Bering sea detailed data collection

Bering Sea (English name: Bering Sea; Mer de Béring (Beringovo More in Russian) is the northernmost marginal sea along the Pacific coast, and the sea area is triangular between (66 31′ n, 5122 ′ n). It is connected to the Arctic Ocean in the north through the Bering Strait and to the Pacific Ocean in the south through the Aleutian Islands. Located in the northernmost waters of the Pacific Ocean. It separates the Asian continent (northeast Siberia) from the North American continent (Alaska).

1728, Danish captain Vitus Bering sailed to this sea area, so he was named after his surname.

Chinese name: Bering Sea mbth: Bering Sea area: 2.304 million square kilometers, average water depth: 1636 meters, maximum water depth: 4,773 meters, seawater temperature: -2℃~8℃, neighboring countries: Russia, the United States geographical location, historical origin, geology, seabed depth, seabed sediments, famous islands, topography. Bering Sea is the northernmost marginal sea along the Pacific Ocean. It is between 5122 ′ east longitude and 66 31′ north latitude, and the sea area is triangular. It is connected to the Arctic Ocean in the north through the Bering Strait and to the Pacific Ocean in the south through the Aleutian Islands. The geographical map of Bering Sea is located in the northernmost part of the Pacific Ocean. It separates the Asian continent (northeast Siberia) from the North American continent (Alaska). It covers an area of 2.304 million square kilometers, the seawater volume is 3,700×1040 ㎞ 3, the average water depth is 1636 meters, and the maximum water depth is 4,773 meters. It is connected to the Arctic Ocean through the Bering Strait. The border between the United States and Russia is in the Bering Sea and the Bering Strait. The waters are rich in life, including salmon, herring, cod, flounder, halibut and so on, which has great economic value. The island is also a breeding ground for sea dogs and sea otters. Walruses, seals and sea lions in the northern waters are distributed in the northern region. 1648, Russian explorer Dezhnev led a fleet to explore here first. 1728, Danish captain Vitus Bering sailed to this sea area, so he was named after his surname. Historical Origin China and Bering Sea The west bank of Bering Sea is kamchatka peninsula. During the Tang Dynasty in China, the tribes of kamchatka peninsula once paid tribute to the Tang Dynasty, and the Yuan Dynasty, the easternmost part of Liaoyang Province in China, may have reached the west bank of Bering Sea. Ghost country starts from kamchatka peninsula in the east and reaches the Bering Strait in the west. The boundary of the ghost country in Tang Dynasty: the legend of the new Tang people in Dongyi: the ghost country reaches the capital of 15,000 miles. Go straight to the northeast of Heishui. North of the sea. Surrounded by the sea on three sides. Duojuze. Good for fish and salt. The earth's atmosphere has long been cold. Every time it freezes. It is six inches wide and made of wood. Seven feet long. Tie it to it. Practice a layer of ice. Chasing wild animals. There are many dogs. Take its fur as brown. Win ten thousand soldiers. The cymbals adjacent to Medog in the south. Never hired China. Fourteen years of Zhenguan. Wang Gengsan translated it, paid tribute to it and gave it to a riding captain. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Zi Zhi Tong Jian Volume 195: In the fourteenth year of Emperor Taizong's reign as a great sage (Gengzi, AD 640), Xin Chou, a wandering ghost country, sent envoys to pay tribute. It is 15,000 miles away from the capital, near Beihai and the south, but I have never been to China. In the world, his messenger Shezhi is a captain. In the 13th year (AD 725), the route from Tang Dynasty to kamchatka peninsula on the west bank of Bering Sea was opened by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. In the 14th year of Kaiyuan, the Tang Dynasty set up the Black Water Army in Heishui, with Heishui County as its largest tribe and its chief as its chief, and sent mainland officials (the chief's deputy) to assist the leaders of local ethnic minorities within its jurisdiction. In the sixteenth year of Kaiyuan, he gave the surname of Li to the governor, and offered sincerity to the Heishui area (now the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang) for effective administrative jurisdiction. Now he is in Khabarovsk (Boli), Russia. In the Tang Dynasty, Mohong, a minority in the northeast of China, opened a route to kamchatka peninsula, that is, the route