Tell me about the Yuan Dynasty's expedition to Japan.

The Yuan Dynasty's aggression against Japan (A.D. 1274, A.D. 128 1, 11th and 18th years of the Yuan Dynasty, 11th year of Emperor Wenyong of Japan and 4th year of Hongan).

Yuan Dynasty is one of the only two China orthodox dynasties in China history, which is completely different from the traditional farming China. After the nomadic people entered the Central Plains, China was established as the core area, but it spanned both nomadic areas and fishing and hunting areas. The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Mongols who originated from the Central European grassland in northwest China. Mongolians are the most successful people in the history of nomadic peoples in the world to expand to settled ethnic groups and agricultural areas in an all-round way In their heyday, they established the Mongolian Empire across Europe and Asia. After the division of the Mongolian Empire, its fragmented fragments constitute some of the most important countries in the world system today. In fact, Mongolia's management in East Asia has created an unprecedented period of expansion and integration for China in China, while China is conservative in its territorial expansion.

Today, the geographical map of China was originally formed in China of the Yuan Dynasty, so China of the Yuan Dynasty was also an orthodox dynasty in the history of China, leaving a great legacy to China later. The Yuan Dynasty was also the only period in China's history when it actively expanded to the periphery and launched an all-out war in order to establish a unified security order. This alone is enough to make the Yuan Dynasty obviously different from all dynasties in the history of China. From the perspective of modern countries and international systems, the peripheral expansion of the Yuan Dynasty actually represents a kind of rationality in economy and security, which not only expands the scope of the core ruling system as much as possible, eliminates any potential acts of disturbing order, but also creates large-scale trade exchanges.

From the perspective of security and national development, China's foreign expansion in the Yuan Dynasty actually had a lot of modernity after the rise of capitalism and large-scale industrial production, and the second war against Japan and its defeat in the Yuan Dynasty were also major war events that affected the respective history of China and Japan. From the late Tang Dynasty to the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty by Mongols, Japan and China broke off diplomatic relations for four centuries. After Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in the Central Plains, he tried to change this situation and make Japan submit to the Mongols like other regimes and nations. In order to achieve this goal, Japan is required to surrender unconditionally. Kublai Khan sent envoys to Japan several times, but they were rejected by the Japanese government.

In A.D. 1270, Mongolian envoys arrived in Japan for the fifth time, conveying Kublai Khan's will: if Japan did not pay tribute to Mongolia, Mongolia would soon send troops. At that time, Sejong Kitajima (125 1~ 1284), the Japanese ruler, resolutely rejected this request and suppressed others. When Kublai Khan heard the news, he couldn't restrain his anger and humiliation of being sent five times and being rejected five times. Ignoring the fierce battle between Yuan and the Southern Song Dynasty, he ordered the preparation of troops, ships and grain to launch a war offensive against Japan. The Japanese army was also prepared under the order of Sejong of Kitajima.

In A.D. 1274, Kublai Khan ordered that "Xindu, general manager of Fengzhou, and Hong, general manager of Korean army and civilians, each take 1,000 ships, while Luqing Jizhou and Jishui in Batou each take 300 ships, and * * * 900 ships, carrying 15,000 foot soldiers." To this end, Koreans and Han Chinese were forced to build ships, transport grain and serve as soldiers, and suffered greatly. However, Kublai Khan insisted on capturing Japan. "In winter and October, I entered the country, but the official army was not complete, and the arrows were exhausted, and I came back unexpectedly." In fact, the army of the Yuan Dynasty only achieved some success at the beginning of the war. Will be defeated again and again in the future.

Although the Japanese army's weapons are not as good as the Yuan Army's long-range weapons, and the commanders are not as experienced as the battle-hardened military leaders of the Yuan Dynasty, they are good at face-to-face fighting. The sudden storm in the battle caused heavy losses to the Yuan Army and ships that retreated into the sea, so they had to retreat in vain. The Yuan Dynasty's first eastward expedition to Japan ended in failure. This is extremely rare in the history of war after the rise of Mongolia. The myth of the invincible Mongols was shattered in the naval battle.

