Details of Cao Cao's extermination of Wu Huan

In the fifth year of Jian 'an (AD 200), Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao in Guandu.

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In the sixth year of Jian 'an, Cang Ting defeated Yuan Shao.

Jian 'an occupied an industrial county for nine years.

In the first month of Jian 'an Decade, Yuan Tan was beheaded in Nanpi, and Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi went to the Wuhuan tribe in the north. In summer and April, Wu Huan attacked.

Fresh and refined, supplemented by plain. In autumn and August, Cao Cao drove Wu Huan to the Great Wall.

In the eleventh year of Jian 'an, Hu Guan was broken in April, and pirates were picked up in autumn and August, which completely relieved the worries in the customs. Meanwhile, Cao Cao

He began to prepare for the northern expedition to Wuhuan in western Liaoning, and Dong Zhao was responsible for digging Pinglu Canal and Quanzhou Canal.

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In May of the 12th year of Jian 'an, in order to completely remove the threat inside Shanhaiguan Pass, Cao Cao led a great army to the infinite and prepared to go to the frontier.

Fight. However, the common rainy weather in summer and autumn leads to the impassability of coastal roads leading to western Liaoning.

In July, Cao Cao appointed Tian Chou, a local, as a guide officer, avoiding Binhai Road and going 200 miles north.

Plug ",all the way to fill the valley, long-distance attack, passing through" White sandalwood "and" Pinggang ",led the elite cavalry to ride out of the Daling River.

The journey reached 800 Li, and Liucheng, the lair of Wuhuan in western Liaoning, was taken by surprise.

In August, when there were still "two hundred miles" from Liucheng, people such as Wu Huan Khan noticed and quickly assembled tens of thousands of cavalry.

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Unable to resist, the two armies met at "White Wolf Mountain", and Cao Cao broke Wu Huan, occupying Liucheng, and Yuan Shang Yuan went to Gongsun Kang in Liaodong.

Soon, Gongsun Kang killed Er Yuan and surrendered to Cao Cao.

At this point, the battle of Cao Cao's Northern Expedition won a great victory. In September, Cao Cao successfully returned to Li from Liucheng.

The battle of Cao Cao lasted nearly a month, with a journey of more than 400 kilometers and countless mountains and rivers.

Land, and a big encounter. Relieved the threat of "three counties and five rings" to the north of China, and removed the remnants of the Yuan family.

Force, completely unify Hebei. Incorporation into Wuhuan Qi Jing has enhanced its military strength.

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Two. Five rings and three counties.

Wuhuan, also known as Wuwan, was originally a Donghu tribe belonging to Xianbei.

After the Xiongnu broke Donghu, Wu Huan was taken over by Xiongnu. Later, the Han Dynasty defeated Xiongnu Zuodi with Huo Qubing and moved the capital to Wuhuan.

The counties of Gu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaodong and Liaoxi are beyond the Great Wall, and a captain of Wuhuan is placed in Youzhou to supervise Wuhuan so that it cannot cooperate with Hungary.

Nuton. After the establishment of Xin Mang, Wu Huan fell into the hands of Xiongnu. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wu Huan often joined forces with Xiongnu to disturb the area east of Dai Jun. Light fog stone

Wu Huan moved south and placed a captain in Shanggu Ningcheng.

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During the rebellion at the end of the Han Dynasty, the court repeatedly recruited Wuhuan tribe to suppress the uprising.

Later, others rebelled, using Youzhou Wuhuan and Kou to plunder the four states of Qing, Xu, You and Ji and slaughter the people.

"The History of the Three Kingdoms" records: "There are 50,000 counties, which are inherited from the chaos of heaven, and the secluded state is broken, with a population of more than 100,000." Gongsun Zan, Liu Yu

And Yuan Shao also used or played Wu Huan.

In the first year of Chuping (190), Wu Huan, an adult in western Liaoning, died of illness, and his nephew Tatun ascended the throne, which had a military strategy of unifying Liaodong and Liao countries.

Fifth Ring Road, West and Right Beiping Counties. "Ta Dun and Xiao Wu, the frontier elders are more arrogant." At that time, they were active in today's tombs.

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Rivers and Horqin grassland areas. Yuan Shao destroyed Gongsun Zan, accounting for 50,000 of the three counties. "Spoil its famous king and accept its fine riding."

. The Legend of Heroes at the End of the Han Dynasty records that Yuan Shao said in an article to Wu Huan: "String control and Han soldiers, both in appearance and appearance, are extremely loyal and filial, and are loyal to each other.

