Wild survival skills

1. Prevention and treatment of dangerous situations in the wild

(1) How to avoid lightning strikes

There is a risk of being struck by lightning during outdoor activities. However, this risk can be significantly reduced by taking scientific and effective measures: ① Predict thunder and lightning strikes. First, I saw the cumulus clouds getting bigger, and soon turned into thunderclouds. I quickly went to a safe place to hide. Harsh noises from the radio and sudden heavy raindrops are also signs of thunder. ②Run to the low ground. ③Stay away from tall trees or dense-leafed woods. ④ Stay away from the tower, remove metal objects from your body and put them in plastic bags. ⑤ If you are active in waters, get ashore quickly. ⑥Don’t gather together, spread out. ⑦Inside a hut, in a car, in the shade of a rock or in a recess, but be careful not to lean against a wall.

(2) Responding to rockfalls and avalanches

A small stone falling from a height can sometimes seriously injure people or even cause death. Therefore, when walking in the mountains, you must pay attention to whether there are rockfall signs and observe carefully to identify pumice. Generally speaking, in places with many rocks, the color of pumice is newer than the surrounding stones. When passing through areas prone to rockfall, you should wear a safety helmet. Or cover your head with thick clothes and pass quickly; try to detect falling rocks as early as possible and avoid them in time to avoid accidental injuries; if you accidentally step on a rock while walking, shout out immediately to notify your companions below.

The threat of avalanches is very high. Therefore, when conducting wilderness survival life training, you must first ask local residents about where there are potential dangers in order to avoid areas where avalanches often occur. Areas where avalanches are common can also be determined based on landform features, such as large avalanche troughs on the slopes, suspended glaciers above the slopes, and snow cornices on the ridges. Before an avalanche, snow and ice flakes fall. At this time, you need to confirm the direction of the falling ice, and then decide on the direction of escape. Once you are too late to escape and are involved in an avalanche, move your hands and feet quickly like swimming, try to keep your head floating on the snow, and at the same time throw out some items you are carrying as markers so that others can know the specific location where you are buried in the snow and rescue you in time. .

(3) When you get lost

In the mountains, especially when walking in deep mountains and dense forests, you may get lost if you are not careful. At this time, you must stay calm and take appropriate measures. measure. ①Return to a place you know. Usually, you should pay more attention to the surrounding scenery and landmarks during breaks while traveling. Once you lose your way, it is best to return to a place you know, use a compass and map to determine your location and destination, and start walking again. When turning back, don't go straight downhill, because the view on the downhill road is small and the direction is difficult to confirm, which is very dangerous. ② Make mountain road signs. When traveling in the mountains, pay attention to the marks left by people who have walked through them, such as plastic strips, branches or stones. The person walking in front of the road should make signs to notify those behind him when encountering special situations. ③ If it is already late when you get lost or you are injured after falling from a cliff and cannot move, and cannot reach your destination as scheduled, you should take a deep breath, stay calm, do not leave rashly, sleep in the same place, reduce physical exertion, and think of something to do at the same time< /p>

Can't send out a distress signal and wait for rescue.

(4) When you are drowning

When you encounter complex water conditions in rivers, lakes and seas and are unable to control them, do not panic and worry, find a way to keep yourself afloat and stay afloat. Position, let the water flow, pay attention to the direction of the water waves, and then move from the horizontal direction to the shore bit by bit. When rescuing a drowning person, first consider using bamboo poles, branches, ropes to pull, or using objects that can float well on the water, such as large wood or plastic buckets, as floats to perform indirect rescue. Only when the problem cannot be solved can you enter the water to perform direct rescue. . If a drowning person rescued from drowning is unconscious, first aid measures must be taken and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) must be performed.

2． First aid for injuries and illnesses in the wild

In the practice of surviving in the wild, we often encounter some accidental injuries and sudden diseases. It is essential to master some common first aid methods for injuries and illnesses.

(1) When you feel unwell

When you feel unwell or dizzy, you should relax, lie down, and untie the clothes or baggage that restricts your body. Tell your companions whether your symptoms are chills or fever, and where do you feel the pain? Then consider how to deal with it. If your face is red, your breathing is short, and you are not sweating, this is likely to be heat stroke. The unwell person should be moved to the shade of a tree to rest, with the head elevated and the body lying flat. Keep quiet and pay attention to cooling down. At the same time, you can take human Dan, ten drops of water, lightly salted water, etc. When you have vomiting symptoms, you should lie prone, put your right hand under your chin as a pillow, and relax your body. After vomiting, you should rinse your mouth and rest quietly. If the symptoms worsen, go to the hospital as soon as possible. Sneezing, chills, and headache are the early symptoms of a cold. They can be cured by using common cold medicine and getting more rest. If you catch a cold while camping in the wild, you should eat more warm food, keep warm, go to bed early, and allow your body to sweat. The symptoms will improve. If the fever persists, you can take antipyretics. There are many causes of abdominal pain. Depending on the location, pain in the left lower abdomen may be caused by food poisoning or cold. Take medicines such as Zhenglu Pills, keep your abdomen warm, and relax and rest. Pain in the right lower abdomen may be due to appendicitis. If you are in danger, you can take analgesics first and send to the hospital for treatment quickly; when you have stomach pain, fever, or nausea, you can take gastrointestinal medicine for treatment.

