Calyx 3. Stamens 4. Pistil 5. petal

Second, biological characteristics.

(A) growth and development habits

Coptis triangularis flowers are sterile and seedless, and artificial cultivation uses stolon cutting propagation. Cutting in early August, in the spring of the same year or the following year, fibrous roots are produced from the middle of the upper section of the cutting curve and the base of the terminal bud, and no new leaves are germinated in that year; After the end of June 5438+ 10, the terminal bud expanded obviously and the scales became thick and purple, which was called "one year spring". After thawing in the following spring, the terminal bud germinated new leaves and the old leaves died immediately. Generally, there are 3-4 leaves, sparse to 5. The plant is straight, the leaf margin is prickly, there is only one terminal bud, and there are few flowers and stolons. It is called "second spring" and also called "sub-goods". In the third year of plant growth, there are generally 6- 10 leaves with terminal buds and lateral buds. Plants become soft and the leaves are not too prickly, which is called "three-year spring". The terminal bud is a mixed bud, which germinates in early and middle March, producing flower buds. When flowering, new leaves germinate and the old leaves die. After entering the fruiting stage, the new leaves completely replaced the old leaves. Lateral buds pump stolons, usually 1-4, and stolons can take root when they touch the ground. If they are not pulled out, the stolons will be pulled out from the top the next year. The fourth year of plant growth is the heyday of Yalian's growth and development, which is called "four-year spring". Generally, there are 10- 18 leaves; Universal bolting and flowering; The number of stolons is also the largest, more than 5, up to 20. After the fifth year of plant growth, the leaves are aging, the number of leaves and stolons is gradually decreasing, and the plant development is declining. At this time, the rhizome growth reached the appropriate harvest time.

The rhizome of lotus is transformed from stolon. When the fibrous roots germinate in the center of the upper part of the buried stolon and the base of the terminal bud, the two ends also begin to swell and thicken with the growth of the plant, forming thick nodules at both ends. After 4 years, the nodules expanded and joined to form a single rhizome; If the nodules at both ends are not connected, slender internodes will be formed in the middle, which is the main reason for "crossing the bridge" (jumping stalk). The growth and hypertrophy of rhizomes are not only related to plant growth, but also closely related to the emergence of stolons, with too many stolons and too small rhizomes; There are few stolons, or they are completely uprooted, and the rhizomes become thicker rapidly; If you don't pull out the stolon for many years and let it spread and grow, you will only have fibrous roots, but you won't grow thick rhizomes. Short-branch stolons are not completely uprooted, because the thickness of the soil is buried in the soil, and they will take root and thicken to form branches of rhizomes, which is the main reason for the branching of a few rhizomes.

(2) Environmental requirements

Nelumbo nucifera is cultivated in high mountains at an altitude of 1400-2500m, and grows well in mountainous areas at an altitude of 1700-2200m. Cultivated below 1400 meters above sea level, the rhizome tissue is soft and the plants are precocious. Plants planted below 800 meters can't spend the summer safely. Above 2000m above sea level, plants take a long time to grow, and it usually takes five years to harvest, so there are few diseases.

Growing up in a mountainous area, I like cold and humid climate conditions, and I am most afraid of heat and drought. When the temperature is higher than 30%, the plant growth is inhibited; When the temperature exceeds 35℃, plants will die quickly. According to the heat resistance test of several strains of Coptis chinensis, Coptis chinensis was slightly burned after 28℃ for 24 hours. At the constant temperature of 30℃, after 24 hours, the burned new leaves wilted; After 24 hours at 32℃, all the leaves withered. However, it has strong cold tolerance. In winter, the ice and snow are frozen for nearly 100 days, and the temperature is below-10℃, and it remains evergreen. Yalian's fibrous roots are not as developed as William's, and the leaves are large and numerous, so the plants will wither in dry soil. But low-lying water and poor drainage system can also lead to death. The annual average temperature in Emei production area is between 5- 10℃, the highest monthly average temperature is 14- 19℃, the lowest monthly average temperature is 1-4℃, the annual precipitation is 1700-2200mm, and the relative humidity is 85%.