Kublai Khan was shocked to hear that he had failed to conquer Japan. He once again sent important envoys to Japan with books, demanding Japanese tribute with a tough attitude, or resorting to force. However, the Japanese government rejected the request of the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty and killed the envoys. Like his grandfather, Kublai Khan was determined to punish Japan at all costs. On the one hand, he recruited and raised funds; On the other hand, the envoy asked Japan to pay tribute quickly, otherwise the Yuan Army would come. Sejong Kitajima once again rejected Kublai Khan's request and actively planned an expedition to North Korea. Kublai Khan had no choice. In the 18th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 128 1), 100,000 new surrenders from the Southern Song Dynasty were assembled to form an army to expedition to Japan. The soldiers were divided into two ways: Hong Chaqiu and Xindu led 40,000 Mongolian, Korean and Han troops to cross the sea from Korea; Atahai, Fan and Li Ting led 9,000 warships from Qingyuan and Dinghai.

The Second Route Army of the Yuan Dynasty agreed to meet at Yiqi Island and Pingyi Island before June. King Koryo also provided the Yuan Dynasty with 1 0,000 troops, 1 0,500 sailors, 900 ships and a lot of food. However, the South Yuan Army, which has a large number of troops and a large number of trench, has been slow to join the East Route Army as scheduled. The Eastern Route Army set out from Hepu in a hopeless situation, attacked the Japanese islands of Ma Dui and Yiqi, and landed on the original Shiga Island. Japanese defenders have had experience in fighting against Mongolia. They built fortifications along the outer coast of Bozaki and Imamatsu, and entered Shiga Island with elite troops (there is a land connection between Shiga Island and Kyushu) to wage a fierce battle with the Crusader Yuan Army. "Yuan army trounced, retreated to Eagle Island, Ma Dui, Yiqi, Nagato and other places, and joined the later Jiangnan Army.

However, after joining forces, the Yuan Army not only did not actively attack, but could not cooperate because of the command contradiction between North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia. In this way, the Mongolian army will pay a heavy price every step forward without any shade. The confrontation between the two sides lasted for two months, and the Mongolian army could never win. Two months later, from August 15 to August 16, a huge typhoon hit the coast of Japan. Under this typhoon attack, the East Mongolian Army lost 1/3, the Jiangnan Army lost half, and some soldiers near the coast were slaughtered or drowned by the Japanese. It is also recorded in China's historical materials that the warships of the Yuan Army were "tied to the city" and "battered by the waves" under the typhoon "Langshan", and the boats were damaged and exhausted. The sergeant howled and drowned in the sea. He ordered Fan Huwen to escape from the Cold War and "sail alone in North Korea". The Yuan Dynasty's second eastward expedition to Japan ended in fiasco.

In a rage, Kublai Khan not only failed to sum up the lesson, but in 1283, ordered the southern businessmen and the northeast Nuzhen to build ships for him to go to Japan, and the North Koreans provided him with food. However, due to the worsening domestic economic situation, Kublai Khan finally succumbed to the pressure of insufficient objective forces in A.D. 1286 and gave up fighting against Japan. At this point, the military relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and Japan ended with the failure of the Yuan Dynasty.

The failure of Kublai Khan's invasion of Japan represented the Mongolian military force with the highest military organization ability and technical level at that time, and it was completely unsuitable for the sea landing operation different from Chinese mainland. In fact, the Japanese samurai forces have no real military advantage in the process of confronting the Yuan Army. Its victory was due to the complexity of the cross-sea landing operations invading Mongolia, which depended on a large number of technologies that humans had not mastered at that time, such as typhoon weather forecast and multi-wave continuous landing attacks. In fact, the Mongolian army suffered defeat in all the battlefields where it could not give full play to the advantages of cavalry, such as Annan, Java and North Korea, which is also an inevitable process of Mongolia's decline from prosperity.