Yan Jia. "

When Cao Cao attacked Nanpi, Wu Huan was ready to move, and Er Yuan's defection was the direct fuse. Cao Cao's northern expedition to Wuhuan is a potential.

Must be completed.

Three. Pre-war preparation.

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As early as the eleventh year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao asked Dong Zhao to build two grain carriers:

One is the Pinglu Canal, which runs from Raoyang County, Hebei Province to Cangzhou City.

One is the "Quanzhou Canal", which is located in Baodi and Wuqing counties in Tianjin today.

This is done to facilitate grain transportation in the north.

Before going north, many generals in Cao Jun raised objections. They thought: Yuan Shang is finished, and the grasshopper after autumn is gone.

Jump for a few days. If you go deep alone, Liu Bei in the rear will definitely convince Liu Biao to attack Xudu. I'm afraid then.

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You can't enter or retreat!

In view of this sentence, Guo Jia, the great adviser of Cao Cao, made an incisive analysis. He said: Wu Huan relies on its distance, of course not.

We will be prepared and take them by surprise, so that even if we go deep alone, we will certainly defeat them. In addition, there is Wu Huan Guan in Yuan's family.

The Ministry is extraordinary, and the people of Hebei still have some feelings for Yuan Jia. Once Yuan Shang is released today, we will wait until tomorrow to form him.

Strength, then "people and foreigners should respond", it is difficult to stop him! Therefore, we must quickly eliminate Yuan. As for Liu Bei

What's more, he is now attached to Liu Biao, and Liu Biao will not reuse him, so even if it is a "virtual country expedition", don't worry.

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In hindsight, the foresight of Guo Jia's remarks was impressive.

Cao Cao took Guo Jia's advice and decided to March north to Wuhuan. In May of the 12th year of Jian 'an (AD 207), Cao Cao introduced it.

The army arrived in Wuji (now Jixian County, Tianjin) and arrived at the fortress, ready to leave the coastal highway, cross Jieshi and attack Liucheng.

Judging from Cao Cao's generals who marched north this time, except for the locals, they were all brave "riders", but

See cao cao is ready for large-scale cavalry combat, they have said:

Zhang Liao, Huang Xu, Zhang He, Zhang Xiu, Han Hao, Shi Huan, my wife, Yan Rou, Cao Chun; In addition, there are leading strokes and Guo Jia.

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Waiting for someone.

It can be seen that the army is about to leave for western Liaoning, but the weather is not good. It rains continuously in summer and autumn, "there are no horses and chariots."

, too deep to carry the ship "and" the sea is impassable ",the March time had to be delayed until autumn and July.

At this point, Wu Huan is also ready, "cover the key, the army can not enter."

Looks like there's only one way out. If you withdraw at this time, all previous achievements will be wasted, leaving two Yuan Yang.

Into strength, after Wu Huan cavalry will always harass Youzhou, and there will never be peace behind Cao Cao.

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Of course, Cao Cao will not leave easily. He invited the local people "in Xuwushan (now twenty miles northeast of Yutian, Hebei Province).

Geography "-Tian Chou.

Four. The road to traffic jam.

Since ancient times, there have been two roads from thistle to western Liaoning:

(1) The most famous is "Binhai Road", which is located in the long and narrow coastal plain and is now called "Liao".

West Corridor ". This road starts from thistle, which is too field and rich, and goes through Shanhaiguan to take Jinzhou. In the history of China, it has experienced too much.

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After vicissitudes, Shanhaiguan has always been a battleground for military strategists.

However, most of these situations occurred after the Tang and Song Dynasties and the Eastern Han Dynasty, although this road also led to western Liaoning.

The main channel, but its traffic conditions are far less than those of later generations.

We should know that none of the fourteen counties under the jurisdiction of Liaoxi County in the Western Han Dynasty is located in the coastal zone between Jinzhou and Shanhaiguan today. This road

In the absence of bad weather, the right flag outside the Great Wall goes straight to the inland counties such as Youbeiping and Yuyang. In summer and autumn,

It rained cats and dogs, and this road became infeasible, which happened to Cao Cao. "shallow horses and chariots, shallow boats."

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",can only say that the traffic conditions in the northeast during the Qin and Han dynasties were quite bad.

There was no Shanhaiguan at that time. Modern archaeology has proved that the Shanhaiguan area in the late Eastern Han Dynasty was called Jieshi.