(2) Bites or stings from insects

Generally, bites from mosquitoes, fleas, bed bugs, etc., stings from wild bees, caterpillars, etc., and bites from centipedes, leeches, etc. If you are injured, apply wind oil, tiger balm, or saliva or soap, which can reduce inflammation and relieve itching. After being stung by a wild bee, symptoms such as severe pain, dizziness, and nausea will occur. If you find the venom glands and stings on the tail of the bee, If it is still on the wound, it should be removed with tweezers or pliers. Do not pinch it with your hands. Then rub the wound with acetic acid to reduce swelling and relieve pain. You can also pound wild chrysanthemum leaves and prunella vulgaris to apply on the wound. When bitten by a leech, do not pull it out hard to avoid breaking it and leaving the leech's sucker in the wound, causing The wound becomes inflamed and ulcerated. The correct way to deal with it is to slap it with your palm on the side, and the leech will automatically calm down when it is frightened. You can also sprinkle essential oil and salt on the leech, or burn it with a cigarette butt. Human skin is damaged by the poisonous hairs on the caterpillars. You will feel spicy, itchy, painful, and accompanied by redness and swelling. At this time, the caterpillars should be carefully removed from the body, and then stuck to the skin with tape. When peeled off, the poisonous hairs can be removed. You can also pick some heat-clearing and detoxifying herbs such as purslane, dandelion, and wild chrysanthemum, mash them, and apply them externally. If a rash occurs all over the body, you can take anti-allergic drugs such as chlorpheniramine. Since venomous scorpions and centipedes are relatively toxic, you should use snake bite methods after being attacked.

(3) Being bitten by a snake

①How to judge whether you have been bitten by a venomous snake. From the appearance, the head of non-venomous snakes is oval, the tail is slender, and the patterns on the body surface are not obvious, such as the fire red snake, black wind snake, etc. The head of venomous snakes is triangular, usually with a large head, a thin neck, and a short tail. And suddenly become thinner, the epidermal pattern is brighter, such as five-step snake, pit viper, bamboo leaf green, cobra, golden krait, bungara snake, etc. (but the heads of cobra and bungara snake are not triangular); from the wound point of view, due to Venomous snakes have venomous fangs, and the wound will leave two large tooth marks of the venomous fangs, while the wound left by the non-venomous snake is a neat row of tooth marks; from the time point of view, if redness, swelling and pain appear within 15 minutes after the bite, there is Maybe bitten by a venomous snake. ②First aid after being bitten by a poisonous snake. Do not run vigorously after being bitten to slow down the absorption of snake venom by the human body and the spread of snake venom in the human body, and reduce systemic reactions; remember the shape of the wound and inform the emergency medical staff in detail. If the snake is killed, bring dead snake so that medical staff can treat it promptly and correctly; after being bitten by a poisonous snake, a soft rope or band should be tied immediately above the wound to block the return of venous blood and lymph, reduce venom absorption, and prevent toxins Diffusion; emergency detoxification. Immediately rinse the wound with cold tea, cold boiled water or spring water. If possible, use physiological saline, soapy water, hydrogen peroxide, 1/1000 potassium permanganate solution, 4000/4000 nitrofuracil solution. To carry out stabbing detoxification, use a clean knife, a Sha knife, a three-edged needle or other clean sharp instruments to puncture the wound. Do not scratch it too deeply. The principle is to scratch the skin between the two fang marks, or on the skin around the wound. , use a small knife to pick a few holes, and the knife edge is as big as a grain of rice. This can prevent the wound from being blocked and causing the venom to flow out. The wound should be cleaned immediately after the knife is stabbed, and the wound should be squeezed from top to bottom for about 15 minutes to squeeze out the venom. If the venom in the wound cannot flow out smoothly, you can use the sucking detoxification method. Use cupping and a rubber tube on the front end of the syringe to suck out the venom. If you don’t have tools, you can suck it directly with your mouth, but you must pay attention to safety and spit out while sucking. Rinse mouth with water. When taking medicines for internal or external use, the specific snake medicine to be used should be used flexibly based on the principle of immediate availability at the time and place. ③ Avoid being bitten by snakes. When walking in the mountains, do not insert your hands into tree holes or rock gaps where snakes rest during the day. Holding a small stick or branch in your hand to "alert the snake" while walking is also an effective method. Ways to avoid being bitten by snakes.

(4) First aid method for injury and bleeding

In the wild, sometimes injuries and bleeding in certain parts of the body are caused by accidents. Small bleeding can heal on its own without special treatment, but severe bleeding often Life-threatening, emergency hemostasis measures must be taken. If it is a small wound, press your fingers or a clean cloth directly on the wound to stop the bleeding. The blood-infiltrated cloth should be replaced repeatedly until the bleeding subsides, then cover it with sterile gauze and fix it with a bandage. If it is a cut or chop injury and the blood flow does not stop, this is arterial bleeding, which is very dangerous. You must use a tourniquet to stop the bleeding, but pay attention to loosening and tightening the tourniquet at intervals after tightening to avoid lowering the bandage. The blood circulation of the limbs is completely interrupted, causing limb necrosis. In addition, hemostatic agents such as clean gauze or hemostatic cotton can be used to fill the wound, and then fixed with a pressure bandage.

