Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather forecast - Brief introduction of Guan Yu
Brief introduction of Guan Yu
Guan Yu's weapon: Qinglong crescent moon blade
2. Due to different versions of materials, Guan Yu's original personality may be different. At present, two widely circulated theories are "longevity theory" and "longevity theory".
[Edit this paragraph] Character evaluation
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Wen Hui: "Guan Yu is sharp."
Lu Meng: "The people of Sri Lanka are eager to learn. Ye Liu called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei "the courage of the three armed forces". "
Zhou Yu called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei "General Xiong Hu"
Fu Gan called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "If you are brave enough to defeat ten thousand people, you must do it."
Yang's praise: "Guan, born in, brilliant." Ping Fan left and right sides, roaring to send electricity, benefiting from difficulties, praising the great cause of the Lord, chasing Korea and Geng, and singing in chorus with both virtues. If the explanation is rude, it will lead to rape, and the sorrow will only be light, and the country will be surrendered. "
Guan Yu and Zhang Fei became synonymous with bravery and good fighting in later generations:
Xia Liu Biography of the Book of Jin: "Every time Jin and Xia Liu hit a thief, they were trapped and destroyed, and Hebei was better than Guan Yu and Zhang Fei."
Shu Wei Cui Yanbo biography: "Cui Gong, ancient Zhang Guan also."
You can refer to the brave part of Zhang Guan in Volume 7 of Zhao Yi's Notes on the Twenty-two Histories, and sort out the information of ancient Guan Yu or Zhang Guan as synonyms of brave generals in detail.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Only the end of the Han Dynasty was invincible, and Yunchang stood out.
Shenwei can be brave, and elegance knows more about literature.
The sun is like a mirror, and the clouds are thin in spring and autumn.
Obviously, it will last forever, not just three points.
[Edit this paragraph] Personality characteristics
/kloc-in the 9th century, the Japanese painter Furukawa Guofang drew a picture of Guan Yu scraping bones to cure poison according to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Guan Yu has a beautiful beard, ten thousand enemies and awe-inspiring loyalty; Be good at reading Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, and you can read it like a stream. When he surrendered to Cao Ying, although he was treated with courtesy, he turned his heart to Liu Bei. Be kind to the foot soldiers. He even curetted bones to cure poison. He was once wounded by a poisonous arrow. Every rainy day, bones are particularly painful. Hua tuo said that only by scraping bones and removing toxins can he recover. Guan Yu immediately extended his arm to the doctor and began to scrape the bone, bleeding into the plate, but Guan Yu was eating meat and drinking, poised.
He is very proud of the scholar-officials and has a bad relationship with his colleagues. For example, when Ma Chao joined the army, Guan Yu wrote to Zhuge Liang and asked, "Who can compare Ma Chao's talent with?" Huang He paid a visit to the later general. He said angrily, "People with courage will never be listed with veterans!" Thanks to Zhuge Liang and his time-consuming explanation, Guan Yu accepted it gladly. Mi Fang, Fu Shiren and Pan Jun are all different from Guan Yu.
[Edit this paragraph] Family situation
children
Guan Ping, the eldest son of Guan Yu, fought Guan Yu and was beheaded with Guan Yu in Linzhou. (Guan Yu's adopted son, Guan Ding's son in Romance)
Guan Yu's second son, Guan Xing, became famous at a young age and was highly valued by Zhuge Liang. After the weak crown, he served as a middle school supervisor and died a few years later.
Guan Yu's daughter Guan Feng and Sun Quan proposed marriage for her son, but Guan Yu refused and insulted her.
Guan Suo (this is a character in the Romance of Traditional Chinese Opera, which is not recorded in history), the third son of Guan Yu, was recovered in Baojiazhuang after Guan Yu lost Jingzhou, and Zhuge Liang returned to the army as a pioneer when he conquered Meng Huo in the south.
granddaughter
Guan Gong, the eldest son of Guan Xing, his wife is a princess, and he is an official of corps commander, a samurai. He is a pawn and has no children.
Guan Xing's second son, Guan Yi, succeeded to his throne after his death.
later generations
Guan Sheng: A character in Water Margin, one of Liangshan heroes, Liangshan ranks fifth.
According to Pei's note in the History of the Three Kingdoms, after his death, the son of Pound killed Guan's family to avenge his father's death, and Guan Yu was beheaded. But the credibility of this record is controversial. The descendants of Guan in Xiezhou, Dangyang and Luoyang often claim to be descendants of Guan Yu, but there is no textual research.
[Edit this paragraph] Character deeds
all one's life
Guan Yu's life experience was unknown before the Qing Dynasty.