between sakhalin island and the Sea of Okhotsk in kamchatka peninsula. The starting point of the route is sakhalin island, where Motui is located. According to Biography of the New Tang Dynasty, there is a department of animal husbandry in the northwest of Heishui (Heilongjiang). It takes 65,438+00 days to go north to Li Junbu (now Miaojie, Hekou, Heilongjiang), and then 65,438+00 days to go northeast to Dongbu (also known as Dongbu). "Cave Theory" is the sound transition of "Ku Page". The destination is Ghost Country (now the southwest coast of kamchatka peninsula). After starting from Sakhalin Island, this route follows the current and sails to the southeast while riding the northwest wind (there are eight months of north, west and north seasons in this area every year). After arriving at Qiaokeding Island, turn northeast, and then reach the southern tip of kamchatka peninsula, with a total length of 9 18 nautical miles (1700 km) and a time of 15 days. It shows that the people of sakhalin island mastered the law of counterclockwise flow in the Sea of Okhotsk in the Tang Dynasty, and opened up this great arc route from northwest to southeast and then to northeast. The first westerner to reach the Bering Sea and Bering Sea in the west was Russian Cossack S. Diezhnev. It is reported that in 1648, Di Tifu and a small group of people set out from the mouth of Ko Jorge Lema in the East Siberian Sea, sailed eastward, bypassed the eastern corner (Cape Diezhnev), crossed the Bering Strait, sailed into the Bering Sea, and arrived westward at the mouth of Anadel at the southern tip of Chukchi Peninsula. Of course, the Bering Sea was named after the Danish navigator V. Bering, and one of the Bering Seas first appeared in 1778. 1724 to 1749 during the northern expedition, 1725 to 1728 served in Russia. Authorized by Peter the Great of Russia, he came to this sea area twice to explore whether Asia and America are connected here. 1728, Bering left his temporary work area in the Sea of Okhotsk, sailed through the Bering Sea, crossed the Bering Strait northward and entered the South Chukchi Sea. On the second voyage, Bering led 30 sailors to the United States and landed in southern Alaska. However, when returning home, the ship "St. Peter" unfortunately hit the rocks and sank, and Bering and his crew were all killed. 1778, captain j cook sailed north on the "determination" and crossed the Bering strait, becoming the first person to cross the south arctic circle. 1778, Fowles, a member of the British Cook expedition, inspected this sea area and officially named it "Bering Sea". The seawater of the undercurrent Bering Sea can freely exchange with the warm water of the Pacific Ocean, and the northern part is connected with the cold water of the Arctic Ocean, so the sea surface temperature is lower in the north and higher in the south. Affected by the long cold winter in North Asia, the cooling depth of seawater in the west can reach 150-250 meters. Affected by the warm water in the North Pacific Ocean, it is not very cold in winter in the east, but warmer in summer. The difference of water temperature between north and south, coupled with the influence of airflow activities, has promoted the physical changes of surface water in Bering Sea. In winter, the water temperature is very low, and the northern part of the sea is frozen thousands of miles. The highest water temperature in the hottest month in summer can reach 8℃. The heating depth can reach 20-30 meters, forming shallow thermocline. In summer, heavy rainfall on the sea surface and river water injection reduce the salinity of the sea area, and the lowest salinity can reach 17‰, thus causing salinity thermocline at a depth of 20-30 meters. The combination of two thermoclines makes the density gradient of surface seawater exceed 30 meters, which constitutes a remarkable hydrological feature in summer. Geological seabed depth The seabed topography of Bering Sea can be roughly divided into shallow water area (shallower than 200m) and deep water area (deeper than 200m). Shallow water is a shelf area, mainly distributed in the northeast. The width of the shelf is over 640 kilometers, accounting for about 44% of the total area. It is one of the largest shelves in the world. There are many underwater plains shallower than150m on the continental shelf. The southwest is a deep water area with a water depth of 3,700-4,000m. In the west, there is the Oliu Tolski Ridge extending from north to south, and in the south, there is the Bawels Ridge extending northward, which separates the