Was it a wrong choice for the Southern Song Dynasty to unite with Mongolia to attack Jin?

History is always strikingly similar. In the Northern Song Dynasty, it was a combination of Jin and Liao, and in the Southern Song Dynasty, it was a combination of Mongolian and Jin.

But they have different backgrounds.

Linking Mongolia and destroying gold was a military diplomatic strategy made by Lin 'an court in the late Southern Song Dynasty after careful consideration to repay Jingkang's shame. In the first year of Duanping (A.D. 1234), under the joint attack of Mongolia and the Southern Song Dynasty, the Jin regime was finally destroyed, ending the confrontation between Song and Jin for more than 100 years.

However, this result was not good news for the Southern Song Dynasty, because the Mongols who were stronger than Jurchen followed. After the fall of the Jin regime, the Mongols did not stop moving south, but continued to move south. Taking the demise of the Southern Song regime as their next goal.

In fact, the government of Southern Song Dynasty has been constantly adjusting the strategy of eliminating gold in Mongolia according to the changes of the current situation, and the promulgation of the resolution of "uniting Mongolia to eliminate gold" has also taken several turns. Finally, with the help of many accidents and the combined effect of various factors, the Southern Song Dynasty had to embark on the road of uniting Mongolia to destroy gold. Moreover, judging from the process, the Southern Song government is not ignorant of the truth that the lips are dead and the teeth are cold. In the end, it is more helpless to "choose the lesser of the two evils" on the road of "uniting Mongolia and destroying gold"

In fact, as early as the early Southern Song Dynasty, people began to notice Mongolia in the Song Dynasty.

This kind of power existed in ancient times and tried to use the contradiction between Mongolia and Jin State to serve the diplomacy with Jin.

Hong Hao, a famous writer, was the first Southern Song official to notice Mongolia. In the third year of Jianyan (1 129), he was detained when he went to Jin. During his detention, he learned a lot about the state of Jin and tried to send his letter to Song Ting through someone. In the 12th year of Shaoxing (1 142), Hong Hao mentioned in his letter that the other party was trapped in Mongolia, but at this time Song Ting had signed the Shaoxing Peace Treaty with Xu Jin, and Xu Jin had no intention to recover his homeland in the northern expedition, so the matter was shelved.

In the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1 16 1), when Yan Hongliang, the king of Hailing, tore up "Shaoxing-Xinghe Post" and launched "Zheng Longnan Expedition", Liu Kun and Wu Lin told Mongolian and Qidan ministries to attack gold together in order to alleviate their military pressure. However, at this time, the Mongolian ministries have not yet been unified, which is not enough to become a reliable force. Coupled with the barrier between Jin Guo and Xixia, the Southern Song Dynasty has not been able to get in touch with Mongolia directly.

By the end of 12, Mongolian ministries began to unify gradually, and the threat to gold became more and more serious. But at this time, some officials in the Southern Song Dynasty began to worry. As early as the second year of Qingyuan (1 196), Yu Xiang, then left, pointed out: "If the Tatars succeed, they will directly attack the Central Plains, or the prisoners will flee and approach the border; Still afraid that there are heroes in the original. " Song Ningzong also agreed with this view, and ordered to send a private letter to the border troops to strengthen their vigilance.

The following year, after Wei Jing returned from the mission to the State of Jin, he expressed further concern about Song Ningzong: "When a weak enemy is annihilated and a powerful enemy is born, it is not enough to be happy." It can be seen that at this time, some people in the Southern Song Dynasty began to realize that Mongolia might be the enemy in the future and had to be cautious.

By the beginning of the13rd century, Mongolian ministries were gradually unified, reaching a level comparable to that of Jin. Just as Han Yazhou, who was in power in the Southern Song Dynasty, also eased internal contradictions through the Northern Expedition, he took the opportunity to launch Kathy's Northern Expedition. Judging from the statements of warring factions in the Southern Song Dynasty, Mongolia has become a force that they attach great importance to, at least to contain the considerable forces of the Jin Army in the north. However, with the failure of Kathy's Northern Expedition and the signing of the Jiading Peace Conference, the Southern Song Dynasty once again terminated its attempt to contact Mongolia.