The seaside in the southwest of Suizhong County, Liaoning Province, is about 30 miles away from Shanhaiguan in the west. "Taiping Yulan" quoted Huainanzi as saying: "East

Extremely, since Jieshi crossed Korea and penetrated into the country of adults. "

Later, Sima Xuan and Wang Ping Gongsun Yuan crossed Jieshi. The Book of Jin records: "After crossing Jieshi, the solitary bamboo is second only to Liaoshui.

",it seems that sima yi's luck is much better than cao cao, he didn't meet such bad weather.

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(2) The other way is the "Lulongsai" mentioned by Tian Chou. The History of the Three Kingdoms records: "The old Peiping County was ruled by Pinggang.

Tell the story of Lu Long and arrive in Liucheng; Since the establishment of the martial arts, it has been suspended for two hundred years, and there are still paths to follow. "This road is just.

It is the route from xifengkou, Hebei Province to Lengkou today, which was called "Lulongsai" in ancient times.

There are too many stories about this road in the history of China. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the former Yan Murong longed to enter the Central Plains and was blocked.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Huang Taiji evaded the Shanhaiguan defense line in Yuan Chonghuan, rushed into Zunhua from xifengkou, surrounded the capital, and forced Chongzhen to force Yuan Chonghuan.

History is called "the battle of the past". When Japan invaded China, 29 army, the Kuomintang, fought against the Japanese in xifengkou to prevent the Japanese from entering the customs.

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In this bloody battle.

Of course, all this happened after the Eastern Han Dynasty. It can be said that the value of this road was restored after Cao Cao's northern expedition to Wuhuan.

Show it. Lulongsai, like Binhai Road, gradually formed better traffic conditions in later generations.

During the Western Han Dynasty, Han and Xiongnu fought in the right Beiping area for many years. The Lulong fortress was still open, but it was built from the Eastern Han Dynasty.

From the Wu Dynasty to the Jian 'an period, this road was blocked for 200 years, and there was only one "path to follow". Basically,

This is a road with no road. If it weren't for Tian Chou, the "Liaoxi Pass", it seemed that no one could have thought of getting out of this road at that time.

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Yes

At that time, when Cao Cao left the fortress from this road, he had to face the dangerous place of "500 miles" beyond the Great Wall, and "Trench Valley" crossed the white sandalwood.

(now northeast of Gubeikou, southwest of Chengde City, Hebei Province 140 Li Luanhe River) all the way to Pinggang (now Kara, Inner Mongolia)

Qin's left wing is considered to have entered the flat ground. It can point directly to Liucheng (now southwest of Chaoyang, Liaoning Province), the lair of Wuhuan.

Five. A bloody battle in Bailangshan.

In July of the twelfth year of Jian 'an, Guo Jia suggested that Cao Cao abandon the trench and lead light troops to attack it for thousands of miles. Cao Cao agreed, in

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Yes, Tian Chou was appointed as a guide officer, and the army started from infinity.

Before he left, Cao Cao ordered someone to set up a sign on the seaside road, which read: "This summer, the road is blocked, and autumn will come."

Winter is a compound March. On the surface, it is a road sign that orders the whole army. In fact, it is to paralyze the enemy. The five-ring people read it and believed it.

"I really think the army will go." I'm not prepared. But they never thought that Cao Cao would leave Lulongsai anyway.

Under the guidance of Tian Chou, Cao Jun crossed the Lulong fortress, passed the customs, cleared the way to meet the mountain, and crossed the bridge in case of water, especially beyond the Great Wall. "

"Five hundred miles of Jedi greatly delayed the trip of Jun .. It was not until we arrived in Hiraoka that we could really travel around in June.

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In fact, even in Hiraoka, it is hundreds of kilometers away from Liucheng.

Cao Cao is really a master of tactics. You have set out for the White Wolf Mountain (now), which is less than "200 Li" from Liucheng.

Near the Dabulake Mountain in the east of Jianchang County, Eryuan and Tadun, Khan Louban in western Liaoning and Khan in Beiping gathered in a hurry when I arrived.

"Tens of thousands of riding" to the west to meet the enemy. The two armies joined forces at Mount Blanc.

This is an encounter, but it is also a decisive battle. If Cao Cao is defeated, the whole country will be wiped out in Liao country.

West, because they have no way out. If Wu Huan is defeated, then their Liucheng will inevitably fall.

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At that time, the advantage of Wu Huan was that the soldiers and horses were "banished from the army", but they were caught off guard by the arrival of Cao Jun.

