What is flat, what is flat and what is flat?

Flat, this is the most important factor in metrical poetry. The flat and flat meter of metrical poems has been applied to the lyrics and songs of later generations. When we talk about the metrical form of poetry, we mainly talk about leveling.

The level of fifteen laws

There are only four kinds of five-character flat lines, which can form two couplets. Namely:

Flat and light, flat and light;

Flat and light, flat and light.

From the complicated changes of these two couplets, a pattern of five laws and four levels can be formed. In fact, there are only two basic formats, and the other two are only slightly changed on the basis of the basic format.

(1) pucker-up type

Flat and light, flat and light.

(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.

Flat and light, flat and light.

(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.

(The words in brackets can be flat or flat. )

Chun Wang

[Tang] Du Fu

Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only the mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, and the sparsely populated Chang' an city is densely forested.

Petals fall like tears, lonely birds sing their sadness,

In March, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold.

Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin. ①

On the other hand, the first sentence was changed to (taste) taste, and the rest remained unchanged.

(2) Horizontal lifting type

(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.

Flat and light, flat and light.

(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.

Flat and light, flat and light.

Mountain autumn borer

[Tang] Wang Wei

The empty mountains are bathed in a new rain, and feel the early autumn at night.

Moonlight shines in the pine forest, and Qingquanshi is a stream.

The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe.

Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.

In the other type, the first sentence is changed to flat and flat, and the rest remains unchanged.

27 the leveling of melody

The seven laws are the expansion of the five laws, and the way of expansion is to add a two-word prefix before five sentences. Add a flat top, add a flat top. Try the following comparison table:

(1) Flat feet

Five words begin and end.

Seven words are equal and even, even and even.

(2) Flat feet

Five words are equivalent, and the same is true.

Seven words are equal, close, equal and equal.

(3) Digging feet

Five words are equal, and they are equal.

Seven words start from the beginning, end from the beginning and end from the beginning.

(4) Flat feet

It's fair to start with five words.

The seven words are Ping, Ping, Ping and Ping.

So there are only four kinds of parallelism in the seven laws, and these four kinds can also form two couplets, namely:

Plain, plain, plain.

Flat and light, flat and light.

From the intricate changes of these two parallel lines, four parallel lines of the Seven Laws can be formed. In fact, there are only two basic formats, and the other two are only slightly changed on the basis of the basic format.

(1) pucker-up type

Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.

Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.

(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.

Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.

Book anger

[Song] Lu You

Chang Sui knows that things are difficult? Looking at the Central Plains in the north is like a mountain (2).

It snowed at night and the iron horse dispersed in the autumn wind.

Stuck on the Great Wall and make an empty promise, the sideburns in the mirror have long faded.

You can tell your real name when you start your career, but you won't recognize it for thousands of years.

Go to Shaoshan

Mao Zedong

Don't dream of vaguely cursing the passing of Sichuan. My hometown was thirty-two years ago.

The red flag rolls up the serf halberd and the black hand hangs the overlord whip.

Dare to teach the sun and the moon to change the sky for sacrifice and ambition. ③

I like to watch the rough rice fields and heroes dying everywhere.

Dong Yun

Mao Zedong

Snow flies in winter, and flowers wither for a while.

It's a busy day, and the earth is slightly warm.

Unique heroes drive tigers and leopards, no heroes are afraid of bears.

Even plum blossoms welcome snowflakes all over the sky. No wonder flies freeze to death down there. ④

In another way, the first sentence is changed to level, and the rest remains unchanged.

(2) Horizontal lifting type

Ping (ping) ping, ping (ping) ping.

(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.

Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat.

(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping.

Constant sign

Mao Zedong

The red army is not afraid of the expedition, and Qianshan is just idle.

Wuling makes waves, and Wumeng takes mud pills.

Jinsha River is warm in the clouds and cliffs, and Dadu Bridge is cold in the iron bars.

I am glad to see that Minshan Mountain is covered with snow and stretches for miles. Our soldiers crossed it and showed a bright smile.

The People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing.

Mao Zedong

Zhongshan is windy and rainy, and millions of heroes cross the river.

Tiger's dragon card is better than in the past, upside down and generous.

It is advisable to chase after the poor bandits with the remaining courage, not to learn from the overlord.

If the sky is sentimental, it will grow old, and the right way in the world is vicissitudes.

Denglushan mountain

Mao Zedong

A mountain flew to the river and jumped on the lush four hundred whirls.

Xiangyang looks at the world coldly, and it is hot and windy.

A floating yellow crane is sent in the ninth heaven, and white smoke rises under the waves.