During the reign of Kangxi in the early Qing Dynasty, Dani, King of Xiezhou Wei, dug up the tomb brick of Guan Yu while digging and repairing the ancient well. It is engraved with the names of Guan Yuzu and his father, the date of birth and death, etc. And the information is more detailed, and there is a slight mention of Guan Yu's family situation. So, he wrote the tombstone of Guan Houzu.
According to the written records on the tomb brick, Guan Jia is actually a family of literati. Guan Yu's grandfather called Guan Yu and asked him. Born in Geng Yin in the second year of Han Yongyuan, he lived in Baochi, Changping Village, Jiezhou (now Jiezhou Town, Shanxi Province). According to records, he is "good at admiring" and often admonishes his son with Yi and Chunqiu. Ding You died in the second year of Emperor Huan's eternal life at the age of 68. Feather father Guan Yi still has a long way to go. After his father's death, Xiaowen built a house and mourned on the tomb for three years. Apart from mourning, Guan Yu was born on June 24th in the third year of Yan Xi (160). When Guan Yu grew up, he married Hu's wife, and the spiritual emperor was in Guangping, Hiuke, on May 13th, the first year of Wuwu (178).
Guan Yu met the Eastern Han Dynasty government in Zhuo Jun County (now Zhuozhou, Hebei Province) to mobilize the local landlords to organize armed forces and suppress the Yellow Scarf Uprising. Here, he met Liu Bei (Liu Bei claimed to be the descendant of Liu Sheng, the son of Sun Yat-sen Jing, the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty) and Zhang Fei, who were like-minded, fell in love at first sight and were extremely friendly and close as brothers. According to legend, Liu, Guan and Zhang became sworn friends in Taoyuan. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms expressed their vows: "Although we are brothers with different surnames, we should work together to help the poor; Serve the country, go to peace and prosperity, don't want to be born on the same day in the same year, just want to die on the same day in the same year. " Although this is a novelist's statement, it has great influence, because it conforms to the mentality of the middle and lower classes in an era of frequent turmoil. Many peasant uprisings in later generations followed the example of swearing in the teacher's righteousness to consolidate the ranks and strengthen unity. The three men organized an armed force and took part in the attack on the peasant rebels. Guan Yu also began his military career. From the first year of Zhong Ping (184) to his death, Guan Yu always faithfully followed Liu Bei, "walking with him and avoiding difficulties and obstacles" (The Story of the Three Kingdoms Shu Shu Guan Yu).
Liu Bei rose up and took part in suppressing the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei acted as his guards and were his right-hand men. In the first year of Jian 'an (185), Liu, Guan and Zhang took the newly organized army to Zou Jing's home. The Yellow Scarf Army fought in Zhuo Jun, cooperated with the officers and men to resist, and won the first battle, which made great contributions. So they left Zhuo Jun and came to Lu Zhi, the corps commander who besieged the leader of the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising. After arriving in Guangzong, they decided to return to Zhuo Jun because Lu Zhi was framed and sent back to the capital. On my way home, I met Zhang Jiao, the god of the Yellow Scarf Army, who was chasing Lu Zhi's successor Dong Zhuo. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei led a team to kill the Yellow Scarf Army and save Dong Zhuo. Later, Liu Bei defected to Gongsun Zan, a warlord in Youzhou. Because of repeated military exploits, he was appointed commander-in-chief of Pingyuan, and Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were appointed as Sima of the other department, with different branches. The three of them are still "sleeping in the same bed, as close as brothers" (The Story of the Three Kingdoms Shu Shu Guan Yu Biography), and Guan Yu and Zhang Fei stand beside Liu Bei all day to protect Liu Bei.
In the first year of Jian 'an (195), after Cao Cao welcomed Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty to move to Xuchang (now Xu Changdong, Henan), he took charge of military and political affairs, and the emperor became a puppet. In the third year of Jian 'an (AD 198), Liu Bei was defeated by Lu Bu and took refuge in Cao Cao. Cao Cao praised him as the left general and worshipped Guan Yu as the corps commander (second only to the general's military attache). Dong Cheng, a chariot-riding general, accepted the imperial edict and plotted with Liu Bei, a captain of Changshui, General Wu and Wang Zifu to get rid of Cao Cao.