Moreover, like other nomadic peoples, they have strong individual capabilities, but their overall combat effectiveness is weak.

Cao Cao's advantage is surprise. His men are brave soldiers, elite cavalry and "butch"

Riding ",but after more than ten days of mountain roads and urgent marching, their physical strength has been greatly reduced, not to mention their main heavy troops.

Infantry is in the back, and many people are afraid of the Wuhuan army that surpasses them.

As the saying goes: "If you meet in a narrow way, the brave will win!"

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Cao Cao climbed the White Wolf Mountain to observe the enemy lines. When he saw that Wu Huan's army line was incomplete and the formation was loose, he ordered Zhang Liao and Zhang He to be pioneers.

Charge head-on

Others may be afraid, but Zhang Liao won't. He "advised Mao to fight, and he was very angry." Cao Cao saw that he swallowed mountains and rivers and went forward bravely.

Fearless, "strong, from the Liao people", Zhang Liao flattered down the mountain and went straight to the enemy's rear. Under the impetus of Zhang Liao and Cao Jun.

Elite cavalry and Wuhuan cavalry fought bloody battles in Bailangshan.

Huang Xu, Zhang He, Han Hao, Shi Huan, Xian Yuzhu, Yan Rou and Cao Chun fought bravely for the first place, but tens of thousands of cavalry fought in melee.

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To imagine the fierce battle.

Wu Huan has panicked. Seeing your bravery, his front began to collapse. In the melee, Cao Chun's tiger

The leopard rode "Khan Tatun" and beheaded.

Wu Huan was leaderless and was finally killed to pieces. "Dead Wild", the main cavalry of Wuhuan in the three counties is

In this decisive battle, it began to collapse completely. "The History of the Three Kingdoms" records: "Lu Guomin collapsed, Ta Dun and the famous soldiers were defeated, and Hu Han surrendered."

There are over 200,000 people. "

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Cao Cao won a great victory in the Battle of Bailangshan, putting down the "pro-yuan forces" of Wuhuan in three counties in one fell swoop and directly occupying Liucheng.

.

Six. Discussion on marching time and intensity.

(1) March time:

The reflection only records: "Autumn and July, floods, impassable sea lanes ..... led troops out of Lulongsai ... August.

Climb the White Wolf Mountain ",there is no specific walk for a few days, only knowing that I will leave in July and go to White Wolf Mountain in August.

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This seems to take a month, but it is obviously too long. This road is 400 kilometers (800 miles)

If the infantry can March 120 kilometers a day and night in the plain wilderness, this 400 kilometers is more than three days and three nights.

Besides a day and a night's rest, hiking can be completed in less than four days. Then get rid of the "500-mile insurance"

Two more days, no more than seven days. What's more, after arriving in Hiraoka, the vanguard of Jun was cavalry.

This is faster.

So how much time did Cao Cao spend? I think Cao Cao invited Tian Chou in early July, so "Tian Chou"

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It will take several days to make suggestions these days, and then include route formulation and army mobilization, which means that Cao Cao is leaving.

It started around July 10, and it must be early August when we arrived at Bailangshan.

It took Cao * * * 10 to 20 days to walk the 400-kilometer road.

Then this speed is still too slow. If you attack the enemy thousands of miles away without the trench, the "500-mile" road will not be a fair arena.

"Even climbing mountains all the time should be faster than this, what's more, they still have a long way to ride a horse. There are only 20 on average every day.

For Cao Jun, who is famous for his quick maneuver, the journey of 40 kilometers is incredible.

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What is the reason why Cao Cao's "surprise attack" is not fast? The reason is "horse"

On me!

If in southern operations, there are many infantry, and the two sides meet with white blades, you don't have to take a horse. But dealing with it is called "string control"

Wuhuan cavalry, without horses, it is almost impossible to win by infantry alone. Therefore, there is no trench when you are a Cao.

You can leave the heavy infantry behind, but under no circumstances can you lose your horse.

In the dangerous place of "500 Li", people can pass, but horses may not, so they reflect.

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Will say: "ditch and valley", the purpose is to "pave the way" and let the horses pass, as recorded in the biography of Deng Ai: "chisel"

Today, like Deng Aixiu's plank road, the road opened by Cao Cao has been passed down to later generations.

In other words, instead of accelerating the formation of Cao Jun, the horse pulled back and delayed the time.

If we look at it from another angle, if Cao takes this road on 10 days.

400 kilometers, then his marching speed is actually quite amazing. If it is 20 days, it is not too slow.