Aryan was originally wild in the shady forest, and adapted to the weak light environment in the long-term evolution process, forming the characteristics of being afraid of strong light and liking intermittent light in the forest. Although the producing area is rainy, cloudy, foggy, with few sunny days, and the sunshine hours are less than 900 hours throughout the year, artificial cultivation still needs shade shed, and plant growth and development will be normal. With the difference of altitude, plant age and topography, the requirements for shading are different: generally, the shading above 2000m can be smaller; 1700— 1900m should be slightly shaded, and should be above 50%; The shading degree below 1700m is slightly larger than that of William in the same area, which is 60-70%, otherwise the plant will be seriously burned and the mortality rate will be high. The survey of Hongya Copper Factory Dam (elevation 1700m) in 1982 shows that the shade of Yalian is only 5-20%, and the survival rate of four-year-old plants is less than 20%. When the shading degree is 50%, the survival rate of perennial plants is over 80%. In Longdong Village of Emei at an altitude of 1300m, Yalian was shaded by more than 60%, and almost all of them died after three years. From the second year after transplanting, William in this area did not have shading at all, but grew well, and the yield was higher than that of William with shading, indicating that the League needed shading more than William. With the increase of plant age, the resistance of plants to strong light is also enhanced. When it reaches the harvest age, the shade shed can be removed. Under the condition of complete illumination, it can promote the transfer of nutrients to the rhizome and make the rhizome more substantial and hypertrophy. Generally, the shading degree of shady slope cultivation is smaller, and the shading degree of sunny slope is larger.

Lotus is planted in remote mountainous areas, which is extremely difficult to transport and generally has no habit of fertilization in management. Therefore, the selection of soil is strict, and the forest humus soil with rich humus is the best, and the thickness of humus layer should be above 13- 17 cm. According to the survey, the soil in Hongya production area is mainly mountain brown soil, followed by mountain yellow soil; The soil in Emei production area is yellow-brown soil, with medium and heavy soil quality. Take Hongya's nutritional composition and pH value as an example (Table 14-23).

Table 14—23 questionnaire on soil nutrient content and pH value of Hongya Yalian

(III) Dynamic accumulation of effective components

Yalian contains the same effective components as other Coptis chinensis, mainly berberine, followed by coptisine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine. The content of berberine is lower than William and Lianyun, and the content of jatrorrhizine is higher than them. The change law of berberine content is different from William's: the berberine content in William's rhizome increases significantly with growth age; However, the content of berberine in the rhizome of Nelumbo nucifera did not change obviously year by year, and the contents in the second to sixth years were 3.27%, 3.32%, 3.88%, 3.25% and 3.47% respectively.

The content of berberine in the rhizome of Nelumbo nucifera changed significantly with season and growth period. According to Wang Xiankai's determination, the content of berberine in different harvest periods was the highest in September and the lowest in March. At the end of flowering, berberine content increased month by month; After September, the temperature dropped, and the berberine content decreased month by month. It can be seen that seasonal changes and plant growth and development have great influence on the content of berberine (table 14-24).

Table 14—24 Berberine Content in Tooth Lotus at Different Harvest Periods

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) type

There have been many Aryan cultivated varieties in history, and most of them have been eliminated. At present, there are five species that can be seen in Hongya and Emei: Cigailian, ZhaBai Zi, Hua Ye, Clematis and Caolian, which are actually different species or varieties. Generally, it is divided into Dalian and Xiaolian according to the size of rhizome.

1. Dalian

It is characterized by thick rhizomes, frequent stalk jumping and high yield. There are Echinacea purpurea, Pseudostellaria heterophylla and Mosaic.

(1) Capparis spinosa, also known as Dahongpao, is the most common cultivated variety at present, namely Coptis triangularis. The plant is large, with needle-like serrations on the leaf margin and prickly feeling, hence the name. Strong rhizome and high yield. Stolons are numerous and stout. Buds are big and covered with purple scales in winter, so they are also called Dahongpao. There are no seeds in the fruit. Originally from Wawushan (Hongya producing area), it was introduced to Emei producing area about 70 years ago.