Three reasons

In the history of the Song Dynasty, it was not the first time that the military alliance was used to destroy the enemy country. Eventually, the alliance became a more powerful enemy. It is a typical case to form an alliance with Jurchen to destroy Liao country in the late Northern Song Dynasty. There was no substantive communication between Song Dynasty and Mongolia, but Jin made a series of mistakes, which eventually made Mongolia a big country and a new leading force. The formation of this military alliance policy is of great significance to the Southern Song Dynasty. There are several reasons: the consciousness of revenge in the Southern Song Dynasty; Rulers misjudge the situation and push possible allies to the enemy; Mongolia was so powerful that the Southern Song Dynasty had to do it.

The court of the Southern Song Dynasty was not without a glimpse of the attempts of various forces in Song, Jin and Meng, especially the Mongols. In the face of Mongolia's aggressive southward advance and the feud between the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty, two schools of opinion emerged. A kind of support for rulers as a shield against Mongolia. One thought that he would take this opportunity to destroy the rulers, so as to cheer up and try to resist Mongolia's attempt to go south.

Qiao Xingjian, the minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, believed that "the strong Tatars are gradually flourishing, which is enough to destroy gold. My revenge in the past is now my cover. The ancients' cold lips and teeth can be covered, and they should be suitable for money, so that they will not swear. "I believe that under the situation of the rise of Mongolian forces, Kim has changed from an enemy country in the past to buffer state today. As long as we resist the attack of the Mongolian army, it is not unreasonable for the Southern Song Dynasty to continue to lose to Jin. Mongolia is very powerful and has the ability to destroy the rulers. After Mongolia destroyed the Jin Dynasty, it was not a good thing that the Song Dynasty was next to the Song Dynasty. If we don't break with the rulers and continue to lose New Year's money, it will be beneficial for the Jin people to resist Mongolia. In this way, the Southern Song Dynasty also had the opportunity to slow down and organize forces to fight against the Mongols' southward advance.

Qiao Xingjian's idea is hard to get approval when the feud between Song and Jin can finally be repaid. Zhen, a famous minister in the Southern Song Dynasty, and others advocated that "the Jin people have no enmity with me, and they should take advantage of Mongolia's invasion of the Jin Dynasty to stop the loss of the Jin people and send troops to the north to recover the lost land in order to avenge your father." It is considered that it is unreliable to use the golden man as a shield, and the strategy of "the enemy will die and strengthen himself, use loyalty and morality, repair politics, and work together to win the hearts of the people" should be adopted. Song dynasty should make itself strong as soon as possible, so that it can not only change its humble position in front of the rulers, but also deal with the Mongolian attack.

Although the court in the Southern Song Dynasty had different opinions, they all realized that Mongolia was a country of tigers and wolves, which was not enough to be regarded as an ally or even a more vicious enemy than the rulers. However, the views of the Southern Song Dynasty court on Mongolia and Jin Dynasty. The attitude towards the rulers is different from that of other neighboring regimes. Due to the capture of the nomads from the south and Emperor Qin Hui from the north, the imperial court, including the royal family, was looted. Song people hate gold people. Although the Song Dynasty was poor and weak for many years, the voice of regaining lost land for revenge never stopped. The court in the Southern Song Dynasty believed that the royal family was taken captive and their wealth was robbed. As Zhao Gou fled to the south, the land was occupied. Only one vein is reserved for Zhao and Song Dynasties, but only to the southeast corner. The purpose of destroying gold, which has been insufficient for many years, is about to become a reality, but we have to continue to supply New Year coins with humiliation. Most people think that Qiao Xingjian's views are too calm to accept. Zhen's point of view is desirable, and the shame of a hundred years can be wiped out in one drum, which will naturally get everyone's approval. Therefore, "imperial academy students include Huang Ziran, Huang Hong, Zhou Datong, Jia Yan and Xu Shilong. , all at the main entrance of R&F, please thank the world. "