Comandor Basin, Bawels Basin and Aleutian Basin respectively. Shallow water and deep water communicate with the Pacific Ocean through the strait between Aleutian Islands. Seabed sediments Seabed sediments are mainly composed of terrestrial materials, and about 300-400 million tons of sediments are imported every year. The distribution of sediments varies with the topography. The continental shelf is sandy and the slopes are muddy. The deep-sea basin is dominated by clayey siliceous ooze, and the southern sea area contains volcanic materials. The bottom of Bering Sea can be divided into two areas. The northeast half is completely continental shelf, which is one of the widest continental shelves in the world. It can extend to 643 kilometers offshore. In the area extending through the Bering Strait to the Chukchi Sea, the shelf is less than 200 meters, so that the seawater flowing into the Arctic basin is limited to the surface water. The second area is the southwest half, which consists of deep-water basins with a maximum depth of 4420 meters. The bottom of the basin is very flat, with a water depth of 3800 -3900 meters, separated by two ridges. Orly Viirto ridge, starting from the north and running through the whole basin; The other is the unique ridge of Lat Island, which starts from the Aleutian Island arc and turns the steering wheel counterclockwise around the basin. These two ridges divide the deep water into two basins, east and west. In this deep-sea basin, there is also a sedimentary basin with rapid subsidence; The basin is covered by sediments with a depth of 2000-4000 meters on basalt bedrock. The Bering Continental Shelf, a famous island, also lifted several islands from the flat seabed, including the famous islands of St. Lawrence, Nuniwak and Puri Biloff. The edge of the continental shelf slopes sharply at a gradient of 4-5 degrees. At the southeast corner of the Aleutian islands chain, the continental shelf is deeply divided by Bering Canyon, which is more than 16 1 km long and 32 km wide, and has been deeply cut into more than 50 branches. This may be the largest submarine canyon in the world. On both sides of the canyon, there are 1829-meter-high valley walls everywhere, standing on the gently inclined (0.5) seabed. The sediments of Bering shelf are composed of sand and gravel deposited at the foot of slope. On the contrary, the deep-sea basin is covered with diatom mud. The Bering Sea is triangular, with the top facing north and the bottom formed by a 1600 km long arc connecting alaska peninsula and Aleutian Islands. These islands are part of Alaska, USA. The maximum width from east to west is 2400 km, and the maximum width from north to south is 1600 km. There are many islands in the sea, including Aleutian Islands, Nuniwak Island, St. Lawrence Island, Nelson Island and Karagin Island. The Bering Sea can be divided into two parts of almost equal size. Shallow plains extending along the eastern and northern continental shelves and island shelves are about150m (500ft) deep. The average water depth of the deeper plains in the southwest sea area is 3700 ~ 4000 meters. The climate is very cold all year round. The annual average temperature is 2℃ ~ 4℃ in the south and-10℃~ 8℃ in the north. The days when the annual average temperature in China and northern Japan is below zero and below -20℃ are 240 days and 100 days respectively. The number of days when the daily average temperature in the south is between -20℃ and 0℃ is 140 days. The annual precipitation is more in the south and less in the north, and it can reach more than 1600 mm in the southeast, mainly rainfall; It's only 280mm in the north, mainly due to snowfall. In winter, the Aleutian low pressure moves southward, and most of the sea areas are controlled by the Arctic cold air mass and the continental cold air mass, with northerly winds prevailing and the temperature plummeting. The lowest temperature in the north is -45℃, and there is a snowstorm for half a month; It's MINUS 23 degrees in the south. In summer, the Aleutian depression retreated to the northeast of the sea area, and the ocean air mass moved northward. The sea area is mostly south, with more clouds and precipitation, and the visibility is extremely poor. The surface current of hydrological ocean current is cyclone circulation. The Pacific water entering the Bering Sea from the strait between the Aleutian Islands forms Artu current, Tanaga current and transverse current respectively. They flow from the north side of Aleutian Ridge to the east or northeast, and then turn to the