(2) The producing areas of Baizi and Hongya are called clematis. Widely cultivated more than 40 years ago, now only Hongya has a small amount of cultivation. Plants are very big, and their roots are mostly curved. The leaves are narrowly ovate, lanceolate or triangular-ovate, flat, and the edge of the leaves does not sting the hands. Less stolons. There are seeds in the fruit. It can be propagated by cutting seeds or stolons. It has strong disease resistance and can adapt to sunny environment and low altitude (1500— 1700m)[ Figure14—13b (1)].

Fig.14 ——13b (1) Morphological diagram of Coptis chinensis in Bai Zi.

1. Plant 2. Fruit 3. stolon

(3) At present, flowers and leaves are often mixed with other varieties in parts of Hongya, but rare in the old barren forest in Emei. The plant is small, and the rhizome often has 2-3 branches without jumping. The leaves are small, the lobes are obviously narrow, and the color of the leaf margin is different, hence the name. There are few stolons, only 6-7 per plant. There are no seeds in the fruit.

2. Xiaolian

The rhizome is thin, the stalk does not jump, the quality is loose, the yield is low and the quality is poor. At present, there are only two kinds of wire companies and grass companies. Bitch company also belongs to this category, but it has disappeared.

(1) Tielian, alias Xiaolian. It was widely planted more than 40 years ago. The legend was introduced from Yunnan and identified as C.teeta Wall. At present, Hongya is still cultivated in a small amount, and most of it is mixed with the thorn cover. Plants are short; Rhizomes are small, rarely branched, and internodes are tight; Stolons are slender, hence the name. Leaf blade ovate-triangular, 3-lobed The yield per plant is low, but it can be densely planted to more than 654.38+million plants per mu, so the yield per mu is also high.

(2) grass curtain, alias grass curtain. The original plant is a new variety (Rosa Emei var. Creeping bentgrass. Wild lotus Emei (fig.14-13b (2)). The shape is very similar to that of Emei in Ye Lian, the main difference is that the rhizome is small, often branched and slightly chicken-claw-shaped; The leaf blade is ovate-lanceolate, and the whole lobes on both sides are longer and larger; Stolon, slender; The buds are purple-green; Sepal margin purplish red; There are seeds in the fruit. It can be propagated by stolons or seeds, and stolons can be harvested in 3 years, with poor quality. It has strong adaptability and grows well when cultivated at an altitude of1000 m. In a cool environment, it is not necessary to build a shade shed. At present, there are sporadic planting in Hongya and Emei (Figure14-13b (3)).

Fig.14 ——13b (2) Morphological diagram of a new variety of Lilium omeiense.

1. Plant 2. Fruit 3. Sepals 4. Stamens 5. Pistil 6. petal

Fig.14 ——13b (3) Morphological diagram of Rhizoma Coptidis.

1. Plant 2. Flower enlargement 3. Stamens enlarged by 4. The stigma is enlarged.

(2) Land selection and preparation

It is appropriate to choose the cold arrow bamboo forest land where Coptis chinensis has not been planted for more than 30 years, the humus soil layer is more than 17cm, the forest soil is acidic and the slope is 30-50 degrees. Land reclamation in April-May, cut down trees and arrow bamboo in the field, keep conifers, and only cut down branches below the middle of the trunk. Select and keep the shed pile needed for shade shed, pile arrow bamboo on the edge of the ground and let it fall leaves naturally. Remove stones, weeds, messy branches and leaves on the ground. And piled up at the lower end of the ground to form a stone ridge to intercept the washed soil. The land reclamation area should not be too large, and it is best to control each plot within 1 mu, and reserve at least 20m forest belt width between plots. This is beneficial to the restoration of forest vegetation and soil and water conservation. The reclamation area is too large, the soil fertility varies greatly, and the soil erosion is serious. After the harvest of Coptis chinensis, it is difficult for arrow bamboo and coniferous trees to enter the wood, and the forest vegetation can not be restored for a long time.

After land reclamation, ditch along the slope for border, with the width of133-167 cm. Dig the soil in the border, remove the grass roots, bamboo roots, tree roots and stones, but don't cover the border with soil. It is not advisable to turn over the soil near the border, leaving the bamboo roots in the soil to prevent freezing in winter. When the soil swells, Coptis chinensis seedlings will be pulled up, and bamboo roots and tree roots will rot and become the nutritional source for Coptis chinensis growth.