In the future, we will pay a lot of New Year coins to the gold people in the years to come. In order to repay Jingkang's shame, he finally chose not to form an alliance with the ruler. At the beginning of the war, the demise of the rulers was in sight. Even Zhen, who advocated the elimination of gold to avenge the feud, suggested that how to deal with the relationship with Mongolia should be treated with caution. "Today's Jurchen is the death of Liao in the past, and today's Tatar is its truth." It is believed that the elimination of gold by combining Mongolia may repeat the mistake of eliminating Liao by combining Mongolia. In the Southern Song Dynasty, although the voice of "destroying gold" was very high, the strategy of "uniting Mongolia" never prevailed. But in the end, the Southern Song Dynasty and Mongolia came together, and the North and South attacked each other, which led to the demise of the Jin Dynasty. The main reason is that the Jin Dynasty misjudged the situation and ignored the arguments of the Southern Song Dynasty court. It didn't even think that there would be factors conducive to the reunification of Jin and Song Dynasties in Song Dynasty, let alone strive for joint resistance to Mongolia in Song Dynasty. On the contrary, I was greatly dissatisfied after learning that the Southern Song Dynasty was going to break the annual currency. Blindly going south for territory pushed possible allies to the enemy's side. In order to solve the domestic crisis of the Jin Dynasty and punish the Southern Song Dynasty for refusing to pay New Year's money, a war was launched against the Southern Song Dynasty in 12 17.

4 passing by

Exhausting the Summer and Cutting the Song Dynasty: The Way of the State of Jin's Self-destruction.

After the death of Jin Zhangzong in the first year of Jiading (1208), Wang Wei Shao Hongyan succeeded to the throne forever, and Xu Jin began to lose power. In the fourth year of Jiading (12 1 1), the main force of the Jin army blindly attacked to find the main force of the Mongolian army to fight a decisive battle. As a result, it was defeated in the two battles of Yehuling and Lunbao, and the main force of the field army suffered heavy losses. At that time, the forces in the two rivers were empty and the situation was in jeopardy.

In order to avoid the edge of the Mongolian army, in July of the seventh year of Jiading (12 14), the state of Jin moved south and handed over the two rivers and Shandong to the Mongols. But in fact, at that time, the Mongols did not have a strong siege ability, and Xu Jin was able to concentrate the remaining troops in several most important cities, which could also effectively prevent the Mongols from going deep into the golden territory to copy the strategy. After a period of adaptation, Xu Jin still has the ability to make a solid defense. However, after giving up, not only the back road of fleeing north was cut off, but also hundreds of miles of strategic maneuvering space was lost, which was not conducive to the survival of Xu Jinguo.

But even so, it is a balanced strategy if the defense line of Guankou River (Tongguan-Yellow River) is firmly controlled. After moving south, Xu Jin sent a large number of troops to defend the irrigation river, but the Mongols could do nothing about it. Seeing that no progress could be made, in the tenth year of Jiading (12 17), Genghis Khan had to leave Muqali and travel all over the Han Dynasty, and he led his main force to the western expedition to plunder wealth.

Although Xu Jin resisted the attack of Mongols, another serious consequence of giving up the two rivers and Shandong easily began to appear: the grain produced in Henan alone could not support 300 thousand troops, and Xu Jin fell into a serious food shortage situation.

After the Jin Dynasty moved south, the area was narrow.

In this case, Xu Jin's hawk thought of "asking Song for salary". I think so because the warring factions in Xu Jinguo are blind and confident. When Jin Ting talked about moving the capital, Sun Dading, a scholar from honest and frank, said: "Although our soldiers are not as honest as the north, they still have spare capacity in the south." But they ignored an obvious fact: Jin Guo is not what it used to be, and I am afraid it is difficult to compete with Song. At this point, the warring factions in Xu Jinguo do not have a clear understanding.

Relatively speaking, the leaders and faction officials are much more sober. In the tenth year of Jiading (12 17), when Jin Ting talked about the southern expedition, Xu Gu, the right minister, pointed out that the Song people "knew that the northern army was strong and would use me as a shield. Although they jump from time to time, they dare not go deep into it. " Therefore, Jin Guo can safely deal with Mongolia with all his strength. Moreover, after the anti-Song War, he was promoted to Pingzhang politics, and he also wrote to stop attacking the Song Dynasty, so as not to make Jin lose his strength and fall into the position of being caught between Scylla and Charybdis.

However, Xuanzong Xun and Cheng Xiang Shu Qi of Jin Dynasty were bent on the main battle and tried their best to suppress the generals and the officials. In the end, the state of Jin invaded the south on the grounds of "insufficient lucky money", and more than 200,000 troops attacked the Southern Song Dynasty in Huaibei, Jinghu and Sichuan.

But this so-called reason simply does not hold water. As early as the eighth year of Jiading (12 15), in order to seek Chuzhou, the State of Jin sent Wang Shi 'an into Huainan to carry out subversive activities. At this point, they have tried to invade the south. Even if the currency was restored in the Southern Song Dynasty two years later, they could find another reason to invade the South. In addition, it is clearly recorded in the History of Jin that Jin invaded the south because it was "greedy for its storage in Huainan".