northwest, bringing a lot of warm Pacific water to the northwest of the sea area. Among them, the transverse current flows to the offshore of navarin Point, which is divided into two parts: the one to the north is the Lawrence current, which flows into the Arctic Ocean through the Bering Strait; Another tributary joins the Anade current (from Anade Bay) and becomes a powerful Kamchatka current, which goes south along the east coast of Siberia. The mainstream flows into the Pacific Ocean through the Komandor Strait (the water depth is more than 4,000m), becoming the source of tide, and the tributaries flow into the warm Pacific water of the Bering Sea through the Strait, forming the Bering Sea cyclone circulation. Part of the current flowing northward on the Alaska shelf flows into the Arctic Ocean; The other part turns southwest. On the west side of the Bering Strait, you can occasionally see the polar ocean current flowing to the south. The circulation is strong in summer and weak in winter. In winter, under the action of northerly winds, the Pacific navy entering the Bering Sea is weakened, and the polar current almost covers the Bering Strait and the northwest of the sea area. The Bering Sea current water mass consists of surface water, middle water and deep water, all of which originate from the North Pacific Ocean. Surface water, including shelf water (water depth 100 m ~ 150 m), is formed by the strong denaturation of surface water in the Pacific Ocean due to precipitation, continental runoff, melting ice and cold climate. The salinity is 28.0 ‰ ~ 33.2 ‰ and the temperature is-1.6℃ ~ 10℃. In summer, the warmest low salt water appears in the Siberian shelf area, because the seawater there is stratified and stable. The middle water is located below the surface water, and the water depth is between 200 meters and 400 meters. The temperature is 1℃ ~ 4℃ and the salinity is 33. 1 ‰ ~ 34.0 ‰. The lowest temperature occurs between the surface water and the middle water. Due to the cooling in winter, the convective mixing can reach 200-300 meters, while the heating of seawater in summer is limited to the near surface layer (15-50 meters), and the cold water formed in winter still remains below the surface layer, forming the lowest temperature layer-the cold intermediate layer. With the coming of winter, the cold middle layer is renewed. The cold middle layer goes down, the temperature and salinity rise, and it is an unmodified Pacific water mass. The deep water mass is below 400 meters, the temperature is below 4C, and the salinity is about 34.0‰. With the increase of depth, the temperature decreases and the salinity increases. The depth is 3500m ~ 4000m, the temperature is 65438 0.565438 0.2℃ and the salinity is 34.68 ‰ 0.2 ‰. The Bering Sea is one of the most difficult sea areas in the world, with frequent storms, cold climate and floating ice on the sea surface. Especially in the north, it is covered by1~ 2m thick ice in winter. Sea ice began in September, and the freezing range was the largest at 65438+ 10, which can extend to the 200-meter isobath and reach Bristol Bay in the south and the offshore of Kamchatka. In May, the ice began to melt. In July, there was no ice except the floating ice in the Bering Strait. Tide types range from Bering Strait to alaska peninsula (except the south bank of Norton Bay), and from Anadel estuary to Kamchatka coast, which are irregular semidiurnal tides with a tidal range of 0.7m ~ 5.2m The tidal range on the north bank of Bristol Bay is the largest, reaching 8.3m.. From Anadel Bay to Cape Gerzhnev, it is a regular semidiurnal tide with a tidal range of 0.2m ~ 3.0m The Aleutian Islands and the south bank of Norton Bay are irregular diurnal tides with a tidal range of1.4m ~ 2.0m. The tidal range across the Bering Strait is the smallest, only 0.2m ~ 0.6m The tidal current is very strong, and the velocity on the east side of the Strait can reach 3m/s, 7. The velocity of the Aleutian Strait can sometimes reach 65438 0.5 m/s ~ 4 m/s ... The tidal types in the Bering Sea are caused by wind. Water from the Pacific Ocean flows into the sea from the Aleutian Islands. Tidal current and fresh water flowing from rivers. The current model of deep-sea basin is mainly cyclone circulation. One part flows northward through the Bering Strait, and the other part flows back to the Pacific Ocean. Current on the continental shelf; Except for Alaska offshore, it is basically affected by tides. Fresh water from many rivers flows northward through the Bering Strait and into the Chukchi Sea. Bering Strait