Ling Tao doesn't know where to go, but where can he farm in the Peach Blossom Garden?

And Comrade Guo Moruo.

Mao Zedong

Wind and thunder together on the ground, a pile of thin bones.

Monks are fools, but they can still be cultivated, while demons are ghosts, which will cause disasters.

The golden monkey's rise was a great success, and Yuyu clarified Wan Li.

Today, I cheer for Sun, just because the demon fog is coming again.

In the other type, the first sentence is changed to (ping) ping, and the rest remains unchanged.

Three-stick pair

There is a rule of "sticking to the right" in the leveling of metrical poems.

Yes, it's even. It's even. That is to say, as mentioned above, in duality, hierarchy and level are opposite. The "right" of the five laws is only in the form of two couplets, namely:

1 occasionally, occasionally.

(2) Flat and flat, flat and flat.

The "right" of the seven laws is only in the form of two couplets, namely:

(1) Flat and flat, flat and flat, flat and flat.

(2) Flat and light, flat and light.

If the first sentence rhymes, the first couplet is not completely opposite. Because of the restriction of rhyme, it can only be like this. In this way, the first link of the five laws becomes:

(1) Flat and flat, flat and flat. Or:

(2) Flat and flat, flat and flat.

The first couplet of the Seven Laws becomes:

(1) Flat and flat, flat and flat. Or:

(2) Pingping Pingping Pingping.

Sticky, that is, flat sticky; The levelness of the second word of the subsequent sentence should be consistent with that of the previous sentence. Specifically, the third sentence should adhere to the second sentence, the fifth sentence to the fourth sentence, and the seventh sentence to the sixth sentence. The five-law flat format and seven-law flat format mentioned above all conform to this law. Look at Chairman Mao's Long March. The word "water" in the second sentence is ambiguous, and so is the word "ridge" in the third sentence. The word "Meng" in the fourth sentence is flat, and the word "Sha" in the fifth sentence is also flat; The word "Du" in the sixth sentence is not pronounced, nor is the word "Xi" in the seventh sentence pronounced. It can be seen that the rules of viscosity are very strict.

The function of matching is to diversify the tone. If it is not "right", the level of the upper and lower sentences will be the same; If you don't "paste", the horizontal lines of the front and back couplets will be almost the same.

Understanding and adhering to the correct principles can help us understand the level of long law. No matter how long the law is, it is just a rehearsal level according to the law of fit.

Violation of adhesion rules is called loss of adhesion; Violation of the correct rules is called mismatch. Some of Wang Wei's poems are not sticky because they have not been finalized. For example:

Go to the frontier to carry out tasks

[Tang] Wang Wei

Riding a bike to visit the border and passing through Juyan County.

Pengpeng also floated out of Korea, and the geese heading north also flew into the sky.

The vast desert is lonely, and the Yellow River sets the yen.

When I arrived at the small pass, I met a spy waiting for the knight and told me that Dou Hu was in Yan. ⑥

The third sentence and the second sentence here are not sticky. Loss of adhesion is very rare in offspring. As for the loss of rights, poets pay attention to avoid it.

Taboo of Siguping

Loneliness is the taboo of metrical poems (including long laws and strict laws), and poets should pay attention to avoiding loneliness when writing metrical poems. When using similar sentences in lyrics, we should also pay attention to avoid loneliness.

In the five-character "Pingou" sentence pattern, the first word must be flat; If you use the word "slander", you are alone. Because in addition to rhyme, there is only one flat word left. Seven words are the expansion of five words, so in the sentence pattern of "occasionally flat, occasionally flat", if the third word is even, it is also called loneliness. There are absolutely no solitary sentences in the regular poems of Tang Dynasty.

In this case, if the first word of five words and the third word of seven words must be silent, there is another remedy, as follows.

━━━━━━━━━━━

(1) Win, speak in a low voice and read like a Ran Ran. There are two pronunciations of Chaitoufeng: zān and zēn, which are divided into two types: Tan and Invasive Rhyme. Among them, Invasive Rhyme Pronunciation and zēn Pronunciation. All the dots below are Rusheng characters. The same below. (2) that, flat voice. 3 teaching, flat voice.

4 diffuse, flat voice. ⑤ Sticking can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Viscosity change in a broad sense refers to all phenomena of uneven leveling. What we are talking about here is debonding in a narrow sense. 6 Yan, flat voice. ⑦ Note: Loneliness refers to flat feet.