In the fourth year of Jian 'an (199), Liu Bei was afraid of Cao Cao's suspicion and wanted to leave Cao Cao's control. Yuan Shu, the right general, was defeated and volunteered to intercept with Zhu Ling, the general. Cao Cao's advisers Cheng Yu, Guo Jia and Dong Zhao thought that Liu Bei with ulterior motives should not be released. Cao Cao immediately sent someone to chase him, but the result was not satisfactory. Yuan Shunan fled Shouchun (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province), and Zhu Ling moved troops back to Korea. In December, Liu Bei killed Che Zhou, the secretariat of Xuzhou, took Guan Yu as the agent and sent Pi (now northwest of Suining, Jiangsu) as the satrap. He stationed troops and recruited troops to expand his strength, echoing the anti-Cao forces in the DPRK. Chang (now Tancheng, Jiangsu Province), the leader of the East China Sea Rebel Army, and other neighboring counties have surrendered to Liu Bei. Liu Bei's army soon grew to tens of thousands, and he sent messengers to form an alliance with Yuan Shao, which posed a serious threat to Cao Cao. And defeated Sima Changshi Liu Dai and corps commander Zhong Wang who came to crusade, and temporarily obtained Xuzhou and Xiapi as bases for rest and development.
In the first month of the fifth year of Jian 'an (200), the plan to assassinate Cao Cao by general Dong Cheng was leaked, and Dong Cheng, Wang Zifu and Yoshizawa were all slaughtered, but Liu Bei, who participated in the conspiracy, escaped and became more and more powerful. Cao Cao personally conquered Liu Bei, and Liu Bei was shocked to learn that Cao Cao was coming. He rode out of the city and took dozens of heads to observe. Sure enough, he saw the flag of Cao Jun and had to fight in a hurry. He was defeated by Cao Jun and Liu Bei's wife was captured. Cao Cao then captured Pi and forced Guan Yu to land. Liu Bei fled to Yecheng (now southwest of Linzhang, Hebei Province) and defected to Yuan Shao.
Cao Cao praised Guan Yu as a man and worshipped him as a partial general. He is very polite. But he soon realized that Guan Yu was not practical and had no intention of staying long, so he said to Zhang Liao, who had a good relationship with Guan Yu, "Please ask him as much as possible with feelings." . Zhang Liao went to ask Guan Yu, and Guan Yu sighed, "I know very well that Tsao Gong has always been very kind to me, but I was sworn to death by General Liu's great kindness, and I can't carry it back. I won't stay until the end, I will effectively report Tsao Gong's departure "("The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu, Guan Yu Chuan "). Zhang Liao told Cao Cao about Guan Yu's remarks. When Cao Cao heard about it, he didn't resent Guan Yu, but thought he was kind and valued him more.
In the fifth year of Jian 'an (200 years), the battle of Guandu broke out. In February, Yuan Shao, a priest in Jizhou, mobilized more than 100,000 troops and marched into Liyang (now northeast of hua county, Henan Province) to conquer Cao Cao, and sent general Yan Liang to surround the white horse and attack the satrap to ensure that the main force crossed the river south. Ada is in urgent need of help. In April, Cao Cao rescued Ada from the north and relieved the flank threat. Counselor Xun You suggested, "Since the serenade was defeated, it is possible to divide its potential. When I went there, if I was in the rear, Shao echoed it in the west, and then tapped the white horse to cover it unprepared, Yan Liang could escape "("The Reflection of the Three Kingdoms, Emperor Shu Wei "), and Cao Cao followed his plan. When Yuan Shao heard that Cao Bing was going to cross the river, he split his troops and marched west to Yanjin. When Cao Cao took the opportunity to lead the troops into Baima, which was more than 0/0 away from Baima/Kloc-0, Yan Liang was frightened and hurried to battle. Cao Cao sent Zhang Liao and Guan Yu as pioneers. Guan Yu jumped on his horse and saw Yan Liang's cover from a distance (the general rode in a car and covered it with a cover). He rushed over and stabbed Yan Liang to death in the crowd and returned with his head beheaded. Yuan Shao's generals are all "incompetent" ("The History of the Three Kingdoms Shu Shu Chuan Guan Yu Chuan"). Cao Cao ordered the army to kill, and Yuan Jun was defeated and dispersed, thus solving the siege of the White Horse. Guan Yu's image in traditional Chinese opera
Cao Cao praised Guan Yu for his bravery, rewarded him and named him Hanshou Hou Ting (Hanshou, place name; Hou Ting, marquis). After Guan Yu killed Yan Liang, Cao Cao knew he would go, so he rewarded him. Guan Yu sealed all the rewards that Cao Cao gave him many times, wrote a farewell letter to Cao Cao, protected Liu Bei's family, and left Cao Ying to look for Liu Bei in Yuan Shao's army. When Cao Cao's soldiers heard about it, they all wanted to catch up. Cao Cao dissuaded them from saying, "Let's do our own things, so don't catch up" (Biography of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu and Liu Guanyu).