The narrowest part of Bering Strait is only 35 kilometers, with an average water depth of 45 meters, which restricts the exchange of deep cold water between the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. Therefore, the Bering Sea is only affected by the cold current of the Arctic Ocean near the southern end of the Strait, which makes the Bering Sea mainly affected by the exchange of seawater in the North Pacific Ocean, and it is a typical marginal sea in the North Pacific Ocean. Bering Sea is rich in marine life. According to statistics, there are about 300 kinds of fish. The main fishing targets are salmon, flounder, cod and sea urchin, among which salmon and clam have the highest yield. In addition, there are precious marine animals, beavers, whales and so on, which are of great fishing value. Calculated by unit area, Bering Sea is the habitat with the largest number of marine birds in the world and the sea area with the highest kelp production in the world. Mineral resources are rich in oil, which is one of the undeveloped mining areas. The plankton of grouper has two most vigorous growth seasons, one in spring and the other in autumn. They are mainly diatoms, providing a basic guarantee for the food chain. Cancer, shrimp and 365,438+05 species of fish make the Bering Sea a valuable fishing ground, among which 25 species of fish and mammals are more economically valuable, such as killer whales, beluga whales, beaked whales, fin whales, right whales, giant arm whales and sperm whales. However, due to the deterioration of the marine environment and other factors, whales have become a rare species on the earth. Environmental organizations such as the International Whaling Commission (IWC) have been strongly calling on countries around the world to enact laws and regulations to prohibit the killing of whales. Although Japanese and Norwegian countries are still fishing whales in an organized way, many countries, including China, have explicitly implemented legal protection for whales. Pribilof islands and Comando Islands are breeding grounds for seals, and there are also many sea otters, sea lions and walruses here. Due to the strong convective mixing in winter, it brings rich nutrients to the ocean surface and provides good conditions for the growth and reproduction of plankton. At present, 0/63 species of phytoplankton/kloc-have been found, among which diatom is the main species, mainly concentrated in shallow water. There are many kinds of fish. According to statistics, there are more than 300 species, including 50 species of deep-water fish. The important economic fish are salmon, herring, flounder, cod, flounder and perch. In addition, there are many whales, among which sea otters, walruses, sea lions, seals and arctic foxes are common. Pribilof islands and Comandor Islands are breeding grounds for sea bears. The shallow sea on the continental shelf is also rich in mollusks, barnacles, sponges, sea worms and crabs. Oil and natural gas on the northern continental shelf, gold and tin deposits on the seabed are very rich and have not yet been developed. Other lost seafood Previously, the Bering Sea was one of the places with the most seafood in the world, and the fish and shellfish caught in Alaska waters accounted for half of the total output of the United States. Because of the changes in the Arctic, the climate in the Bering Sea will be more unstable in the future. Due to the warming of Bering Sea, the seafood caught by fishermen in Kodiak Island (southern Alaska) will be completely different from that in the past 30 years. "We really don't know what we can catch in the future," said MikeLitzow, an expert in fishery biology. Lizov gave a speech at Kodiak University entitled "The Impact of Global Warming on Fish and Crustaceans in the Bering Sea". He described the impact of global warming on Alaska's fisheries and said, "The Bering Sea is gradually disappearing." Litzow gave an example to show how the rising temperature of seawater changed the animals in the ocean. Rising water temperatures in other parts of the world, such as the coasts of Oregon and California, have caused smooth pink shrimp to move, and now it has appeared in rivers in Alaska. Park Jung Su Zuo said that compared with 30 years ago, climate change has changed the development of the fishing industry in the Bering Sea. Shrimp and crab industries have almost disappeared, while salmon and those fish that grow on the seabed have developed rapidly. As for acidity, gulf of alaska and Bering Sea are higher than anywhere else in the world.