Sentence; Even if there is only one flat word in a lame sentence, it is not a lonely sentence. For example, Li Bai's "Stay at Uncle Xun's House in Rime Mountain": "I stay at Rime Mountain" is just an awkward sentence, not a lonely one. It also means "flat and flat"

As for this format, as for "the lake here in August" in Meng Haoran's Dongting Lake Quentin, it is another embarrassing sentence, not lonely.

5. Specific plane format.

In the five-character "Pingqi" sentence pattern, another format can be used, that is, "Pingqi"; Seven words is an extension of five words, so in the sentence pattern of seven words "justice is free from people's heart", another format can be used, that is, "justice is free from people's heart" The characteristics of this format are: the level and level interchange position of "five characters, three characters and four characters" and the level and level interchange position of "seven characters, five characters and six characters". Note: In this case, the first word of five words and the third word of seven words must be flat, not even.

This format is very common in the regular poems of Tang and Song Dynasties, just as common as regular poems. For example:

moonlit night

[Tang] Du Fu

In Fuzhou, far away, she is looking at the moonlight, looking at it alone from the window of her room.

For our boys and girls, poor little baby, too young to know where the capital is.

Her cloudy hair is sweet with mist, and her jade-white shoulders are cold in the moonlight.

When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? !

Only two sentences in a poem should be "flush", and here they are all replaced by "flush".

This special flat format is often used in the seventh sentence. For example:

Farewell through Jingmen

li po

Sail from Jingmen Ferry, and soon you will be with southerners.

At the end of the mountain range and the beginning of the plain, the river winds through the wilderness.

The moon rises like a mirror, and the sea clouds twinkle like palaces.

The water brings you the feeling of home and makes your boat travel 300 miles.

Widows in the mountains

[Tang] Du Xunhe

Because of the soldiers, the husband clung to Mao Peng and his linen clothes were burned.

Mulberry and zhe waste taxes, and the countryside is still seeking seedlings.

When picking wild vegetables and roots for cooking, spin firewood leaves and burn them.

If the mountain is deep, you should also avoid the sign without any plan!

Liu Ao rescue

Every flat and irregular sentence is called an embarrassing sentence. If more difficult sentences are used in metrical poems, they will become archaic metrical poems. The specific format mentioned above (five words "flat" and seven words "flat") can also be regarded as one of the difficult sentences, but it is naturally different from ordinary difficult sentences when it is often used to this extent. Now let's talk about a few difficult sentences: it is also quite common in metrical poems, but the word "save" must be used in front of it. The so-called "salvation" means compensation. Generally speaking, the flat sound should be used where the flat sound should be used in front, and the flat sound must be (or often) added at the appropriate position behind.

The following three situations are more common:

(1) Where the word "flat and flat" should be used, the first word should be flat, and the third word should be compensated for a flat sound to avoid flat. In this way, it becomes "plain". The seven words were changed from "even" to "even". This is an inspirational sentence.

(2) Where the word "flat and flat" should be used, the fourth word is flat (or both words are flat), and the third word of the sentence is replaced by a flat voice to make compensation. This will become "(Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping." The seven words become "(Ping) Ping (Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping". This is to save each other.

(3) Where "flat and flat" should be used, the fourth word has no sound and the third word has sound. Seven words is the fifth word, and it is ambiguous. This is a semi-paradox, which can be saved or not, which is slightly different from the strictness of (1) and (2).

When poets use (1), they often use (2) or (3) in sentences. This constitutes self-help in this sentence and rescue in the opposite sentence. Now try to give some examples to explain.

Xia Xun's home in Songshan, Su Wu

li po

I stayed in a farmhouse at the foot of Wusong Mountain, and I felt very depressed and lonely.

The family is suffering from autumn, and the neighboring women are cold at night.

The owner of the house, the old woman, brought me rice, full of white rice like moonlight.

People are drifting away, and three thanks can't be eaten.

The word "five" in the first sentence and the word "silent" in the second sentence should be flat, while the word "nothing" should be flat, which saves the first word in the second sentence and the third word in the first sentence. The sixth sentence is lonely and helpless, which is the same type as the second sentence, but in this sentence, it is only self-help, which has nothing to do with the fifth sentence.

To Li Bai at the end of the sky

[Tang] Du Fu

A cold wind is blowing from the distant sky. What are you thinking, old friend? ?

Goose never answers me? Rivers and lakes are flooded by rain.

A poet should be careful to prosper, but the devil can trouble a vagrant.

It should be * * * ghosts. Throw him the poem and let him drown himself in the Milo River!

