Various climatic types of the earth and their characteristics

Tropical climate type

Subtropical climate type

Temperate climate type

Cold zone climate type

Alpine plateau climate

Distribution of global climate types

[Edit this paragraph] Introduction

Cold, hot, dry and wet conditions vary greatly around the world, forming a unique climate type. The climate of a place is the average of the weather for many years, and generally it doesn't change much. Global climate can be roughly divided into 13 types, namely, tropical rain forest climate, tropical grassland climate, tropical monsoon climate, tropical desert climate, subtropical desert grassland climate and subtropical monsoon humid climate. Subtropical Mediterranean climate, temperate maritime climate, temperate monsoon climate, temperate continental climate, frigid tundra climate, frigid ice sheet climate, alpine plateau climate.

[Edit this paragraph] Tropical climate types

tropical rainforest climate

Also known as "equatorial rainy climate", it is distributed between latitudes 5 ~ 10 on both sides of the equator. It is hot and rainy all year round, with an average monthly temperature of 25 ~ 28℃ and an annual precipitation of more than 2,000 mm, and the four seasons are evenly distributed, and there is no drought period. It mainly appears in the Amazon Plain in South America, the Congo Basin and the Gulf of Guinea in Africa, most parts of the Malay Archipelago in Asia and the southern part of the Malay Peninsula. Congo River basin in Africa, Gulf of Guinea, southwest coast of Indian Peninsula in Asia, Malay Peninsula, west coast of zhina Peninsula in India, Philippine Islands and Irian Island, and Oceania from Sumatra Island to New Guinea.

Mainly because of latitude factors:

1. solar radiation: the amount of solar radiation is within the range of 100- 180 kcal/cm * year, which makes areas with high temperature and strong solar radiation become deserts all the year round.

2. Atmospheric circulation: located in the equatorial low-pressure area, the trade winds gather and converge and rise near the equator, and the water vapor contained in it is easy to form clouds and cause rainfall.

3. Land and sea influence. Tropical rainforests are located at the seaside or in large river basins, which makes them abundant in rainfall and small in temperature difference. Low terrain, suitable for rainforest growth.

4. Vegetation has a great influence on the transpiration of trees, which makes the environment more humid.

Tropical savanna climate

Also known as tropical dry and wet season climate, tropical grassland climate, tropical savanna climate and tropical sparse grassland climate, they are generally distributed between latitude 10 and the Tropic of Cancer, with most parts of Central Africa and South America and northern and eastern Brazil and Australia as typical examples. This kind of distribution area is located in the alternate control area of equatorial low pressure area and trade wind area. The annual temperature is high, with an average annual temperature of about 25℃. When the equatorial low-pressure belt is controlled, the average annual temperature is about 25℃. During the trade wind control period, it is controlled by the tropical continental air mass, with little rain. The annual precipitation is generally 700- 1000 mm, and the dry season is obviously longer. Natural vegetation is tropical sparse grassland.

The characteristics of the tropical grassland climate are: when controlled by the equatorial low pressure zone, the rainy season is formed; The dry season is formed under the control of the trade winds, and its distribution law is between the north and south latitudes 10 and the tropic of cancer. Students will have questions about this: "The moving range of the equatorial low-pressure belt is within the north-south latitude 10. How does it control the climate of the tropical grassland?" Through analysis, we can summarize the reasons for this climate as follows:

? I. Monsoon types

In midsummer, in low latitudes (especially on the mainland), an equatorial westerly circulation is often inserted in the trade winds of the northern and southern hemispheres. On the one hand, its formation is due to the seasonal movement of the planetary wind belt; On the other hand, due to the heating effect of the mainland, the equatorial trough is strengthened when it moves.

In the summer of the northern hemisphere (July), the southeast trade winds in the southern hemisphere deflect northward and cross the equator to the right, forming a southwest monsoon; In summer in the southern hemisphere (65438+ 10), the northeast trade winds in the northern hemisphere deflect southward and cross the equator to the left, forming the northwest monsoon. This phenomenon is most obvious from Africa to the western Pacific via the Indian Ocean.

1, 10 N to 20 N are in Africa and southern North America.

? In summer, the two places were controlled by the warm and humid southwest monsoon, crossed the warm current and were lifted by the terrain. Because the southwest monsoon and the northeast trade wind rise together, there is much convective rainfall and abundant precipitation, forming a wet season. Winter is controlled by a single dry northeast trade wind, forming a dry season.