As we all know, the Southern Song Dynasty also had its own difficulties. After Xu Jin moved south, Shi, Qiao Xingjian and others supported the restoration of the old coins that had been interrupted for several years, thinking that "it is appropriate to marry with coins, which made the Tatars refuse". However, when this statement came out, it was opposed by ministers, who thought it was "the end of humiliation and the foundation of the enemy." Some students even condemned this as a traitorous act and demanded that Qiao Xingjian and others be beheaded, but Shi could do nothing at the moment.

If the gold symbolically reduces or exempts some old coins, history can use this as a reason to force through the deliberation. However, Xu Jin Guo didn't give Shi a chance to speak. What's more, Jin Guo's invasion to the south broke Song Ting's fantasy of taking gold as a barrier, and the related debate stopped. At this time, for its own survival, the Southern Song Dynasty not only invaded by loyal opposition Jin Jun, but also constantly sought opportunities to copy the strategy in Henan to force Jin Jun to retreat. In addition, in order to alleviate the pressure of national defense, the Southern Song Dynasty also openly recruited powerful Shandong loyalists, and at the same time joined forces with Xixia to attack Qin and Gong.

The war lasted for seven years. The State of Jin not only failed to achieve the goal of "repaying the Song State", but suffered heavy losses: in the direction of Sichuan, Hong Yan Alin, a famous soldier who made outstanding achievements in fighting against Mongolia, died in Shukou; In the direction of Jinghu Lake, he captured the fierce Huang Yi Aru; In the Huai-Huai war zone, everyone should be "an entire army." As the History of Jin said, "Xuanzong's expedition to the south damaged ten troops", "the country's elite was lost" and "the general rode south". Although Song Ting was sober at this time and there was no shame when he was down and out, the possibility of an alliance between Song and Jin no longer existed.

In addition, when Mongolia attacked Xixia before, Xixia also asked Jin Guo for help, but Jin Guo took advantage of the fire to make Xixia firmly stand on the side of the Southern Song Dynasty when it invaded later. It can be said that the king of Jin personally ruined the excellent situation of resisting Mongolia. As the "History of Xuanzong in Jin Dynasty" said: "The Southern Song Dynasty was eventful, and the west was invaded by Xia. If the strength is divided, the contribution can't make up for the trouble. " The situation in the state of Jin has become more and more passive.

Absence of the relationship between Song and Mongolia.

In the fourth year of Jiading (12 1 1), Yu Rong was ordered to go to the state of Jin. At this time, it coincided with Mongolia's attack on gold. He met the defeated army of Jin who fled from the front, so he wanted to go to the front to check the situation and take the opportunity to get in touch with Mongolia. Unfortunately, his intention was discovered by Jin people and finally failed. After returning home, Yu Rong said to Song Ningzong, "Today, the Tatar is strong and sharp, that is, at the beginning of the rise of Jurchen, the Jin people were depressed and had the potential to destroy the old Liao Dynasty", and suggested taking this opportunity to "make a deep letter to the ministers and emphasize the necessity of preparing for border autonomy" in order to cope with the changing situation.

In the seventh year of Jiading (12 14), Zhen pointed out that the omen of the demise of Jin was "generally visible". However, Mongolia is a big worry in the future. Therefore, it is imperative to "keep the border inside and explore the border outside" and pay close attention to the development of the situation.

In the same year, after Jin moved to the south, Xu Yinglong, assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, also said with great anxiety: "If Jin people are poor and run south, they will overflow and jump in our country." It is particularly worrying to die of gold and make new enemies. "

In other words, as early as 20 years ago, some people realized the harm of Mongolia. Although Song Ting lived a peaceful life, he was still cautious about Mongolia, and everyone realized that this might be a repeat of the old story of Xuanhe.

At this time, Song Ting was generally indifferent to Mongolia. In the sixth year of Jiading (12 13), when the Mongols attacked Jinan in winter, they sent messengers to the Southern Song Dynasty to request the Southern Song Dynasty to send troops. However, after the emissary arrived in Dahao, he was driven away by the border guards of the Southern Song Dynasty and was captured by the Jin people.

