Solve physical problems

2009 senior high school entrance examination physics examination questions assembly (physical state change)

(09 Kunming) 20. Please record the values of physical quantities measured by the following measuring tools (2 points for each small question, 6 points for * * *):

(1) The indicator of the spring dynamometer in Figure 9 is n. ..

(2) The indication of voltmeter in figure 10 is V.

(3) The thermometer reading in figure 1 1 is℃.

(09 Nanchang). Influenza A (H 1N 1) is prevalent all over the world this year. The first symptom after suffering from this flu is fever, so you should use a thermometer to measure your temperature. As shown in figure 12, there are thermometers and commonly used thermometers in the laboratory. Please briefly describe three differences in their construction or use.

( 1) ;

(2) ;

(3) .

Answer: (1) The range is different; (2) Different segmentation values; (3) The thermometer has necking, etc.

(09 Fuzhou) 1. Winter in the north is really beautiful. Mao Zedong, a great man of a generation, once wrote a poem, "The scenery in the north is freezing for thousands of miles, the snow is drifting in Wan Li, looking at the inside and outside of the Great Wall, and the ice is boundless ...", in which the formation of ice belongs to the change of material state.

A. melting B. solidification C. liquefaction D. sublimation

Answer: b

(09 Chongqing) 3. As shown in Figure 2, the curve describing the crystal melting process is ().

Answer: c

(09 Jinjiang) 6. In the following description of the beautiful scenery of the four seasons, the sublimation phenomenon is

A. in spring, the rain cage covers the mountain. In summer, fog hangs over the peaks.

C. In autumn, frost hits the branches. D. in winter, the bottom freezes.

Answer: c

(09 Zigong, Sichuan). The picture on the right shows the melting image of Haibo. The information obtained from the image is correct.

The boiling point of hypo is 48℃. B. Haibo absorbs heat in BC section.

C when hypo is in the gaseous state in the CD section for 6 minutes, hypo has completely melted.

Answer: b

(09 Wuhu) 16. Five thousand years of Chinese civilization has created countless poems. When we appreciate these poems, we should not only explore their ideological connotation, but also explore the natural phenomena and physical laws described in them. The following is a classmate's understanding of the physical knowledge contained in some poems:

(1) "Dew is like a pearl, and the moon is like a bow"-Dew is actually a small drop of water, which is formed by melting ice;

(2) "People paint peach blossoms in red"-peach blossoms are light sources, and the red light emitted reflects people's faces;

(3) "Flying down three thousands of feet"-in the process of waterfall flying down, the gravitational potential energy of water is converted into kinetic energy;

(4) "The solitary sail comes from the sun"-the "solitary sail" movement based on the river bank.

The correct answer is

A.①② B.②③ C.③④ D.①④

Answer: c

(09 Guangzhou) 24. Using the experimental device of Figure 22, the temperature change law of a certain substance in a beaker when it melts (the heat absorbed by the substance in the beaker is the same at the same time) is explored.

(1) The thermometer reading at a certain moment is shown in Figure 22. At this time, the temperature of the material in the cup is _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) According to the experimental data, the temperature of the substance in the cup changes with time during the heating process, as shown in Figure 23, and the melting point of the substance is _ _ _ _ _ _.

(3) At 3)t2, the substance is in the state of _ _ _ _ _ _ (fill in "solid", "liquid" and "solid-liquid mixture").

(4) Compared with t3, at which moment is the internal energy in the cup greater? _ _ _ _ _ _, the reason is _ _ _ _ _

(5) It is known that the time from 0 to T 1 is equal to the time from T5 to T6. From Figure 23, it can be seen that the temperature rise in the two periods is different, so it can be judged that the specific heat capacity of this substance in solid state is less than that in liquid state. Please write down the basis of this judgment.

Answer: (1)-8℃ (2) 0℃ (3) solid-liquid mixing (4) t 3 melting process needs to absorb heat.

(5) Answer: The material in the beaker absorbs the same amount of heat at the same time, and the temperature rises from 0 to T 1 to 20℃, and from T5 to T6 to 10℃, so △ T 1 > △ T2 changes from Q = cm. Therefore, the specific heat capacity of this substance in solid state is less than that in liquid state.