2. Africa 10 south latitude to 20 south latitude and northern Australia.

? In summer, the two places are controlled by the warm and humid northwest monsoon. Due to the intersection of the northwest monsoon and the southeast trade wind, there is much convective rainfall and abundant precipitation, forming a wet season. In winter, it is controlled by a single dry southeast trade wind, forming a dry season.

Second, the tropical front type.

In summer, in the eastern part of the vast tropical Pacific Ocean, the equatorial westerly wind is not obvious, and the warm and humid monsoon from the Pacific Ocean has little influence on the climate zone of the South American savanna because of the blocking of the tall Andes. The southwest monsoon and northwest monsoon from the land meet and rise with the northeast trade wind and southeast trade wind from the tropical Atlantic Ocean respectively, and cross the warm current to form a tropical front, with more convective rainfall and humid climate.

The Guiana Plateau north of the equator, the Orinoco River basin and northern Colombia are wet and rainy from June to 10; In the interior of the Brazilian Plateau south of the equator, from June 5438+00 to March of the following year, there is abundant precipitation, forming a rainy season. In winter, the two places are controlled by a single northeast trade wind and southeast trade wind respectively, and there is little rain, forming a dry season.

Third, subtropical high type.

1, south of the South African Plateau (20-30 degrees south latitude)

June+10 in 5438 was the summer in the southern hemisphere, and a large-scale thermal depression was formed on the mainland. The warm and humid southeast trade winds blow across the warm current to the mainland, bringing more precipitation to the South African Plateau and forming a wet season.

It is winter in the southern hemisphere in July, and the average elevation of the South African Plateau is above 1 1,000 m.. Due to the high terrain and low temperature, a high pressure is formed in the southern part of the mainland, which is connected with the offshore high pressure in the east. Due to the control of subtropical high, downward flow is dominant. In addition, due to the existence of land high pressure, the influence of trade winds from the ocean is reduced, forming a dry season.

2. Southern Australia (30-32 degrees south latitude)

Due to the seasonal movement of the global pressure belt and wind belt, in summer (65438+ 10), the area was controlled by the southward subtropical high, and the downward flow prevailed, which made it dry and rainy, forming a dry season. Winter (July) is controlled by the humid west wind moving northward, forming a wet season.

Four. Types of vertical zonality

Near the equator of the East African Plateau

The altitude of this area is over 3000 meters. Because of the high terrain, the temperature and precipitation here are changeable and the climate is warm, so it is impossible to form a tropical rainforest climate. In summer, affected by the warm and humid southeast trade winds from the Indian Ocean and passing through the warm current, there is more precipitation, forming a wet season. Winter is controlled by a single dry trade wind, with less precipitation and strong ground evaporation, forming a dry season.

5. Leeward slope type

Great watershed in western Australia and western Madagascar.

Located on the leeward slope of the southeast trade wind, controlled by the subtropical high, there is less precipitation in the two places, but the dry and wet seasons are obvious, forming a tropical grassland climate.

To sum up, in summer, the tropical grassland climate zone between latitude 10 and tropic of Capricorn is affected by the equatorial convergence zone to some extent, and the location of this zone is generally the location of the equatorial low pressure zone, so it can also be said that it is controlled by the equatorial low pressure zone.

tropical desert climate

The tropical desert climate is mainly distributed in the inland areas where the Tropic of Cancer passes and the west coast of the mainland, with the Sahara desert in northern Africa being the most extensive.

1. The precipitation is small and the variability is large: Yasvin in the Sahara Desert of North Africa has a record of no rain for many years; In Allica, a desert in northern Chile, South America, there have been only three showers that can measure rainfall in a row 17 years, and the total amount of the three showers is only 0.5 1 cm, so the precipitation is very small. Ikiji, also located in the desert of northern Chile, has been without rain for four consecutive years, but a shower in the fifth year dropped by 15 cm, and a shower in the other year reached 63.5 cm, which shows the great change.