When the friendly relationship with Xixia broke down and the Mongolian army was besieged, the rulers sent messengers to Mongolia to make peace. However, after the negotiation, Jin Xuanzong fled to Bianjing in the south. Genghis Khan thought that the ruler was insincere and sent troops south again, and the soldiers reached Henan directly. Under the external attack of Xixia harassment and Mongolian attack, the rulers were not calm. There is the rebellion of Yeluge in the northeast, the Dongxia State established by Pu Xian Wannu, and the constant attack of the red army in the east. The ruler has been attacked on three sides, and only the Song Dynasty in the south can remain inviolate.

After the peace treaty between Mongolia and the Jin Dynasty was torn up, the only way out for the Jin Dynasty was to consider consolidating the original relationship with the Southern Song Dynasty and establishing a meaningful military alliance against Mongolia, which was a common enemy. The Jin people ignored the Southern Song Dynasty and took advantage of the opportunity of the Southern Song Dynasty's refusal to accept New Year's coins to launch a war against the Southern Song Dynasty. Finally, the Song Dynasty was pushed to the enemy's side, resulting in a situation of being attacked on all sides. Gao Qi, an expert on state affairs, believes that after the ruler moved the capital to Bianjing, the territory he could control was very small, so he advocated attacking the Song Dynasty south, and other ministers felt the same way. "Our soldiers are not as honest as those in the north, but they have spare capacity in the south" [4].

In this context, in April of the first year of Xingding (12 17), Emperor Xuanzong of Jin officially launched a war against the Southern Song Dynasty on the grounds that it had not lost its annual currency. Jin Xuanzong attacked the Song Dynasty for two purposes: one was to seize the land of Huainan in the Southern Song Dynasty as compensation for the land seized by northern Mongolia; Second, it is difficult for Henan to meet all kinds of material needs, including war expenses. The financial situation of the rulers is already very embarrassing. They hoped to solve the financial crisis through the war against Song Dynasty and looting property.

The war situation is not as optimistic as the Jin people estimated. Initially, although the Jin people occupied some counties in Huainan in the Southern Song Dynasty, they were quickly recovered by the Song people. Subsequently, the Song-Jin border fell into a long-term tug of war. Nomads from the Song Dynasty did not take advantage, and the plan to seize Huainan's ideological buffer fell through. In this regard, some of the rulers also have insight. "What the country cares about is not before Huainan, but after Huainan has been acquired." [5] It is believed that after the Jin people captured Huainan, the Song people will fight to the death and the Jin people will fall into the endless Song and Jin wars. If they can't capture Huainan, the harm will be even greater. So we strongly oppose attacking the Southern Song Dynasty.

But such a voice was weak above the ruler's court, and the war went on as scheduled. The rulers not only failed to seize Huainan, but also lost many effective forces. After Jin Xuanzong launched the war against the Song Dynasty, he failed many times. The military losses of the Jin people are difficult to count. "There are ten differences between people and horses." [6]. Paying such a huge loss of military forces failed to seize the land of Huainan, nor did it force the Southern Song Dynasty court to issue lucky money. On the contrary, it consumed the raw materials of Huaibei, increased the burden of war, and made the rulers even more unfavorable in the war against Mongolia.

After Jin launched the anti-Song War, Song Ting had to associate with Mongolia again for his own survival, so as to relieve his military pressure. In the 11th year of Jiading (12 18), Mongolia once again sent envoys to contact with the Southern Song Dynasty, and Song Ningzong also expressed his willingness to further contact with Mongolia.

In the 13th year of Jiading (1220), Zhao Xun was sent to Mongolia by Jia She, the ambassador of Huaidong, and was warmly received by Muqali. In the same year, Song Ting also sent Gou as a special envoy to meet Genghis Khan. In the 16th year of Jiading (1223), Gou was sent to the embassy again. It can be said that there were frequent exchanges between Song and Mongolia at this stage, and the relationship between the two countries was heating up day by day. Although they don't know what the diplomatic achievements are, they brought back a lot of information about Mongolia, which provided a good reference for Song Ting's strategic decision.

However, in the seventeenth year of Jiading (1224), after Jin Aizong, who was newly enthroned, ordered to stop fighting against the Song Dynasty, Mongolia lost its practical value to the Southern Song Dynasty, and the relationship between Song and Mongolia quickly cooled down. At this time, in order to prevent Mongolia from attacking the rear of Jin, Jin Aizong intended to take joint defense with the Southern Song Dynasty. However, the minister in charge of Jin thought it was humiliating and tried his best to obstruct it, and the Southern Song Dynasty was not very enthusiastic. Finally, it didn't happen.