Mianyang, Sichuan (09) 22. The three experimental groups also explored the temperature change law of wax melting, temperature change law of sub-melting and boiling of water, and recorded the data in the following table:

(1) In the three inquiry experiments, except for the stopwatch, thermometer and hob, all experimental equipment used is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) According to the records, please judge that the following statement is _ _ _ _.

A.a is wax, b is hypo, and c is water. C. A is hypo, b is wax, and c is water.

B.A is water, b is wax, c is hypo. D. A is water, b is hypo, and c is wax.

(3) In the 2-5 minutes shown in the above table, the following statement is true _ _ _ _.

A.a constantly absorbs heat, and its internal energy remains unchanged. B.b. Constantly absorbing heat can increase internal energy.

C.c constantly absorbs heat, which can increase internal energy. Direct current absorbs and releases the same heat, but the internal energy remains the same.

Guiyang (09). Which of the following measures aims to slow down the evaporation of water?

A. blow dry and wet hair with a hair dryer

B. Sweep the accumulated water around the ground with a broom.

C. Open the wet clothes and put them in a sunny and ventilated place to dry.

D. Wrap the fruit with plastic wrap and put it in the refrigerator.

Answer: d

(09 Anshun, Guizhou). In order to accelerate evaporation, the following measures were taken:

A. When the alcohol lamp is not used, cover the lamp cap; B. hang clothes in a sunny and ventilated place;

C, putting the fresh-keeping bagged vegetables into a refrigerator; D. cut off a lot of branches and leaves when planting trees.

Answer: b

(09 Guangzhou). As shown in Figure 19, take out the thermometer from alcohol at the same temperature as room temperature (24℃). Please analyze why the reading of the thermometer will drop first and then rise to 24 degrees Celsius later.

Answer: when the thermometer is taken out, the alcohol on the bubble evaporates and absorbs heat, and the temperature of the bubble decreases, thus reducing the indication of the thermometer; After the alcohol evaporates, the temperature of the outside air is high, and the heat is transferred to the bubbles until the temperature difference between the air and the bubbles is 0, and the temperature of the thermometer returns to the same indoor temperature of 24℃.

(09 Nanchang). Explore the factors that affect the evaporation rate of liquid.

Question: What factors are related to the evaporation rate of liquid?

Conjecture and hypothesis By observing the picture below, make a guess in connection with real life.

Conjecture 1: The speed of liquid evaporation may be related to the level of liquid, the size of liquid and the speed of air flow on the liquid surface.

Conjecture 2: Under the same conditions, rubbing water and alcohol on the arm at the same time makes alcohol easier to dry, which may be related to the evaporation rate of liquid.

Design and experiment Xiaoming did the following experiment on one of the conjectures:

As shown in figure 16, drop a drop of alcohol with the same mass on two identical glass plates. By observing the scene in the picture, we can see that he is exploring whether the evaporation rate of alcohol is related.

In this experiment, it is necessary to control the speed of alcohol and the speed of air flow above its surface.

Communication and evaluation

We know that liquid absorbs heat when it evaporates. Please give an example of using evaporation to absorb heat.

Example:.

Answer: Conjecture and Hypothesis Conjecture 1: Conjecture 2: Matter

Design and conduct the surface area temperature of the experimental liquid.

Exchange and evaluate the cooling of ground sprinkling in summer.

(09 Kunming) 22. (4 points) After understanding the factors that affect the evaporation rate of liquid, Li Li guessed that the evaporation rate of liquid may also be related to the type of liquid. Please design the experiment with the experimental samples provided below to verify whether Li Li's guess is correct.

(1) In the experiment, the air velocity above the liquid and the sum of the contact area between the liquid and the air should be controlled to be the same.

(2) The laboratory provided several samples containing alcohol and water, as shown in figure 13. According to the experimental requirements, two samples should be selected.

Conduct a comparative study.

(3) If a classmate chooses two liquid samples, one indoors and the other outdoors, compare them after the same time, like this.

Do (fill in "correct" or "incorrect").

(4) Correct selection of samples and correct operation as required. After the same time, the sample is shown in figure 14. Based on this, do you think Li Li's

Guess.

(09 Fuzhou) 26. Fan Xiao is doing an experiment of "observing water boiling"

(1) His operation is shown in figure 16, where the error is.

(2) After correcting the error, the thermometer reading when water is boiling is as shown in figure 17, which is℃, indicating that the air pressure (choose ""or "=") at this time is 1 standard atmospheric pressure.