(3) build a shade shed

After soil preparation, insert the pillars of the shade shed, commonly known as shed piles and shed forks, and cover the seedlings with shade. Columns are inserted in the center of each frame, one at every 133cm. First, put the bamboo pole horizontally on the post to make it square. Then, the bamboo poles on the crossbar are arranged in turn along the border to form a shade. Then, put the bamboo pole obliquely around the shade shed to cover the oblique strong light. Generally, the height of the shade shed is not more than 1.5m, so it should be movable and simple to facilitate the removal of the shed before freezing and the re-establishment of the shed after thawing.

(4) Breeding methods

The lotus fruit has no seeds. Artificial cultivation is to take the stolons of 3-5-year-old plants as cuttings (the place of origin is called "Coptis chinensis seedlings") for cutting propagation.

1. Pull out seedlings

4-year-old plots with no or slight diseases are selected as the base for picking stolons (seedlings). The stolons planted should have stout stems, dark green leaves, plump terminal buds, brush-like and purplish red. Every 40-50 branches, the pulled stolons are neatly tied into a handful. Stolons that are not suitable for seeds should also be completely removed to reduce nutrient consumption and promote rhizome hypertrophy. If the picked stolons cannot be cut in time, they should be stored indoors in a humid place to avoid the influence of sun, wind or rain on survival. If long-distance transportation is needed, it is best to transport it in the morning and evening to avoid high temperature and water loss affecting the survival of seedlings.

Plant seedlings

It is best to sow seedlings in early August, when new roots will be born. Sowing seedlings in late August will not produce new roots in that year, and it is easy to freeze and pull up in winter. In mountainous areas above 2000m above sea level, seedlings should be planted early; When Zhongshan 1900m is below, the seedlings can be planted later. Seedling planting method is different from general cutting. First, drill a hole in the frame with a special iron fork, and the hole is slightly inclined. If the hole is blocked by stones, bamboo roots, etc. , can be more oblique sidetracking or indexing. Bend the stolon, hold the bend with an iron fork and insert it into the hole, and the depth should be about 2cm below the edge surface to expose the leaves and terminal buds, and then seal the hole with soil to cover the terminal buds. Generally, the plant spacing is 1 1- 13cm, and 50,000-60,000 plants are planted per mu. In order to prevent variety degradation and reduce diseases, it is customary to exchange seedlings in producing areas, which is called seedling transfer. Generally, stolons produced at an altitude of 2000m and 1500- 1800 m are planted interchangeably.

(5) Site management

1. Check the seedlings

After thawing the seedlings in the second year of planting, it is found that there are uprooted seedlings in the shed, so it is necessary to replant them in time to ensure the whole seedlings.

2. intertillage weeding

Usually 2-3 times a year. The first time after thawing in spring, the second time in summer and the third time before shed demolition in early winter. Use a special iron hook to loosen the soil around the border and dig out weeds by roots. Weeds around the land and 67- 100 cm outside the shed should be removed.

Cultivate soil

The place of origin is commonly known as "the picture above". Soil culture can promote the upward growth of rhizomes, and soil culture has more antifreeze effect in winter. From the year of planting seedlings to the year before harvest, soil is cultivated once a year, and mountains are closed with ice and snow in winter, which is called winter soil. After thawing the seedlings in the second year after planting, the soil should also be cultivated once, which is called last spring soil. The method of raising soil in winter is different from that in spring, just digging it out of the furrow. In winter, the soil will completely cover the plants, so that the green leaves will not be exposed on the border, especially the buds. In spring, soil can only cover the gaps between plants, and it is forbidden to cover flower buds and leaves, because at this time, new leaves and bolting are sprouting, and covering soil is easy to die.