But things soon turned around. In the third year of Baoyuan (1227), the Mongolian army brazenly attacked the Sichuan-Shaanxi war zone in the Southern Song Dynasty. Because of the control of Sichuan, Zheng Loss made the wrong decision to abandon the five states outside the customs (Jizhou, Chengzhou, Fengzhou, Xizhou and Tianshui Army) without authorization, which led to the complete collapse of the "three customs and five states" defense system that had been in operation for more than a hundred years since the Wu Jun era in the Southern Song Dynasty. This is the famous "dinghai change".

Since then, the Southern Song Dynasty has become more and more indifferent to Mongolia, and it has not discussed Mongolia with the DPRK, and even cooperated with the State of Jin to a certain extent. Among them, Hunan transshipment made Zhao Ruyou and Huang Qiaru, who had been captured before, discuss the joint anti-Mongolian strategy in Tanzhou, and Zhao Fan and Zhao Kui of Huaihuai Theater also agreed with generals Da and Pu 'a to defend Mongolia.

Without Song's support, Mongolia still made no progress in the battle with Jin, and fell into the embarrassing situation of "not entering the customs and crossing the river". The Mongols who had nothing to do had to find another way. In the third year of Baoyuan (1227), Genghis Khan left his last words when he died of illness: "If I fake Song, Song and Jin have enemies, I will be allowed."

But Genghis Khan's idea is too simple, and the Southern Song Dynasty has long seen through Mongolia's attempt. Therefore, when Mongolia sent Li Bangrui to the Song Dynasty for three years (1230), Song Ting directly chose to refuse him entry. It can be seen that the diplomacy of the Southern Song Dynasty is still very pragmatic, and the communication with Mongolia is only an expedient measure for mutual use, and its ultimate goal is to serve its own interests.

The unexpected success of "attacking gold with fakes"

Less than three years later (1230), the Mongolian offensive was seriously frustrated, and it was defeated one after another in the battles of Qingyang, Weizhou and Tongguan, and the "false way to destroy gold" was put on the agenda again. Four years later (123 1), after the Mongols conquered Fengxiang, Wokuotai summoned the Mongols to discuss how to destroy the gold. Finally, the following resolutions were adopted: Tuo Lei led the right-wing army from Fengxiang to Baoji, crossed the Weihe River, bypassed Sichuan and then went down the Hanshui River, entered Henan, attacked the Jin Army from behind, Wokuotai led the Chinese army to cross the Yellow River from Baipo, and Watson Yan Na led the left-wing army from Jinan.

Of course, Mongolia initially hoped that the Southern Song Dynasty could take the initiative to borrow Taoism. Four years later (123 1), Mongolia sent Li Bangrui to the Song Dynasty. Although Li Bangrui was accepted by the Southern Song Dynasty, his request to borrow Tao was rejected by the Southern Song Dynasty.

Maybe it's time for Tuo Lei to realize the danger he is in. In fact, Wokuotai's original intention was to get rid of it by borrowing Song and Jin, so as soon as the resolution of "borrowing Tao" came out, Wokuotai made the plan public, and soon got the news and had enough time to prepare.

In addition, although what Jin Guo did before was indeed self-destructive, Song Ting did not arouse indignation, but wanted to help Jin Guo guard the back door to delay the demise of Jin Guo. Tuo Lei had to resort to force to call it a day.

After Fengzhou was captured by the Mongolian army for three years (1230), Guo, the envoy of Lizhou Road, who was also an official of Zhixing Yuan, inferred from the riding trend of the Mongolian army that the Mongolian army would definitely enter the Song territory from the host country, but Gui Ruyuan accepted the wrong opinion that the Mongolian army would "enter the Song territory from the west". This seems doomed to tragedy.

Less than four years (123 1), Meng Jun really entered the country from the host country, and Song Jun had no time to redeploy at once, so he could only watch Meng Jun enter the country. To make matters worse, Gui Ruyuan forgot his responsibility at this time. Instead of organizing effective resistance, he fled to Hezhou to hide. Later, the situation deteriorated, and the Mongols offered food and guidance to "borrow the road", and the Mongols successfully passed through Sichuan.