From Guan Yu's capture and meritorious service to Cao Cao's return to Liu Bei, this experience has been passed down from mouth to mouth and spread widely. By the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a colorful story unit has been formed, including three things about Tu Shan (not Cao but Han; Treat yisow with courtesy; I will resign as soon as I know the whereabouts of Liu Bei. Cao Cao treated Guan Yu well, with a small banquet for three days and a big banquet for five days; Cao Cao gave the robe, Guan Yu put it on the bottom of his coat and covered it with Liu Beici's old robe, not daring to forget the old with the new; Cao Cao gave a red rabbit horse, and Guan Yu thanked it, thinking that Liu Bei could be seen one day riding this horse; Guan Gong beheaded Yan Liang; Guan Gong hangs the seal gold; Old town brothers meet, etc. In China, few people don't know this story.
Yuan Shaonan marched and sent Liu Bei south to attack Cao Cao's rear, and Cao Cao's department defeated Coss. Liu Bei fled back to Yuan Shao's army, was suspected, and secretly planned to leave Yuan Shao, so he suggested that Yuan Shao form an alliance with Jingzhou Muliu Biao, and put Cao Cao in a position of being caught between Scylla and Charybdis. Yuan Xin believed it, and sent Liu Bei and his troops south to meet Gong Dou, the leader of the Yellow Scarf Army, once again. His troops expanded to thousands, posing a threat to Cao Cao's rear. In July of that year, in order to stabilize the rear, Cao Cao sent general Cai Yang to crusade against Liu Bei. Liu Bei made full preparation and deployment, and led troops to attack Cai Yang. The two armies fought, Cao Jun was defeated, and Cai Yang was killed. In the autumn of the sixth year of Jian 'an (20 1), Cao Cao unified his army to attack Liu Bei in Runan. In September, Guan Yu took refuge in Jingzhou with Liu Bei, and Gong Dou and other departments were scattered. At this point, Liu Bei left Yuan Shao and got the opportunity to develop his own power. Liu Biao treats Liu Bei with courtesy. Since then, Liu Bei has been stationed in Jingzhou.
From the sixth year of Jian 'an to the thirteenth year (20 1-208), Liu Bei devoted himself to recruiting talents and expanding his military strength in these eight years. In particular, in the twelfth year of Jian 'an (2007), he visited the cottage and invited Zhuge Liang. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were unhappy to see that the relationship between Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang was getting better and better. After Liu Bei noticed it, he severely criticized him and Zhang Fei, saying, "There is a hole in the lonely, and there is water in the fish." I hope you don't repeat what you said (The History of the Three Kingdoms Shu Shu and Zhuge Liang Chuan). Guan Yu and Zhang Fei will never object again.
In the 13th year of Jian 'an (208), Cao Cao led an army south to levy Liu Biao. Liu Biao died, and Liu Cong, who succeeded Jingzhou Pastoral, surrendered to Cao Cao. In order to avoid the sharp edge of Cao Jun, Liu Bei withdrew from Fancheng and retreated to Jiangling (now Jiangling, Hubei Province), and sent Guan Yu to lead more than 10,000 water troops to meet Jiangling by water. Liu Beijun retreated to Dangyang (now northeast of Dangyang, Hubei Province) and was defeated by Cao Cao's cavalry. The road to Jiangling was cut off by Cao Jun, so Liu Bei had to lean towards Hanjin. Guan Yu led the water army to meet and protect Liu Bei from retreating to Xiakou.
According to Ji Shu, Liu Bei and Cao Cao were hunting in Xuchang. Guan Yu once advised Liu Bei to kill Cao Cao when people were scattered to avoid future trouble. Perhaps because the situation did not allow it, Liu Bei did not agree. This time, we met in Hanjin and ran aground. Guan Yu said indignantly, "If you had listened to me at the hunting ground, there would not have been today's disaster." Liu Bei explained: "It was also for the country. Cherishing Cao Cao is a rare talent. Besides, if God helps the righteous, how can I know that wandering today is not my blessing? " However, people don't think this is true.
After Cao Cao occupied Jiangling, the momentum was even stronger, and it was very likely that Liu Bei, who had no place to stand a cone, would be swallowed up and Sun Quan in Jiangdong would be destroyed. This happened when Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao's famous Battle of Red Cliffs. 1 1 month, Sun and Liu joined forces to defeat Cao Cao in Chibi (now northwest of Puyin County). The 10,000 elite water army led by Guan Yu was the main force of Liu Bei and played an important role in this battle. In order to highlight Guan Yu's "full of emotion and heavy righteousness", later generations have disclosed the details of his interpretation of Cao Cao on Huarong Road, which is widely known so far.
After Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei took the opportunity to capture Wuling, Changsha, Guiyang and Lingling counties (all in present-day Hunan). Liu Bei got four counties, plus the south county lent to him by Sun Quan, and finally got a firm foothold in Jingzhou. Then Liu Bei worshipped the founding father. Guan Yu was appointed prefect and general of Xiangyang, guarding Jingzhou.
In the sixteenth year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), in December, Liu Bei led his troops into Bashu, took Yizhou, and Guan Yu stayed in Jingzhou. Guan Yu was given 500 Jin of gold, 50 million Liang of silver 1000 Jin and 1000 Jin because Yizhou was peaceful.
[1] Jingzhou includes Nanyang, Nanjun, Jiangxia, Wuling, Changsha, Guiyang and Lingling. It is a strategic place for Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Cao occupied Nanyang County and the northern part of Nanjun County, while Sun Quan occupied Jiangxia County and the southern part of Nanjun County. The so-called "borrowing Jingzhou" means that Sun Quan lent Liu Bei the southern part of Nanjun, which he occupied. In the second year of Liu Bei's acquisition of Yizhou (2 15), Sun Quan sent Zhu Gejin as a special envoy to discuss with Liu Bei and demanded that several counties in the south of Jingzhou be returned to Dongwu. Liu Bei refused, and Sun Quan sent a group of officials to take over Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang counties. Guan Yu resolutely refused, and all the officials sent by Sun Quan were blown back. In a rage, Sun Quan immediately sent Lv Meng to lead 20,000 soldiers and horses to forcibly seize these three counties. After Lv Meng captured Changsha and Guiyang counties, Liu Bei quickly led 50,000 troops to the public security, and sent Guan Yu to lead 30,000 military forces to Yiyang to recapture these two counties. Sun Quan also personally went to Lukou and sent Lu Su to lead 10,000 soldiers and horses in Yiyang to refuse Guan Yu. Wu Dong's army and Guan Yu's army are camped in Yiyang, facing each other.
Sun and Liu fought for Jingzhou. At this time, Liu Bei heard that Cao Cao had captured Hanzhong and quickly shared Jingzhou with Sun Quan to resist Cao Cao. At the same time, Guan Yu gave a banquet to invite Lu Su to dinner, trying to discuss Jingzhou, but Lu Su accused him.
After Battle of Red Cliffs, Guan Yu, who was holed up in Jingzhou, was named as "Xiangyang satrap", while Jingzhou towns such as Xiangyang and Fancheng were still controlled by Cao Cao. In order to realize Zhuge Liang's and Liu Bei's plan in "A Long Zhong Dui", when the time is ripe, Jingzhou Army will go straight down to Wan (now Nanyang, Henan Province) and Luo (now southwest of Shaanxi Province) to complete the great cause of reunification, and Guan Yu has been eyeing Xiang and Fan.
In the 24th year of Jian 'an (2 19), Liu Bei defeated Cao Bing in Hanzhong, and Cao Cao had to quit Hanzhong. So, with the support of officials, Liu Bei became the king of Hanzhong. Guan Yu was appointed as a former general.
In June of that year, after Liu Bei won Hanzhong, he sent Meng Da and Liu Feng to capture Fangling and Shang Yong in the east of Hanzhong County, and his influence expanded. In July, Sun Quan wanted to attack and merge. Most of Wei Jun mobilized Huainan to guard against Wu Jun, and Guan Yu, who was guarding Jingzhou, seized the fighter plane, leaving Nanjun (governing Jiangling, now Hubei) as the satrap, Mi Fang as the shoujiang, and Fu Shiren as the public security general (now northwest Hubei), leading the main force to attack Jingxiang in the north.
Xiangyang and Fancheng face each other across the Han River, forming an angle, which is a strategic place for Cao Jun to resist the southward migration. When General Wei Zhengnan Coss was stationed in Fancheng, General Lu was stationed in Xiangyang. After he withdrew from Hanzhong to Chang 'an, he sent Huang Xu, the general of Pingkou, to support Coss and stationed in Wancheng (now Nanyang, Henan). After the Battle of Fancheng started, Cao Cao sent General Zuo Liangyu and General Pound Li Yi to assist in the defense and stayed in the north of Fancheng.
