Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather forecast - The focus of the exam is below grade seven.
The focus of the exam is below grade seven.
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Unit 4 People in the Biosphere
Section 1 the origin of mankind
1, the origin and development of mankind
(1) Modern apes are closely related to human beings.
(2) the process of human evolution:
Life in the tree → forest ape → field life → walking upright.
2. Human reproduction
(1) Concept: The process of producing germ cells and reproducing new individuals is also the process of racial continuation.
(2) The structure and function of male reproductive system:
Testis: spermatogenesis and androgen secretion.
Genital organs in epididymis: storing and transporting sperm.
Vasectomy: sperm transport
Seminal glands and prostate gland: secrete mucus.
External genitalia scrotum: protecting testicles
Penis: Sperm excretion and urination.
(3) Structure and function of female reproductive system:
Ovary: produces egg cells and secretes estrogen.
Internal genital fallopian tube: the place where eggs are transported and fertilized.
Uterus: the place where embryos develop.
Vagina: the passage of menstrual flow and fetal delivery
External genitalia: vulva.
Sperm, Egg Cell and Fertilization
Sperm: small, like a tadpole, with a long tail, can swim.
Egg cell: spherical, the largest cell in human body, and yolk in cytoplasm provides nutrition for early embryo development.
Fertilization: The process of combining sperm with egg cells to form fertilized eggs.
Fertilization site: fallopian tube
Embryo development and nutrition:
transmit
Development: fertilized egg → embryo → fetus → baby.
Nutrition: the nutrition needed in the early stage of embryonic development comes from egg yolk; The nutrients needed for embryo development in uterus are obtained from the mother through the placenta.
3. adolescence
Puberty development:
Morphological characteristics: height and weight increase rapidly.
Functional characteristics: the structure and function of lung, brain and heart are perfect.
Development of sexual organs: Sexual development and maturity are prominent features of adolescent development.
(Sexual development is mainly regulated by gonadotropins and sex hormones)
4. Adolescent health:
(1) nocturnal emission: the phenomenon that semen is discharged from the urethra during sleep when a man enters puberty.
Semen is composed of mucus secreted by sperm, seminal vesicle and prostate, and it is milky white.
(2) Menstruation: once a month uterine bleeding after women enter puberty.
Cause: Ovary is related to the periodic changes of endometrium.
Formation process: Estrogen secreted by ovary makes endometrium thicken and blood vessels proliferate. When the egg matures, it is discharged from the ovary. If the secretion of unfertilized estrogen reduces the necrosis, shedding and bleeding of endometrium, the shed endometrial fragments will flow out of vagina with blood and form menstruation.
5. Family planning
Late marriage: advocate marriage two to three years later than the legal age.
Late childbirth: advocate delaying childbirth for 2 to 3 years after marriage.
Fewer births: A couple only have one child, and the low fertility level has stabilized.
Eugenics: Pre-marital physical examination, regular examination for pregnant women. Scientific procreation and prohibition of consanguineous marriage
Section 2 Human Nutrition
1, nutrients in food
Protein: the basic substance that constitutes human cells and provides energy for human physiological activities;
Sugar: the most important energy-supplying substance in human body, and also a component of cells;
Fat: energy-supplying substance, which releases the most energy per unit mass; But in general, fat is stored in the body as a spare energy substance;
Vitamins: do not participate in the formation of human cells, do not provide energy, and have a small content, which plays a regulatory role in human life activities;
vitamin deficiency
Vitamin A promotes the normal development of human body, enhances resistance and maintains normal vision. Rough skin, night blindness
Vitamin B 1 maintains normal metabolism of human body and normal physiological function of nervous system. Neuritis, beriberi
Vitamin C maintains normal metabolism, normal physiological functions of bones, muscles and blood vessels, and enhances resistance. Scurvy, decreased resistance
Vitamin D promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus and bone development. Rickets (such as chicken breasts, X-shaped or O-shaped legs, etc. ), osteoporosis
Water: about 60%~70% of body weight. It is the main component of cells, and all kinds of physiological activities of human body are inseparable from water.
Inorganic salts: Important substances in human tissues, such as calcium, phosphorus (for bones and teeth) and iron (for hemoglobin).
2. Digestion and absorption
(1) Composition of digestive system
Digestive tract: oral cavity → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → anus.
(food passage)
Digestive glands: salivary glands, stomach glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal glands.
(Secreting digestive juice, the liver is the largest digestive gland in the human body, secreting bile and participating in fat digestion)
(2) Structural characteristics of small intestine:
Small intestine is the main place to digest food and absorb nutrition.
Intestinal wall structure (from inside to outside): mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer and serosa.
The small intestine is suitable for digestion and absorption;
① the longest;
② There are folds and small intestinal villi on the inner surface (which greatly increases the area of digestion and absorption);
③ There are capillaries and lymphatic capillaries in the villi of small intestine, and the walls of villi, capillaries and lymphatic capillaries are very thin, consisting of only one layer of epithelial cells, which is beneficial to the absorption of nutrients;
④ Digestive juice is varied.
(3) Digestion of food: the process that food breaks down into absorbable components in the digestive tract.