The first sentence is a specific flat format, and "flat" is used instead of "(flat) flat" (see above). The word "several" in the third sentence is awkward, and the word "autumn" in the fourth sentence is quietly omitted. This is Class Three.

Say goodbye to the ancient grassland

Bai Juyi

The long grass is so lush that the withered grass will thicken the color of the grass every autumn and winter.

Wildfire can't burn it out, but the spring breeze can revive it.

Weeds and wild flowers are all over the ancient road, and the end of the grass in the sun is your journey.

I once again sent my bosom friend, and the thick grass represented my deep affection.

The word "no" in the third sentence is awkward, and the word "blow" in the fourth sentence is quietly omitted. This is Class Two.

Xianyang chengdong tower

[Tang] Xu Hun

High-rise Wan Li sorrow, willow like Tingzhou.

The red sunset is in the temple outside the temple, and the wind has not yet come, and the wind has already blown the buildings in Xianyang.

At dusk, birds fly in the garden, and in late autumn, cicadas chirp in the leafy trees.

Passers-by don't ask about the past, only the Weihe River flows eastward as always.

The word "day" in the third sentence is awkward, and the word "desire" in the fourth sentence is awkward. The word "wind" saves both the word "desire" and the word "day". This is a combination of (1) and (2).

Xincheng Road Middle (1)

[Song] Su Shi

Dongfeng knew that I was going hiking and blew away the rain accumulated between the eaves.

Clouds on the ridge are covered with floc hats, and bronze finches are hung on the trees on the first day.

Wild peaches and bamboo hedges are short, and streams and willows shake sand and clear water.

Xiqiao people should be the happiest, cooking celery and burning bamboo shoots in spring ploughing.

The word "bamboo" in the fifth sentence is awkward, and the word "self" in the sixth sentence is awkward. The word "sand" not only omits the word "self" in this sentence, but also omits the word "bamboo". This is a combination of (1) and (2).

Yeboshui village

[Song] Lu You

The arrow at the waist has withered, and there is no time to breathe.

Lao Tzu is still as good as the desert, so why shed tears for the new pavilion?

It's a shame to die for your country. You can't make others green!

Recalling the rivers and lakes, lying and smelling the new geese falling cold.

The word "You Wan" in the fifth sentence is awkward, and the word "Xiang" in the sixth sentence is awkward. The word "nothing" is not only self-help in this sentence, but also salvation in this sentence. This is a combination of (1) and (2).

From this point of view, regular poetry is generally always harmonious. Some metrical poems seem illegal, but they conform to the law after hard work. This difficult practice is more common in Tang poetry. After the Song Dynasty, poets who paid attention to temperament, such as Su Shi and Lu You, were still good at it. Of course, there is no need to imitate today. But knowing the hard truth is helpful for understanding Tang and Song poetry.

Seven so-called "135 regardless"

There is a saying about the training of metrical poems: "No matter what 135 is, 246 is clear." This refers to the seven methods (including seven sections). This means that the levels of the first, third and fifth characters can be arbitrary, while the levels of the second, fourth and sixth characters must be different. As for the seventh word, natural requirements are very high. As far as five-character rhyme is concerned, it should be "whether one or three, two or four are distinct."

This formula is very useful for beginners because it is simple and clear. But its analysis of the problem is not comprehensive, because it is easy to cause misunderstanding. This has a great influence. Because it is not comprehensive, we have to criticize it appropriately.

It is not comprehensive to say "135 regardless" first. In the five-character "flush" format, the third word can't be ignored. In the format of "seven words", the third word can't be ignored, otherwise it will be very lonely. In the specific format of the five-character "flat", the first word can not be ignored; In the same way, in the specific format of the seven-character grid "flat and even", the third character can not be ignored. The above is the first word of five words and the third word of seven words, which cannot be ignored under certain circumstances. As for the third word of five words and the fifth word of seven words, on the whole, it is based on the principle of "theory"

In short, a seven-character sentence can have three words regardless, and a flat-tone sentence can only have two words regardless. Five sentences can have two words regardless, and flat sentences can have one word regardless. It is wrong to say "135".

Moreover, the sentence "246 is clear" is not comprehensive. The word "distinct" in five words is correct, and the word "distinct" in seven words is correct. As for the word "distinct" in the five characters and four characters, the word "distinct" in the seven characters and six characters is not necessarily "distinct". According to the specific format of "flat" (five words), the fourth word is not necessarily "Qing"; Press "Ping Ping", and the sixth word is not necessarily "Qing". For example, the format of "occasionally flat" can also be changed to "occasionally flat", just compensate a flat tone in the third sentence. Seven words and so on. The words "246 clear" are not completely correct.