2. High temperature and large temperature difference: Due to the lack of clouds, strong sunshine, insufficient vegetation coverage and low air humidity, the temperature rises extremely rapidly during the day. In North Africa, it is recorded that the monthly average temperature is as high as 58℃, and the summer average temperature is mostly between 30℃ and 35℃, and the high temperature lasts for a long time. For example, in Aden, Arabian Peninsula, the monthly average temperature is above 30℃ for five months in a year. The desert is cooler at night. The lowest temperature at night is usually between 7℃ and 12℃, and there are also days of thin frost. The annual temperature difference is generally around 10℃~20℃, and the daily temperature difference is even larger, between 15℃~30℃. A weather station south of Tripoli in North Africa is 1978.

3. Strong evaporation and low relative humidity: The tropical desert climate is characterized by cloudless, windy, strong sunshine, high temperature and low relative humidity, so the evaporation capacity is very strong. Evaporation may be more than 20 times of precipitation, or even 100 times. The relative humidity in the air is very small. In the Sahara desert of Egypt, the relative humidity is often around 2%.

Tropical monsoon climate

The tropical monsoon climate is only found in South Asia, and there is no tropical monsoon climate in the southern hemisphere.

Features: high temperature all year round, divided into dry season and rainy season.

Cause: The summer monsoon is formed by the seasonal movement of the pressure belt and the wind belt-the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere crosses the equator and enters the northern hemisphere, and is deflected to the right to become the southwest monsoon under the action of geostrophic bias. Therefore, the tropical monsoon climate is alternately controlled by southwest monsoon and northeast trade wind.

Winter is mainly caused by the temperature difference between land and sea.

The Leng Yue average temperature in tropical monsoon climate is > 65438 05℃. The annual precipitation is between 1500 ~ 2000 mm, and the seasonal distribution is summer rain type.

[Edit this paragraph] Subtropical climate types

Subtropical Mediterranean climate

Subtropical and temperate climate types. It is named after the most typical coastal area in the Mediterranean. The most typical reason for the distribution of Mediterranean climate along the Mediterranean coast is that the genesis of Mediterranean climate is formed by the alternating control of westerly belt and subtropical high belt. The Mediterranean area is controlled by the subtropical high pressure zone in summer, and the water temperature in the Mediterranean is lower than that on land, resulting in high pressure, which increases the influence of the subtropical high pressure zone, and the water temperature in the Mediterranean is relatively high in winter. The formation of low pressure attracts the west wind, which greatly strengthens the influence of the west wind. It is distributed on the west coast of the mainland between 30 and 40 north latitude, and it is also widely distributed. This is the only climate type that exists on all continents except Antarctica.

Climatic characteristics:

Summer is hot and dry, with high temperature and little rain, and winter is mild and humid. The temperature is 5 ~ 10℃ in winter and 2 1 ~ 27℃ in summer. The annual precipitation is about 350 ~ 900 mm, which is concentrated in winter. Summer precipitation only accounts for 20 ~ 40% of the annual precipitation, and the maximum monthly precipitation is more than 3 times of the minimum monthly precipitation.

Reason:

In summer, controlled by subtropical high, the airflow sinks and there is little rain. In winter, the subtropical high moves to the low latitude, and the westerlies in this climate area have frequent cyclones and abundant precipitation. At the same time, the climate is mild and humid, because the west wind blows from the warmer sea in winter (the difference in thermal properties between land and sea).

Subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate

The subtropical monsoon humid climate is distributed on the east coast of the continent with latitude of 25 ~ 35, which is a zone where tropical marine air masses and polar continental air masses alternately control and compete with each other. The average temperature in 65438+ 10 is generally above 0℃, and the average temperature in July is generally around 25℃. The direction of Xia Feng changes obviously in winter, and the annual precipitation is generally above 1000 mm, mainly in summer.

Subtropical grassland and desert climate

Subtropical grassland and desert climate are mainly distributed in the western part of the mainland and inland areas with latitude of 25 ~ 35. Their basic characteristics are similar to the tropical desert climate, which is dry all year round and hot in summer, but the temperature in winter is lower than that in tropical desert climate because of the slightly higher latitude.

[Edit this paragraph] Temperate climate types

Mid-latitude monsoon climate

The temperate monsoon climate appears on the east coast of Eurasia near 35 ~ 55 north latitude, including North China and Northeast China, most of Korea, northern Japan and parts of the Russian Far East. In winter, influenced by the northerly winds in high latitudes inland, polar continental air masses prevail and are cold and dry. Influenced by polar ocean air mass or denatured tropical ocean air mass, easterly winds and southeast winds prevail in summer, and it is warm and rainy in the same season. The annual precipitation is about 65,438+000 mm, about two thirds of which is concentrated in summer (hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter). There are four distinct seasons throughout the year and the weather is changeable. With the increase of latitude, the temperature amplitude in winter and summer increases correspondingly, while the precipitation decreases gradually.