(5) Fractures and sprains

In the practice of survival in the wild, fractures, dislocations or sprains can easily occur if a foot slips or the body loses balance and falls. When a fracture or sprain occurs, you should first rest quietly and do not force yourself to move around, which will worsen the wound. Then use river water, ice, snow, etc. to cool the affected area, but do not massage. Then clamp the affected area with a wooden board or substitute and fix it with bandage. Elevate the affected area above the heart. Finally, when it is sent to the hospital, care should be taken when transporting it. Generally, two people can be used as armchairs, one person can carry it, two people can support it, or a stretcher can be used. For patients with spinal injuries, they must be placed on a flat and strong stretcher and immobilized before being sent to the hospital. The body cannot be bent, otherwise it may cause spinal cord damage and lead to paralysis.

3. Distribution and recognition of distress signals

The first prerequisite for being rescued in distress is to get in touch with the outside world and let others know your situation. SOS (Save Our Soul) is an internationally accepted distress signal. It can be written on the ground or sent by radio. It can also be typed out by semaphore communication or sent out by other means. Additionally, almost any action repeated three times symbolizes a call for assistance. Such as lighting three fires, creating three puffs of smoke, three loud whistles, gunshots, or three flashes of fire. If using sound or light signals, after each group sends the signal three times, wait for 1 minute before repeating.

(1) Smoke and fire signals

Burning off three piles of smoke and fire is an internationally accepted distress signal. It is ideal to arrange the fire in a triangle with equal intervals for easy lighting. During the day, smoke is a good locator, so smoke-emitting materials such as film and green leaves should be added to the fire. After the thick smoke rises, it will form a strong contrast with the surrounding environment and easily attract people's attention. The bright smoke is very eye-catching at night or in dark green jungle. Adding green grass, leaves, moss, and ferns can all create thick smoke. Black smoke is most noticeable in snow or deserts and can be produced by rubber and gasoline.

The signal fire cannot burn all day long, but it should be ready at all times to keep the fuel dry and easy to burn. Once any aircraft passes by, it can be ignited as soon as possible to rescue. Birch bark is an ideal fuel. In order to ignite the fire as quickly as possible, you can use gasoline, but do not pour it directly on the fuel. Use some fabric to make a wick strip, soak it in gasoline, and then place it on the fuel pile. Move the gasoline can to a safe place before lighting it. Remember to have some green bark, oil or rubber around to release the smoke.

(2) Ground-to-air signal

Look for a large open area and set up a signal that can be easily observed by air rescuers. The signal specifications should be 10 meters long and 3 meters wide. , the appropriate distance between each signal is 3 meters. "I" - A patient with serious injuries needs to be transferred immediately or a doctor is needed; "F" - Food and drinking water are needed; "II" - Medicine is needed; "LL" - Everything is fine; "X" - Unable to move; "→" - move along this route.

(3) Other signals

①Light signal. The signal light can be reflected by using sunlight and a reflector or any bright material such as glass or platinum metal. Continuous reflection will produce long lines and dots, a form of Morse code. ② Semaphore signal. Waving left and right indicates the need for rescue, requiring first a long stroke to the left and then a short stroke to the right.

4. Safety measures during organization and implementation

In the process of organizing comprehensive outdoor survival and life training, organizers and implementers should take careful safety measures into consideration.

(1) Make a careful and complete training plan and sufficient material preparations, including the purpose of the activity, route, date, division of labor, discipline, equipment, items, student files, how to summarize, etc., and let everyone Students thoroughly understand.

(2) Health management. For long-distance and difficult teaching and training, students should undergo a health check before departure, especially those students who usually exercise less, need to be carefully checked. If there are any inappropriate conditions, the outdoor survival life training should be stopped.

(3) Organize necessary physical, technical and psychological training.

(4) The organizer and the business department of the insurance company directly agree to participate in general accident insurance or special accident insurance, so that the organizer and participants can obtain greater risk protection.

(5) Organize the team. Divide the team into groups of 5 to 12 people, and arrange for experienced and responsible teachers or students to serve as team leaders. The entire team should not be too long, and should always maintain a state of echoing back and forth, and agree on some contact signals. People with a sense of responsibility, a good understanding of the activity plan, and experience should also be arranged to serve as stay-at-home personnel. Provide medical personnel.

When encountering safety problems during wilderness survival life training, it is crucial to remain calm. If you calmly take all the safety measures you can, you are likely to turn the crisis around. Otherwise, spending time on unnecessary fear and fear may bring undue disaster. In addition, what this article covers is some basic common sense for dealing with safety issues. Whether you can use it flexibly and take the most appropriate measures when in danger depends on your on-the-spot experience and will. It is worth noting that some of these measures are only temporary emergency measures and will ultimately require medical personnel or being sent to the hospital for treatment.