Why is the smog so serious?

Today, most areas in the north, including Beijing and Tianjin, have severe smog, which lasts for quite a long time. Various experts and officials have analyzed the causes of smog. What they often say is the weather, quiet and stable (I don't know when this word was invented); Or high emission density; The countermeasure is to temporarily restrict mutton skewers on the construction site and on the road. How can I feel funny when I look at these? I am ignorant to the extreme.

Although I am abroad, my relatives and friends are "enjoying" the smog. I really can't stand it, and I have to spit out my depression. The smog has endangered everyone's life, and even the CCTV channel has called for "is this serious smog weather counted?" However, how can everyone be so calm and steady, and even the spirit of organizing protests at the door of the Environmental Protection Bureau is gone. I don't know if people are so numb now, or if they don't give the government hope at all. Anyway, the general feeling is that the whole society is immersed in the "Chinese dream" and does not want to wake up. The smog in China is so serious that a clear picture is a luxury in continuous shooting.

I often talk with many German friends, including professors or ordinary people, about the causes and countermeasures of smog in China. Their understanding of this matter is almost surprisingly consistent, and the culprit is "coal". In the1960s, Germany also experienced severe smog, and the Rhine River was polluted as many rivers in China now. They walked the same road as us. I joked that the China municipal government should ask you to be consultants to control smog.

Combining the opinions of many friends and my personal analysis, the causes of smog are summarized as follows from important to secondary.

1) Coal: I think coal is the chief culprit of smog in China today. So where to use coal? The first is power generation. With the improvement of people's living standard and production demand in China, the consumption of electric energy is increasing. So where does our electricity come from? According to my personal information summary (it may be inaccurate, please ask the power experts to correct me), more than 60% of China's power energy structure depends on thermal power, that is, coal burning; Hydropower accounts for only about 25%, nuclear power accounts for 5%, and the sum of other clean energy sources such as wind power is less than 10%. In other words, most of the electricity we use is obtained by burning coal. Secondly, steel-making, cement plants, urban heating and other high-energy industries also rely on coal. I think there are still few people in our country who use oil or natural gas as the main energy materials to generate electricity and heat. After the Germans realized the high pollution of coal burning, there is almost no place to use coal today, and all of them use natural gas as the main energy source.

2) Urban construction: I just saw Academician Jiang Yi calling on China to strictly control the total construction area. This is very important. Another very important factor is our urban planning model. Fiona Fang is a city with hundreds of square kilometers, where tens of millions of people live. It's hard not to be foggy in such a city. As we all know, any human activity is a process of consuming oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide. Excluding the smog of particulate matter, in such an urban structure, even the generated carbon dioxide does not know where to spread, let alone smog particles. You may have been to many small towns or villages in Europe. In Germany, there is a city, Fiona Fang, which is a big city with dozens of square kilometers. If you drive, it is often a city. You can walk three or five kilometers at most. Ten kilometers will drive to a village full of farmland, and another ten kilometers will be a small town or city. Moreover, except for a few big cities (such as Munich, Frankfurt, Hamburg, etc. ), in most other cities/kloc-there are few high-rise buildings above 0/0 floor. This structure provides a breathing "lung" for our city, and there are no traffic problems such as congestion. I think that the per capita area of Germany should not be larger than that of China, and the per capita car ownership should not be smaller than that of China, but there is no smog and terrible Beijing congestion. So I think that in our urban planning concept, serious route mistakes have taken place in the past decade or so. Although it is a little late to correct it now, I hope to learn some lessons from the next urbanization.

3) Followed by automobile exhaust. At this point, it may really be that the quality of oil products in our country needs to be greatly improved.

4) government officials and experts often say that the dust on the construction site (these dust can't be 2.5 microns in size, much larger than this) and kebabs are all nonsense and don't contribute much.

Having said so many reasons, what are the countermeasures?

1) burning coal: I'm sure that if Beijing and Hebei lose power for three days in a row, steel mills and cement plants will stop working to ensure that the smog will all disperse. Of course, this has seriously affected people's lives and cannot be implemented. But it can be reduced. For example, reduce the power generation of power plants, reduce the output of steel mills and cement plants and so on. Stop chasing your GDP. Similarly, ordinary people have developed the habit of saving and reducing energy consumption. Therefore, in the long run, the government should make great efforts to change China's high dependence on coal and turn to other clean energy sources, such as natural gas; In the short term, the government should force the chimneys of power plants, steel mills and cement plants to install filter devices to make their emissions reach a certain standard. I think this is the fastest and most effective way. It shouldn't be difficult, but I don't know why the government always looks around and talks.

2) Urban structure: As mentioned above, it is imperative to learn the lessons of the next urbanization, build more small towns and reduce the number of big cities; In big cities, the construction of "lungs" such as farmland, orchards and forests can give the city a "breath". Change people's living, traveling and employment habits in big cities, and reduce the daily flow of people or the distance between people.

3) For automobiles: strictly control the number of automobiles in cities, and improve the quality of oil products and automobile exhaust filtration technology.

4) Common people form the habit of saving and reducing everyone's energy consumption.

5) What other construction sites, kebabs and so on. , are properly controlled, just as these are not the main ones.

If I can only do the first thing I said, I believe the smog will be greatly improved. Why does the country prefer to let everyone wear masks instead of factory chimneys? What is the use of developing GDP in this way?