(3) By analyzing the image shown in Figure 18, we can know that the temperature characteristics of water during boiling are as follows.

Answer: (1) The glass bulb of the thermometer contacts the bottom of the container (2) 98 < (3) unchanged.

(09 Yantai) 23. In the experiment of "exploring water boiling", an experimental group observed two scenarios as shown in figure 16(a) and (b).

(1) Which scene do you think is the boiling of water?

(2) What other experimental phenomena have you observed in the experiment?

(3) What measures can be taken to reduce the time from heating to boiling?

Answer: (1)(a)( 1) (2) Before boiling, the water made a loud noise, but after boiling, the pointer of the thermometer kept rising before boiling, and after boiling, the pointer of the thermometer remained unchanged. When boiling, both the inside and the surface of the water are violently vaporized at the same time (2 points for correct answers) (3) Reduce the amount of water appropriately, cover the beaker appropriately, and increase the initial temperature of water.

(09 Taian) 19. In the experiment of exploring "water boiling", when the water temperature rises to 90℃, the thermometer reading is recorded every 65438±0min until the water boils for 5min. The following table records some data:

Time/Minute 0 1 234 5678

water temperature

/℃ 90 92 94 98 98 98 98 98

(1) Some data is not recorded, and the thermometer reading is shown in the figure. Please fill in the missing data in the form.

(2) According to the experimental data in the table, the boiling point of water is℃; Judging from the boiling point of water, the atmospheric pressure at that time (choose "above", "equal to" or "below") is 1 standard atmospheric pressure.

(3) After the inquiry, four students showed their own curves of the relationship between water temperature and time, as shown in the figure below. Among them, () can correctly reflect the relationship between temperature and time in the process of water boiling.

Answer: (1)96 (2)98 is lower than (3) B.

(09 Weifang, Shandong). Xiao Ming used the device shown in the figure to observe the boiling experiment of water. When the water boils, the pointer of the thermometer is as shown in the figure. At this time, the boiling point of water is℃, which means that the atmospheric pressure at that time is higher than the standard atmospheric pressure1; In this experiment, the heating time should be shortened to make the water boil as soon as possible. Please write down two feasible methods:

① ;

② 。

Answer: 98℃ is low (small) ① Reduce the amount of water ② Cover the beaker (or enhance the flame of alcohol lamp, increase the initial temperature of water, etc. ).

Mianyang, Sichuan (09) 6. Drop a few drops of alcohol into a transparent plastic bag, squeeze the bag flat, exhaust the air in the bag, tie the mouth tightly, then put it in hot water above 80℃, and the plastic bag will swell after a while; Take out the plastic bag from the hot water, and after a while.

A. the plastic bag is still bulging, and the alcohol in it is liquefied.

B.the plastic bag is still bulging, and the alcohol in it has evaporated.

C. the plastic bag is flat again, and the alcohol inside has evaporated.

D. the plastic bag is flat again, and the alcohol inside is liquefied.

Answer: d

"09 Henan" is the first lunar probe independently developed and launched in China. On June 24th, 2007, 10, the Long March 3A carrier rocket carrying China's first lunar exploration satellite Chang 'e-1 was ignited and launched at xichang satellite launch center Tower 3. As shown in the figure, when the rocket is launched, there is a large pool under the launch platform, which can spray high-temperature flame into the water, and huge heat can be absorbed by the water. At the moment the rocket is launched, the white "air mass" is formed by water vapor.

Answer: Vaporization and liquefaction.

(09 Pingyuan County, Shandong Province) Steamed steamed bread in a steamer. Is steamed bread cooked first in the upper steamer or the lower steamer? After careful observation, Xiao Ming found that the high-temperature steam rises through the multi-layer steamer, and when it meets the cold steamer cover, it produces a lot of steam and heat, which will make the steamed bread in the upper steamer cooked first.

(09 Taian) 1. In the following natural phenomena, belong to the sublimation phenomenon is

A. Formation of fog B. Formation of dew C. Formation of ice D. Formation of frost

Answer: d

Loudi, Hunan. Physics is a powerful weapon for human beings to explore and understand nature. Which of the following are natural phenomena?

A.sometimes this river is full of fog. B.dew on autumn leaves?

C. Frost on the ground in winter morning D. There is a thick layer of ice on the lake?

Answer: c

(09 Jiangsu) 13. Frost is formed by water vapor (fill in the name of state change), during which the water vapor will heat up (fill in "absorption" or "release").