In this case, Song Ting urgently ordered Jinghu to let Chen Zhi lead the troops to reinforce Sichuan. But Chen Zhi didn't take this matter to heart, thinking that only Mongolian rangers came to harass him, and only three thousand people were sent to Jinzhou. Soon, the Mongols defeated Song Jun in Jinzhou and quickly went straight to the southwest of Beijing along the Han River. At this time, Chen Zhi realized the seriousness of the situation and quickly sent Meng Gong to intercept it, but it was too late. The Mongols who escaped from Meng Gong successfully entered Xu Jin.

But this is only the first level. Soon, the exhausted Mongols found that150,000 Jin Army was waiting for them. It turned out that Wokuotai did not attack Tongguan as planned to contain the 8 Jin Army, but stayed put for four months, which made the 8 Jin Army immediately deploy to the south on a large scale after receiving the news of Mongolia's "borrowing the road".

Soon, 40,000 Mongols were surrounded by 15000 Golden Army. Under the constant attack of 8 Jin Army, the situation of Mongols became more and more difficult. However, due to the mutual restriction between head coach Hong Yan Hoda and deputy head coach Ira Pua, 8 Jin Army postponed the fighter several times, which finally caused a life-saving snow for Tuo Lei and others. It snowed heavily for three days and nights. Since entering the Central Plains, Jin Jun has never encountered such cold weather that he is "pale with cold and can hardly become an army". Mongolians live in Saibei all the year round, which is more suitable for this weather. Tuo Lei seized this favorable opportunity to launch an attack and defeated the Jin Army in the battle of Sanjin.

Wokuotai was shocked to learn the news of the victory in March 3. Wokuotai did not continue to launch an offensive after joining forces with Tuo Lei, but led most of his troops back to the north under very favorable circumstances, and poisoned Tuo Lei on his way home. But even so, the Guanhe defense line, on which Xu Jin depends, has been breached, and the elite troops have been completely annihilated, which is not far from national subjugation.

The final formation of the decision of "uniting Mongolia and destroying gold"

For the Southern Song Dynasty, the state of Jin had no value as a barrier at this time. At this time, Kim began to become the mainstream view. According to "Song Shi Li Zongji and Song Dynasty Politicians", when the Mongolian army attacked the State of Jin again in November (1232), the Southern Song Dynasty also sent troops to help and besieged Kaifeng together, but the specific situation was not clear. Finally, Kaifeng City was broken, and Jin Aizong was forced to flee to Cai Zhou.

But the dying Jin Guo didn't give up. Before, Wan Yanzhongde put forward the proposal of "promoting the Yuan Dynasty and governing Bashu", but at that time, Jin Aizong was hunted by Mongols and had no time to take care of it. After he fled to Cai Zhou, Jin Aizong intended to carry out this plan and made a wax pill order, asking Brother Bang to complete the exhibition, "gather the army to discuss and spare Guan Feng, and make a surprise attack on Xingyuan in Song Dynasty." In addition, Wu Xian, who escaped from San San, also assembled hundreds of routed troops and planned to go west to welcome Di Chin into Sichuan.

But at this time, the Southern Song Dynasty will not give Xu Jin any more opportunities. After the imperial court got the edge report, it was ordered to take the initiative to attack, first forcing Deng and Shen to land, and then defeated Wu Xian in the stirrup mountain, "reducing his crowd by 70 thousand", and conquered it on August 13, completely cutting off Jin Aizong's way to escape to the west.

Seeing that the situation was not good, Jin Aizong sent Dave to persuade the Southern Song Dynasty not to send troops on the principle of "the lips are dead and the teeth are cold". Unfortunately, it is too late. At this time, Xu Jin Guo has no strength as a "lip". However, Shi also hesitated about whether to make peace, so that the discussion was undecided.

Therefore, when asked by Shi Songzhi, the nephew of Shi and the envoy of Jinghu, Meng Gong said the following words: "If the country has the ability to do things, it is not necessary to give soldiers food. Secondly, it is the power to govern. Otherwise, gold will be destroyed, and (Mongolia) will be insatiable and will be my enemy. " In other words, the Southern Song Dynasty did not have the strength to sit back and watch success or failure. It is better to take the opportunity of "harmony and Mongolia" to delay the upcoming decisive battle between Song and Mongolia as much as possible, so that the Southern Song Dynasty can get enough preparation time. In addition, it can also take the opportunity to grab some sites to increase the strategic depth, show their strength to the Mongols, and make them dare not despise themselves. Moreover, regardless of whether the Southern Song Dynasty sent troops or not, the State of Jin was about to perish. Therefore, the focus of this invasion was not to destroy gold but to "make peace with Mongolia", which was the only correct choice in the Southern Song Dynasty under the historical conditions at that time.