4. Falling off and scaffolding

Every winter, after soil cultivation, the cover of the shade shed is completely removed and laid on the border in turn, which is called scaffolding or shelving, so as to avoid snow crushing the shade shed, prevent freezing injury and reduce freezing injury and pulling injury. After thawing every spring, the removed shed cover is put back on the shade shed, which is called shelving or connecting. After harvesting in the second year, after removing the shade shed in winter, the shed will not be built, and it will be called open frame or open shed, which can promote the enrichment of rhizomes and improve the yield and quality.

5. Top dressing

Sub-co-production area is not topdressing, so the yield is lower than William's, but it can maintain the quality of wild state. The topdressing experiment showed that the application of cake fertilizer, urea and calcium superphosphate had obvious yield-increasing effect.

(6) Diseases, birds and animals and their prevention and control

1. Anthracnose

(Anthracnose)

This is very common. After infection, oil spots first appear on the leaves, which gradually expand into diseased spots, with dark red edges, grayish white centers, and sometimes perforation, and dark red diseased spots also appear at the base of petiole, so the origin is called "chicken blood red". In severe cases, leaves wither, or mesophyll rots, leaving only withered veins. Prevention and control methods: exchange seedlings between high mountains and low mountains to reduce harm; The shading degree should not be too small, so as to avoid poor plant growth and easy to get sick when the light is too strong; You can also spray 50% thiophanate 1000- 1500 times or 50% bactericide 500-800 times, all of which have good control effect.

2. Downy mildew

(downy mildew. )

The origin is commonly known as "wax gourd ash". It happens from early summer to autumn. This disease can easily be mistaken for powdery mildew. At the onset, there are yellow spots on the leaves, and the back and petiole of the leaves are covered with gray powdery mildew, which quickly infects. In severe cases, the leaves will die and the roots will rot. Zhongshan and low mountains are prone to occur, and there are fewer high mountains. High mountain and Zhongshan exchange seedlings; Spraying 40% shuangyiling 300 times solution for prevention and control.

3. golden pheasant

Commonly known as "Huanglian Chicken". Sometimes pecking at leaves and buds is not serious and is generally uncontrolled. You can set a rope to catch or hunt.

4. Bamboo rat

(Daur pika)

Commonly known as "bamboo cow". I like to eat bamboo and bamboo roots, dig holes in the ground to eat them, so that many tunnels are formed underground, the roots of Yalian are cut off, and plants are turned out of the ground to lose water and wither. You can set traps at the mouth of the cave or irrigate it to force it out of the hole to kill; Or use dragon poison bait to trap and kill.

5. Wild boar

(Sue Crofa Linne)

In winter and early spring, they often break into the ground to look for food, trample or turn Coptis chinensis into pieces. Can be captured or hunted.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

(1) Harvest

Generally, it will be harvested in high mountains for 5 years and in Zhongshan for 4 years. Whether harvesting is suitable or not depends on the growth and development of the plant: when the plant grows down, that is, the number of leaves decreases obviously, and the leaves become smaller and wither, it can be harvested; If the plants grow normally and flourish, even if they are cultivated for 4-5 years or even more than 6 years, they can not be harvested, because the longer the years, the higher the yield.

When harvesting, the whole plant of Coptis chinensis should be planed in turn and the soil should be shaken as well as possible. Dig carefully and dig thoroughly to avoid missing losses.

(2) Processing

Set up a simple sun-drying kang temporarily in Huanglian land, which is called Shankang. Put the planed Coptis chinensis plants on the kang, heat and dry them, and turn them frequently to make the dry soil, fibrous roots and leaves fall off. When the roots of the kang are 40-50% dry, most of the leaves fall off, and when the petioles are dry, the kang is transported back to the kang. The coptis chinensis transported back should be put into a big kang (fixed drying kang) in time for heating and drying, which is called rehabilitation kang and big kang. The fire in the pit should not be too strong, so as not to scorch the kang, and it should be turned frequently to make it dry up and down. Generally, you can get off the kang when it is 90% dry, put it in a collision cage, push it back and forth to make the roots collide and rub with each other, and remove coarse skin, fibrous roots, petioles and soil. Then take it out and screen it into two grades, such as rhizome and string. Among them, Dalian was pruned to remove the remaining buds and petioles. , became a medicinal material. Generally, the dry goods yield per mu is 50-60 kg, and the high yield can reach 100 kg.