A: issued by ninghua.

(09 Hebei). In the spring of 2009, a severe drought occurred in northern China.

(1) Artificial rainfall is an important means to alleviate drought, and dry ice and other substances can be used for artificial rainfall. The dry ice scattered on the clouds absorbs heat, which makes the water vapor in the air quickly condense into water droplets and form rainfall.

(2) In the face of drought, we should save water. Write a water-saving method commonly used in production and life.

.

Answer: (1) sublimation (2) sprinkler irrigation, scrubbing with laundry water, etc.

(09 Jinhua) 13. After learning the knowledge of "the formation of precipitation", Xiao Ming did the experiment of "rain" for his family. He dried the dishes and put them in the refrigerator to cool. The kettle is full of water and the water is boiling. At this time, the steam keeps rising, and a mass of "white gas" appears above the spout, which is called "cloud". Take the plate out of the refrigerator and put it about 15cm above the spout. When the plate touches this "cloud", the lower surface of the plate will be covered with water droplets for a period of time, and the water droplets will accumulate more and more, and will fall down when it can't hang. This is rain. The following explanations about experimental phenomena are correct.

A. A mass of "white gas" above the spout is gaseous water formed by evaporation of water in the kettle.

B. A mass of "white gas" above the nozzle is liquid water.

C. heat is released when water evaporates.

D. When water drops fall, they are only affected by gravity and air resistance, so they must fall at a constant speed.

Answer: b

(09 Yantai) 4. Long Island is an island with a serious shortage of fresh water, and seawater desalination is an effective measure to solve this problem. Fig. 2 is a flow chart of seawater desalination designed by Xiaoming, during which the physical state of seawater has changed successively.

A. Liquefaction and vaporization B. Vaporization and liquefaction

C. evaporation and sublimation D. sublimation and liquefaction

Answer: b

(09 Jining) 5. The following statement is wrong.

A. The filament thinning of electric lamps used for a long time is a sublimation phenomenon. B. In autumn morning, the gradual dispersion of fog is a liquefaction phenomenon.

C. Steam burns are more serious than boiling water burns, because steam releases heat when liquefied.

D. After people sweat, the breeze blows, and they will feel cool, because sweat evaporates faster and takes away more heat.

Answer: d

(09 Huzhou) 12. Because of alcohol, the Antarctic expedition used alcohol thermometer instead of mercury thermometer.

A. low boiling point B. low density C. low freezing point D. high specific heat

Answer: c

(09 Chengdu). Around the Spring Festival last year, some parts of southern China suffered from low temperature rain and snow, and even the "rime" as shown in Figure 3 appeared on the branches of some areas. The formation process of rime and frost is very similar.

A. formed by liquefaction of water vapor

C. it is formed by solidification of small water droplets. D. it is formed by sublimation of small ice crystals.

Answer: b

(09 Henan) Physics, paying attention to observation is all learning. The correct explanation for the following phenomenon is

A. In early winter, I took a bath at home and found that the room was full of "white gas", that is, water vapor.

B. In the summer morning, I saw the grass leaves of the football field covered with dew, but in early winter, the dew disappeared, but I saw a thin layer of frost. Some people think that frost is changed from dew.

C the mothballs put in the wardrobe will obviously become smaller after a long time, because the mothballs evaporate into gas and run away.

D. Take out the frozen tofu in the refrigerator. After thawing, it is found that there are many small holes in the tofu, which are formed by the water in the tofu freezing first and then melting into water.

Answer: d

(09 Weifang, Shandong). Hot phenomenon can be seen everywhere all year round. The following statement is correct.

A. Fog often appears in spring morning, which is vaporization.

B. In summer, when the popsicle is unpacked, you will see "white steam", which is a sublimation phenomenon.

C. Small dewdrops appear on flowers and plants in autumn morning, which is liquefaction.

D Frost will appear on the ground in early winter morning, which is a solidification phenomenon.

Answer: c

(09 Linyi, Shandong). Dewdrops are often hung on the grass leaves in the morning. This is because the temperature is low at night and the water vapor in the air is _ _ _ _ _ _ _. These dewdrops will slowly disappear under the sunlight, because dewdrops have already happened _ _ _ _ _.

Answer: Liquefaction and vaporization (evaporation)