(2) the problem of force:

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Guo Jia said that Cao Cao was a "virtual expedition", and then contacted Cao Cao's general list and strategic intention. Cao Cao took over

There should be no shortage of troops, at least tens of thousands. In number, Cao Cao's army should at least surpass Wu Huan's.

It is flat.

In the face of "tens of thousands" of Wu Huan cavalry, "both sides are afraid", obviously Cao Jun is outnumbered. It should be right.

How did the waiting troops become "tens of thousands to tens of thousands"?

When I talked about the "Battle of the White Wolf Mountain" earlier, I said that Cao Jun was a "million enterprises". In fact, this was only before Cao Jun went to the frontier.

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This is just a cover.

Reflection said: At that time, "the bus came first". It can be seen that Cao Cao's main infantry arrived in western Liaoning.

I just didn't take part in the Battle of White Wolf Mountain.

So what are these tens of thousands of infantry doing here? As mentioned in the last question, roads and bridges need to be built along the way. These infantry are very useful.

You can undertake these tasks, save your strength for the cavalry, and carry dry food and weapons at the same time. Wait until the horse climbs over the mountains.

The cavalry immediately mounted the horse "involving Xianbei court, referring to Liucheng in the east." In this way, these heavy infantry are far behind. After all, from Ping

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There are still hundreds of kilometers from Ganggang to Liucheng.

Cao Cao and other generals led butch and leopard to ride with elite cavalry and Tian Chou and Xing Qing's "500 members" in an emergency March.

Leaving the main infantry behind, the result was that the main force joined forces at White Wolf Mountain and the Fifth Ring Road, so the scene of "Battle of White Wolf Mountain" was staged.

Why do you say that Cao Cao's cavalry is "Wan Qi"? This is just a rough figure, maybe more than 10 thousand, maybe thousands. 《

Cao Zangchuan said, "It is cold and dry, and there is no water for 200 miles. The army is short of food. Thousands of horses were killed for food and the land was chiseled into more than 30 places. "

Zhang is water. "

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This "killing horse" doesn't know whether to kill the horse of his own army or the local horse in western Liaoning.

Contact the "White Wolf Mountain" campaign again. Cao Jun can defeat "tens of thousands" cavalry with fewer wins. What about Cao Jun cavalry?

It is reasonable to keep the order of magnitude at "ten thousand people".

That is to say, the total number of troops Cao Cao brought to western Liaoning exceeded that of Wuhuan, but he really defeated the main force of Wuhuan.

Less than Wu Huan's troops are Jun cavalry.

Seven. Jieshi is in the east.

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After the White Wolf Mountain War, Cao Cao "slaughtered Liucheng".

He didn't pursue Er Yuan who fled to Liaodong further, but waited for Er Yuan's head. Sure enough, it wasn't long before Sun came.

Kang sent them. This is the famous "watching the fire from a different shore", which is Guo Jia's plan in romance novels and is called "inheritance plan"

Dingliaodong. "

We don't know if this was Guo Jia's plan, but Guo Fengxiao did die here and now, when the environment was bad. "

Cold dry, "even Cao Cao himself said," it is difficult to win this time, and it is luck to win! "

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Guo Jia's untimely death was probably due to acclimatization, which also became the fly in the ointment when Cao Cao was satisfied.

Because.

Then, Cao Cao incorporated the Wuhuan cavalry in the three counties into his own army. "Wuhuan in the three counties is a famous rider in the world."

. Greatly developed the cavalry in Cao Jun.

In September of the twelfth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao moved away from Liucheng. At this time, the coastal road was feasible, and Cao Cao rode up the mountain through Jieshi.

Looking at the Bohai Sea from afar, I recalled my great contribution to the whole world, and I was in high spirits, so I left "Looking at the Sea":

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On the east coast, climb Jieshi Mountain to see the vast sea.

The sea is so vast that the islands stand high on the sea.

Trees and paraquat are very lush. Autumn wind makes trees make sad sounds, and the sea is surging.

The movement of the sun and the moon seems to come from the vast ocean.

Journey to the sun and the moon, if you go out.

Han is a talented star, if you take him by surprise.

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I am glad to use this poem to express my inner desire.

1747 years later, Mao Zedong wrote "Langtaosha-Beidaihe", in which he said: "There were more than a thousand past events.

1920, Wei Wu waved a whip and Jieshi left a legacy in the East. The bleak autumn wind is changing the world again today. "

Two great men, a state of mind, but times have changed and things have changed!