Yujin made a fatal mistake in this war. Coss asked him and Pound to station troops in the north of Fancheng, and the city echoed each other. He didn't consider the low terrain there, so he took all his seven troops there to station. In August, it rained cats and dogs, the Hanshui River soared, and the water depth of the flat land was tens of feet. The seventh army of Yu and Jin was flooded, so a few soldiers had to take refuge in Gao Fu. Guan Yu stormed by warship and was forced to surrender after abstinence. Pound led a group of people to continue their desperate battle, fighting from morning until noon, and then fighting hand to hand. Some soldiers died in battle and some surrendered. Guan Yu stepped up his attack, at the same time, the water level rose even more fiercely, the earth embankment was flooded, and Cao Cao's army all surrendered. Pound wanted to take a boat back to Coss Camp, but the water was too strong, the boat capsized, he was captured and died unyielding.
Guan Yu attacked Fancheng, and the army surrounded Xiangyang. There are only a few thousand defenders in Fancheng, and the city walls collapsed in many places because of flooding. Coss once considered giving up Fancheng, but was dissuaded by Man Chong, the satrap of Runa who assisted Coss. Man Chong thought, "Mountains and rivers are developing rapidly, I hope it won't last long. Yu Wen sent other generals to Tannan (now jia county, Henan Province), but the people disturbed them and dared not enter, fearing that our army would slap their ears. Escaped today, there will be no country south of the Red River. You just wait "(reflection Shu Wei Man Chong) Coss vowed to the death, inspiring soldiers Qi Xin to work together and fight bravely.
Despite the storm, he was unable to disembark for a while. At this time, Hu Xiu's secretariat Wei Jingzhou and Nanxiang (governing Nanxiang, now southeast of Xichuan, Henan Province) surrendered to Guan Yu and Lu Hun (now northeast of Songxian County, Henan Province), killed officials and began to respond to Guan Yu. Guan Yu's momentum was "a great shock to China" ("The Story of the Three Kingdoms Shu Shu Guan Yu Biography").
Cao Cao was threatened and once prepared to move the capital, but was dissuaded by Prime Minister Sima Yi, Cao Xun and Jiang Ji. They think: "The Forbidden City was lost because of water, not because of war. Moving the capital without being damaged by the national economy shows that the enemy is weak and disturbing. Sun Quan and Liu Bei are proud of their feathers, but they are unwilling. It can be said that the appropriate place, after finishing, Fan Wei himself explained "("The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji ").
For the benefit of fishermen, Cao Cao adopted this strategy of using contradictions to destroy the alliance between Sun and Liu, and sent messengers to see Sun Quan. At the same time, Huang Xu was ordered to lead an army to rescue Coss. When Huang Xu entered Yanglingpi (north of Fancheng), Cao Cao sent generals Xu Shang and Lu Jian to order that he should not attack unless the subsequent reinforcements were assembled. At that time, Guan Yu was in front of Tunpu City (about five miles north of Fancheng), and Huang Xu pretended to build a long moat to cut off the rear road of the Shu army. Afraid of being besieged, the Shu army burned its camp and withdrew. Huang Xujun entered Yancheng and gradually approached the besieged Shu army.
At the beginning, Zhuge Liang said in "Longzhong Dui": "If there is a scenic spot across the river, it will protect its rock resistance, make progress in the west, help Yiyue in the south, bind Sun Quan outside, and repair politics inside. The world has changed, and the soldiers of Jingzhou will be sent to Wanluo early in the morning. General (Liu Bei) led many people from Yizhou out of Qinchuan, and the people didn't eat to meet the general (The Story of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu, Zhuge Liang Chuan)? It means that after Liu Bei has acquired the inheritance of Jing and Yi, he must form a solid alliance with Sun Quan before he can go north to pacify the Central Plains. It can be seen that the alliance between Sun and Liu is the basis for Liu Bei to establish the Central Plains in the north. However, due to the following reasons, there are obvious cracks in this alliance:
One is the ownership of Jingzhou. Jingzhou, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, is strategically important to Sun, Liu and Cao. Cao Cao once wanted to occupy Jingzhou and unify the whole country, but Battle of Red Cliffs failed his dream. Sun's group has always regarded Jingzhou as a battlefield. Because Jingzhou is upstream, as long as it is in the hands of others, it is in a passive position. After the end of Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao had to lend Jingzhou to Liu Bei temporarily in order to continue to unite with him. However, after Liu Bei obtained Yizhou, he had no intention of returning Jingzhou.
Second, Guan Yu, with his bravery, always showed pride and disrespect for Sun's Group. Lu Su saw him alone and begged for Jingzhou. Although he was in the wrong, he refused to solve the problem properly from the perspective of the joint efforts of the two families. Sun Quan sent messengers to propose to Guan Yu's daughter for his eldest son Sun Deng. Guan Yu not only refused to agree to this marriage, but scolded the messenger, and the relationship between the two sides became more and more rigid.