Meng Gong's words touched Shi Songzhi. Later, Shi Songzhi persuaded Shi to make a decision to destroy gold together. In October (1233), Shi Songzhi finally gave the order to send troops. Meng Gong and Jiang Hai led the Loyalist Army to transport 20,000 grains and 300,000 stones to the north, and arrived in Cai Zhou to join the Mongols.

Although the Southern Song Dynasty sent troops to help grain, it had the purpose of "revenge", but the most fundamental purpose was "harmony with Mongolia", which was the correct move in line with the interests of the Southern Song Dynasty and the only correct choice in the Southern Song Dynasty.

In the first month of the first year of Duanping (1234), the Song and Meng allied forces captured the last stronghold of the State of Jin, Caizhou City, and Wan Yan, the Emperor Aizong of Jin, hastily acceded to the throne and hanged himself. Wan Yan Cheng Lin, the emperor of the late Jin Dynasty, was also killed in the disorderly army, and the State of Jin perished. Because of Song Jun's outstanding performance, he finally got most of the spoils, including the body of Hong Yan Shouxu.

5 Follow-up actions

In the process of extinction in the Southern Song Dynasty, the first army of Sushi, Suzhou, Mili and Lianshui was recovered, and Haizhou, the land of five states, one army and twenty counties acquired by Li Quan, was recovered, and the whole territory of Huaihe River was recovered. There are eleven counties in Jingxi, including Tang, Deng and Pizhou. From this point of view, the Southern Song Dynasty can be regarded as a beneficiary in the event of "uniting Mongolia to destroy gold".

In April of that year, Meng Gong returned to China and was treated like a hero. Later, Song Ting sacrificed Wan Yan's corpse to his ancestors in Lin 'an, and presented a captive gift to Zhang Tiangang, the captured prime minister of Jin State, to repay Jingkang's shame. In any case, the shame of Jingkang was finally cleared, and the spirit of the Southern Song Dynasty, which had been suppressed for more than a hundred years, finally perked up. Perhaps this is also the best answer to Lu You's "Julian Waghann concentrated on the original day in the north, and remembered the family sacrifice".

6 influence

In the critical situation of frequent internal rebellions, the Jin Dynasty imperial court did not rely on and win over the neighboring regimes, especially the Southern Song Dynasty regime, to stabilize the rear area, nor did it seize the favorable situation that might eliminate civil strife and then actively prepare for war to resist the southward movement of the Mongolian army. However, he chose to ignore the different opinions of the court in the Southern Song Dynasty on the issue of Jin Dynasty, attacked the Southern Song Dynasty for the sake of New Year's money, and pushed his possible allies to the other side, personally causing the dilemma of being attacked on all sides. Mongolia was so powerful that the Southern Song Dynasty had to do so.

In the situation of internal troubles and foreign invasion, it is only a matter of time before the rulers are eliminated by Mongolia. After all, the rulers have lost the northeast, Shandong and other places, and the alliance of Xixia has also been destroyed. The actual control area is only a few state capitals in Henan. The Mongolian regime also saw it clearly, so it deployed its main force to prepare for the western expedition, only to harass the rulers. For Mongolia, the demise of the Jin Dynasty is only a matter of time, and there is no need to establish a military alliance with the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there was no room for bargaining in front of the powerful Mongolia. What the Southern Song Dynasty could do was to hold its own land in Huainan and prevent the rulers from moving south. The nominal alliance was only to make Mongolia stop the pace of going south after destroying the Jin Dynasty, so that the Southern Song Dynasty could survive for a while. The incident of "crossing the border into Romania" proves that there is only so much that can be done in the Southern Song Dynasty. Once it wants to do something, it is bound to be hit by Mongolia.

For the Southern Song Dynasty, it was not a brilliant move to form an alliance with Mongolia. It just sent away a wolf in his twilight years and ushered in a tiger in his prime. However, at that time, the imperial court was eager for revenge, and the rulers could not adjust their policies and break the peaceful relationship with the Southern Song Dynasty on their own. In addition, the Mongolian army is also very strong. In this case, what the Southern Song Dynasty could do was to form an alliance with Mongolia and destroy the rulers.