Temperate continental climate

Mainly distributed in Eurasia, inland areas of North America and southern South America. Because it is far away from the ocean, the humid climate is difficult to reach, so it is dry and rainy, and the climate is very continental. The annual and monthly temperature difference is the highest among all climate types. Moreover, the closer to the center of the mainland, the drier it is, the greater the annual and daily temperature difference, and the transition of vegetation from forest to grassland and desert.

The temperate continental climate is located in the inland and the east coast of the mainland between 40 and 60-65 north latitude. Winter is controlled by continental climate, with the average temperature below 0℃ in Leng Yue in the south and close to -40℃ in the north. In the hottest month, the average temperature in the south is 26-27℃, and it is close to 20℃ in the north. The growing season lasts about 200 days in the south and only 50-70℃ in the north.

The temperate continental climate in a broad sense includes temperate desert climate, temperate grassland climate and sub-frigid coniferous forest climate, except the latter in a narrow sense. It is extremely cold in winter, controlled by high pressure, and the lowest temperature reaches -73℃. In summer, the average temperature in July in the south reaches 26 ~ 27℃, the highest is 33℃, and it is close to 20℃ in the north. The maximum annual change range is 62.3℃. Controlled by the continental air mass all the year round, the precipitation increases from south to north (from west to east in North America), the annual precipitation is below 200mm to about 400mm, and it reaches 300 ~ 600 mm in the north, and the natural vegetation transits from south to north from temperate desert and temperate grassland.

Temperate maritime climate

Located on the west coast of the mainland, 40 ~ 60 north latitude, it is in the westerly belt all the year round, deeply influenced by the ocean air mass, and there is a warm current passing along the coast. There is no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃, the hottest month is below 22℃, and the annual and daily temperature difference is small. There is precipitation all year round, with more in autumn and winter, and the annual precipitation is 10. More than 000 mm. This kind of climate is the most typical in western Europe, with the largest distribution area, and it is also distributed in the west coast of the American continent, Tasmania in Oceania and the corresponding latitudes of New Zealand.

[Edit this paragraph] Cold Zone Climate Types

A cold tundra climate

It is distributed in the northern margin of North America and Eurasia (the south is connected with the continental climate of the sub-cold zone by the hottest month 10℃ isotherm), part of the coast of Greenland and several islands in the Arctic Ocean. In the southern hemisphere, it is distributed in Malvinas Islands, south shetland islands and South Orkney Islands. Its characteristics are as follows: it is winter all year round, with an average monthly temperature of 0 ~ 10℃ for only 65438+4 months in a year, and the winter is very cold and long; The annual precipitation is about 200 ~ 300 mm, mainly snowfall; There is a layer of permafrost on the ground, only lichens, mosses and other lower plants.

Cold zone ice sheet climate

It is distributed in and around the polar regions, including Greenland, several islands in the Arctic Ocean and the ice sheet plateau of the Antarctic continent. This is the birthplace of the ice ocean air mass and the Antarctic air mass, and it is in a state of long night all winter. Although summer is like spring all the year round, the sunshine is oblique and the heat gained is weak, so the climate is cold all the year round, and the temperature in each month is below 0℃. The Antarctic continent has an average annual temperature of -25℃, which is the coldest continent in the world. 1967, the absolute minimum temperature measured by Norwegians was -94.5℃, which was called the "cold pole" in the world. Most of the ground is covered with thick ice and snow, and there are many cold storms, which make it difficult for plants to grow.

[Edit this paragraph] Alpine plateau climate

The alpine plateau climate is distributed in the alpine plateau areas of all continents, mainly including the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding mountains (Karakorum, Himalayas, Hengduan Mountains, etc. ), Pamirs and its surrounding areas, Alps in Europe, Andes in South America, Kilimanjaro in East Africa, etc. The temperature decreases with the increase of height, and the vertical change is obvious. There are tropical zone, subtropical zone, temperate zone, sub-frigid zone and permanent snow zone from bottom to top, reflecting a complete climate zone.