Third, Lu Su, who claimed that even Liu refused Cao Cao, was dead, and other officials who replaced Lu Su thought Guan Yu had always been brave and had the ambition to annex Wu, so they asked to send troops to deal with Guan Yu. He said: "Besides, the monarch and his subjects are proud of their cunning power, and they can't treat others with their hearts" (Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wu Shu Monroe).
Therefore, after receiving Cao Cao's letter, Sun Quan readily agreed. So he called Lv Meng back to Jianye to discuss the plan of taking Nanjun. Guan Yu also knew that the alliance between Sun and Liu was not consolidated. At this time, he should not only seize Fancheng, but also guard against Sun Quan's attack on Jingzhou. He saw Wu Dong general Lv Meng stationed in Lukou, and repeatedly told Elk Fang and Fu Shiren to guard Jingzhou carefully, leaving most of their troops in Nanjun, fortifying along the river, setting up watchtowers and building beacon towers in twenty or thirty miles. Knowing that Guan Yu was well-defended and impeccable, Lv Meng pretended to be seriously ill and wrote to Sun Quan asking him to go back and recuperate. Sun Quan publicly ordered Lu Meng to be sent back to Jianye for illness. Lv Meng recommended Lu Xun to replace himself. At that time, Lu Xun was young and promising, but unknown. He was appointed as the captain of Ding Wei. Sun Quan appointed him as a partial general and a right-wing governor to replace Lu Meng. After Lu Xun arrived, he sent messengers to send gifts and a letter to Guan Yu. The letter praised Guan Yu for driving the Seventh Army and winning the battle of Chengpu. Han Xin defeated Zhao, and encouraged Guan Yu to exert his strength and achieve a complete victory. Guan Yu saw that Lu Xun was a nobody and was so respectful and sincere to himself. He was bold and cautious, and transferred most of Jingzhou troops to Fancheng one after another. He planned to capture Fancheng before Huang Xu's troops arrived and the flood did not completely recede. He personally ordered the siege to be stepped up, but Coss still insisted. Lu Xun reported to Sun Quan in detail about Guan Yu's transfer of troops, and expounded his view that Guan Yu could be captured alive in World War I.
Guan Yu has more and more military forces in Xiangfan, and tens of thousands of new troops who are forbidden to surrender are short of food. Mi Fang and Fu Shiren, the satrap of Nanjun County, were blamed for not delivering enough food and grass. He was furious and said, "It's not too late to cure" (The Story of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu, Guan Yu Chuan), so he rebelled. Later, in order to solve the urgent need, Guan Yu seized the grain stored in Wudong Xiangguan without authorization. When Sun Quan learned that the time was ripe, he appointed Monroe as the viceroy and sent troops to attack Guan Yu's rear.
In that year 1 1 month, Lu Meng led his troops out of the front air-raid shelter and arrived in Xunyang (now northeast of Guangji, Hubei). He ambushed elite soldiers in disguised merchant ships, dressed soldiers in white, disguised as businessmen, called the people to paddle and paddle, traveled day and night, flew back to the river and attacked Jiangling. Everything is very hidden and mysterious. Shu soldiers stationed in Jiang Fang were deceived by Wu Jun in disguise and caught off guard. All captured, Jiangling city is empty and chaotic. First, let Yu Fan, the former riding captain, write a letter to lure Fu Shiren, the Shu general stationed in the public security (now Hubei Gongan North), and then let Fu Shiren lead Wu Jun to land and defend Mi Fang, the satrap of Jiangling Shunan County. Usually they are unhappy because Guan Yu is arrogant to them. This time, they heard that Guan Yu was coming back to punish them, but they were even more afraid. So in the case of Enemy at the Gates, Wu Dongjun, they offered to rush out of the city. So Lu Meng led the army into Jiangling and recovered Jingzhou, which Shu had occupied for a long time. After entering Jiangling, Monroe won the favor of Guan Yu and his generals. He gave them preferential treatment and comfort and ordered the army not to harass the people. He also cared about the people in the city, gave medicine to the sick, and gave food and clothing to the hungry and cold, which quickly restored the order in the city. Guan Yu was proud and despised the enemy, unaware of Monroe's attack.