Eight ancient metrical poems

When metrical poems are not finalized, some metrical poems are not completely neat. For example:

Yellow Crane Tower

[Tang] Cui Hao

The fairy of the past has flown away by the yellow crane, leaving only an empty Yellow Crane Tower.

The yellow crane never revisited earth, there have been no long white clouds for thousands of years.

Every tree in Hanyang has become clear due to sunlight, and Nautilus Island is covered with sweet grass.

But I looked home, the twilight was boundless, and the waves of the river were filled with sad mist!

The first half of this poem is ancient style, and the second half is metrical poem. According to the above-mentioned seven-tone melody rising formula, the fourth word of the first sentence should be flat and turbid ("chéng"), the sixth word should be flat and turbid ("Crane"), and the fourth and fifth words of the third sentence should be flat and turbid (. Of course, this so-called "should" is from the perspective of future generations. At that time, there was no question of whether the orthodox poetry should be or not because it had not been finalized.

Later, some poets consciously wrote some ancient poems. For example:

Cui Shi Dongshan Caotang

[Tang] Du Fu

Love you, Yushan Cottage is quiet, and high autumn is refreshing and fresh.

Sometimes the bell rings spontaneously and the sunset is more like a fisherman.

Peel millet at the mouth of the white crow valley, and cook celery at the bottom of the green mud workshop.

What is the gift from the king of Xizhuang? Chai Men closes Song Jun ⑦.

In his poems, the author deliberately violated the hierarchical rules of metrical poems. The sixth word of the first sentence should be flat ("Tang"), the fifth word of the second sentence should be flat ("Xiang"), the sixth word of the third sentence should be flat ("Qing"), and the third and fourth words of the fourth sentence should be flat ("The fifth and sixth sentences are wrong" because they are all connected sentences. The word "Gu" in the fifth sentence and the word "Fang" in the sixth sentence also do not conform to the general law of leveling (although it can be considered difficult to preserve). Except for the number of words, rhyme, antithesis, rhyme, 9. Speaking of leveling, it's an antique. Another example is:

Shou xing yuan Han bi Xuan

[Song] Su Shi

The breeze shook the window leaves, and a foot-long bamboo surrounded the window.

In summer, Cang Xue fell one after another, and Ran Ran was shrouded in green fog.

In the sun, cicadas hold leaves in the mountains, and people are quiet in the jade flying forest.

Taoist Juewen turned to the cold and green, and asked why the crane bone was fat.

The fifth word in the first sentence of this poem should be flat ("shake"), which already gives people an antique feeling. In the second sentence, if "ping (ping) ping (ping) ping (ping) ping ping ping" is taken as the external quantity, then the sixth word will be ping ping (the word "ruler" is an ancient word). If the third sentence is measured by "(ping) ping (ping), the third and fourth words should be flat and flat ("green fog "), and the sixth word should be flat and flat ("people "). If the fifth sentence is measured by "(ping) ping (ping) ping (ping) ping", the fourth word should be ping (cicada) and the sixth word should be ping (leaf). In the sixth sentence, if "(Xu) Ping (Xu) Ping" is taken as the measure, the word ""should be used in the third and fourth words, and the word "Lin" should be used in the sixth word. In the eighth sentence, if "(Xu) Ping (Xu) Ping" is used as quantifier, the word "crane bone" should be used in the third and fourth words, and the word "yuan" should be used in the sixth word. The fifth word ("right") of the seventh sentence also does not conform to the general leveling rules. For example, Shake Window Leaves, Touch People's Clothes, Wear Lin Fei and He Yuan Fei are all three-level tones, and they have existed since ancient times. The author also consciously caused dislocation and stickiness.

The ancients called this kind of poem "awkward". Nature is not the right way of metrical poetry, and few people imitate this kind of poetry in later generations.

━━━━━━━━━━━

(1) The trial poems in the Tang Dynasty also allowed this kind of flat format, which shows that it is a formal format.

2, read like a husband, the voice is flat. Like reading a magazine, the voice is flat.

(3) The title of this poem is "When the World Bank gives land tax". Rotate, mute.

4 more, go to the sound.

(5) Order and quiet voice. Drift, mute

All landowners, flat voice.

All landowners for, for the sound.

Today, this is not the specific format mentioned above, because the third word in that format must be a flat voice, and the word "jade" in this third word is a weak voice.

Pet-name ruby "Qin" entered the rhyme today, but in Du Fu's time it was still a true rhyme, not a rhyme.

Pay attention to the sound.