Physical digestion: chewing teeth, stirring tongue and gastrointestinal peristalsis, grinding and stirring food and mixing it with digestive juice.
Chemical digestion: through the action of various digestive enzymes, various components in food are decomposed into absorbable nutrients.
Digestion of starch (oral cavity and small intestine): starch → maltose → glucose.
Protein's digestion (stomach and small intestine): protein → amino acids.
Digestion of fat (small intestine): fat → fat granules → glycerol+fatty acids.
(3) Absorption of nutrients: the process of nutrients entering the circulatory system through the digestive tract wall.
① Absorption of nutrients by various segments of digestive tract:
Stomach: a small amount of water and alcohol (non-nutritive)
Small intestine (main absorption place): glucose, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids, most of water, inorganic salts and vitamins, most of which are absorbed from the lymphatic capillaries of small intestinal villi; Others enter the blood circulation from the capillaries of intestinal villi.
Large intestine: a small amount of water, inorganic salts and some vitamins.
3. Pay attention to reasonable nutrition and food safety.
(1) Reasonable nutrition and eating on time.
Not partial to food, not picky about food, not overeating.
Balanced intake of five foods (balanced diet pagoda)
(2) Food Safety Vegetables and fruits must be cleaned.
Don't eat poisonous food (rotten food, sprouted potatoes)
Buy food that has passed quarantine inspection.
Keep the kitchen and cooking utensils clean.
Section 3 Human Breathing
1, respiratory air treatment
(1), composition of respiratory tract:
Respiratory tract: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus.
(the passage of gas in and out of the lungs, clean, moist and warm inhalation of gas)
Lung: a place for gas exchange
(2), lung:
① Location: In the chest cavity, one on the left and one on the right.
② Structure: The outer alveoli are surrounded by capillaries, and the walls of alveoli and capillaries are very thin, only consisting of a layer of epithelial cells, which is suitable for gas exchange.
③ Function: gas exchange.
2. Gas exchange in the lungs
(1) Respiratory movements include inhalation and exhalation.
(2) Changes of external intercostal muscles, diaphragm, ribs, sternum, chest and lungs when people breathe quietly.
(3) Principle: the respiratory muscles contract and relax, the thorax expands and contracts, and the lungs passively expand and contract, forming a pressure difference.
(4) gas exchange in the body:
① Principle: Diffusion of gas.
② Gas exchange in alveoli: blood and alveoli.
③ Gas exchange in tissues: blood tissue cells.
3. Air quality and health
(1) Air quality affects human health. The pollutants in the air are very harmful to human health, and harmful substances can cause respiratory diseases.
(2) Understand the local air quality and the causes of local air pollution.
(3) Measure dust particles in the air (five-point sampling).
Section 4 Transportation of Substances in Human Body
1, mobile tissue-blood
(1) Composition and function of blood
Plasma: water, protein, glucose, inorganic salts, etc.
Function: Carrying blood cells, transporting nutrients and wastes.
Blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
Hemoglobin (red blood cell loyalty): A red iron protein contained in red blood cells.
Characteristics: It combines with oxygen in places with high oxygen content and separates from oxygen in places with low oxygen content.
Functions of blood: transportation, defense and protection, and temperature regulation.
2, blood flow pipeline-blood vessels
(1) Types, structures and functions of blood vessels
Species characteristic velocity function
The arterial wall is thick and elastic, which can quickly transport blood from the heart to all parts of the body.
Venous tubes are thin, elastic and slow, and transport blood from all parts of the body to the heart.
Capillary is very thin, consisting of only a flat layer of epithelial cells, and its inner diameter is very small. The slowest facilitates the full exchange of substances between blood and tissue cells.
3. The pump that transports blood-the heart
(1) Structure and function of the heart: located in the middle of the chest, at the lower left.
Left ventricular aorta
Superior and inferior vena cava of right atrium
Right ventricular pulmonary artery
Left atrial pulmonary vein
Valve: The atrioventricular valve (located between the atrium and the ventricle and open only to the ventricle) ensures the blood to flow in a certain direction.
Function of the heart: the dynamic organ of blood circulation
4. Blood circulation
(1) The concept and approach of blood circulation;
Concept: Blood circulates in the pipeline composed of the heart and all blood vessels.
Systemic circulation: left ventricle → aorta → arteries → capillaries → veins → superior and inferior vena cava → right atrium.
Pulmonary circulation: left atrium → pulmonary vein → pulmonary capillary → pulmonary artery → right ventricle.
(2) Primary care of bleeding:
Capillary hemorrhage: blood is red, so stop bleeding naturally and disinfect it;
Arterial bleeding: bright red blood and fierce blood flow. Stop bleeding near the heart end of the injured artery;
Venous hemorrhage: the blood color is dark red and the blood flow is moderate. Stop bleeding at the distal end of the injured vein.
5, blood transfusion and blood volume:
(1) Discovery of blood type: 1900, Landstein discovered ABO blood type.
(2) Blood volume: 78% of body weight.
(3) blood transfusion: blood type: a, b, AB, o.
Blood transfusion: Blood transfusion is based on the principle of the same type of blood.
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