Cao Cao's emissary returned to Luoyang with a tip-off from Sun Quan, saying that he would send troops to the west to crusade against Guan Yu, but please keep it a secret in case Guan Yu knew that he was prepared. Most of Cao Cao's subordinates think that Sun Quan should keep a secret. Dong Zhao, a counselor, disagreed and thought it should be kept secret and leaked. Guan Yu knew that Sun Quan was coming to attack. If he withdrew his troops to defend, the siege of Fancheng would be solved by himself. Guan Yu went back to the south to fight against Sun Quan, and the two enemies fought against each other, which just took advantage. It's not good for me to keep it a secret and let Sun Quan gain power. Moreover, the besieged soldiers have not been rescued for a long time, worried about lack of food, and people are in panic. Once an accident happens, the situation will be difficult to clean up. Therefore, it is better to leak. Cao Cao accepted Dong Zhao's suggestion and asked Huang Xu to shoot the contents of Sun Quan's secret letter into Fancheng and Guanyuying respectively. After the besieged Wei Jun received the letter, his morale doubled and his defense became stronger. After getting the letter, Guan Yu was afraid of being caught between Scylla and Charybdis, but he didn't want to give up all his previous efforts. At the same time, he judged that Jiangling and the public security Yugoslav capital were strong. If Wu Jun really attacked, it would be impossible to conquer for a while, so he was in a dilemma. At this point, Cao Cao has led the main force from Luoyang to Mobei (now southeast of jia county, Henan Province), and successively sent two battalions, such as Yin Department and Zhu Gai, to Yancheng, under the command. The main force of Guan Yu's army is around his head, one is four graves. Huang Xu used a diversion tactic, threatened to attack Weitou, but unexpectedly raided Sizhu. Guan Yu was afraid that the four graves would fall, so he rode five thousand soldiers to battle. However, the serenade was repelled by Huang Xu. When he retreated from the camp, Huang Xu led the army to chase him, and then rushed into the camp. At that time, Guan Yu's camp was surrounded by deep ditches and ten corners, and the obstacle facilities were extremely strict. It is difficult to storm from outside the camp. Today, taking advantage of his army's chaos, he raided from the inside, broke it in one fell swoop, and killed Shu Hu Xiu and Fu Fang. Guan Yu was shocked to learn that Jiangling had fallen and withdrew, and Fancheng was relieved. Coss department is eager to pursue the victory. Zhao Yan, who joined the army, thought that Guan Yu should keep some troops against Sun Quan and should not pursue them. Coss agreed with Zhao Yan and did not deploy pursuit. When Cao Cao learned the news of Guan Yu's retreat, he sent someone to convey the order not to pursue Guan Yu.
When Guan Yu withdrew his troops and returned, Sun Quan had already arrived in Jiangling and sent Lu Xun to capture Yiling (now Yichang, Hubei) and Zigui (now Zigui, Hubei), thus cutting off Guan Yu's retreat into Sichuan. On his way back to the army, Guan Yu sent people to Jiangling for information many times. Every time, Monroe waited on the emissary and let the emissary visit around the city. When the emissary returned to Guan Yu's army, the soldiers knew that their homes were safe and their fighting spirit was exhausted, and most of them gave up halfway. Guan Yu knew that he was lonely, so he sent someone to ask Liu Feng and Meng Da, the Shu generals stationed in Shang Yong, for help. The two men refused to support him on the grounds that Shang Yong was new here. Guan Yu was in a dilemma and was caught between Scylla and Charybdis, so he went west to Maicheng (now southeast of Dangyang, Hubei). At this time, Lu Xun moved westward and seized Yidu. Seeing that Maicheng was attacked on three sides, east, west and south, Guan Yu decided to break through and return to Xichuan.
Lv Meng knew Guan Yu and serenade, and expected that he would flee to the north via Maicheng, so he sent his troops in advance and buried him. In December, Sun Quan sent messengers to Maicheng to persuade Guan Yu to surrender. Guan Yu suggested that Wu Jun retreat ten miles and meet at the south gate. Lv Meng really retreated ten miles, waiting for Guan Yu to surrender. Guan Yu and his eldest son, Guan Ping, took the opportunity to take more than a dozen cavalry, secretly fled from the north gate to the west, and were captured alive by Pan Zhang Sima Ma Zhong, the general of the State of Wu, who was bound to see Sun Quan. Sun Quan surrendered to Guan Yu, who was killed by Pan Zhang and his son Guan Ping in Linzhou. He died around the age of 60, and his second son, Guan Xingsi, was named "Han Shou Ting Hou". In the third year of Jing Yao (A.D. 260), Liu Chan, Emperor Huai of Shu, made Guan Yu "the Queen of Qianghe Temple".
Both Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are mentioned in The Reflection of the Three Kingdoms, Zhang Guan Macelo Wong Zhao Chuan: "Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are enemies of ten thousand people, and they are all tiger ministers in the world. Feathering Cao Gong, flying Yan Yan, has the wind of a national scholar. However, the feather is just proud, flying fiercely without grace, taking defeat by short, and the math is normal. " He also said: "I am kind to the foot soldiers, arrogant to the scholar-officials, and fly to love the gentleman regardless of the villain." That's true.
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