Dutch tulip article

From the back of the house or at the end of the corridor, you will come to the courtyard surrounded by green or brown-red fences. Some craftsmen regard the courtyard as an extension of the workshop, and some shops regard it as a warehouse, but most people decorate it into a garden, although sometimes the area is not large, only a few square meters. People have lawns or flower beds here, or some moss. If the area permits, people will plant elderberry or broom along the fence, and people will plant two or three fruit trees in the garden. With the improvement of people's social status, the area of quadrangles is also expanding, but it will never reach the area people want, because the land in the city is scarce and expensive. Therefore, since the second half of the golden century, many wealthy families have bought a second garden around the city for the whole family to live together when they are on vacation in a pleasant climate.

The typical style of Dutch courtyard is a cross-shaped path that separates four lawns. Clusters of flowers surround the tree, with a dome-shaped wooden house in the middle, followed by stones or grape racks, where people sit and eat. Later, with the change of fashion, people sat here drinking tea. Everything here is well organized and carefully arranged, becoming a real miniature garden.

Everyone's heart is looking forward to the annual fruit harvest. People mainly grow apples, with more than 20 varieties, among which green and red snacks are very popular, pear trees have 15 varieties, cherry trees, plum trees, melons and strawberries on the ground. Mulberry, raspberry, hawthorn and so on. The fruits of these poor people grow along the wall. Many people still plant apricot trees, peach trees and even grapes in greenhouses. They look good, but they can't make wine. Scholars also like green plants, which coincides with their nature of observing nature. The owners of the gardens all have their own papers or scientific monographs. Joao Hong Del Morse's three-volume "Holy Garden" was published in 1643.

The whole nation has devoted great enthusiasm to flowers, which has aroused the dissatisfaction of some critics. People seldom decorate their rooms with flowers, but in the garden, people grow a lot of flowers. Beds are neatly arranged and clearly classified. There are roses here, calamus there, lilies here and hyacinthus orientalis there. There are dog roses in the distance, yellow on the right and red on the left. Its order is not arbitrary, and the coherent thought is embodied here. All kinds of scents are intertwined. However, when the weather is hot, the fragrance of these small urban gardens is mixed with the smell floating over the canal, and the smell of the soil in the canal often drowns the fragrance of the gardens.

There are many flower shops in every city, and the shopkeepers sell their own flowers. When the business was booming, they had to buy from the gardener in Harlem. The soil in this city, including the land around the city, is very suitable for the growth of flowers, so that these gardens have become an industry and gradually lost their decorative functions. Narcissus, crocus, lilies of various colors, viola, anemone, saffron, aconite, delphinium and sweet pea are numerous, some of which are unknown in other European countries. People introduced and tried to form new patterns and colors, so new varieties of oleander came out.

Until 16 15, the queen of flowers is still a rose. But after a few years, people gradually resonated with it, and finally tulips pulled it off the queen's throne. Tulips were first introduced to Germany from Turkey in 1593. 1593, the naturalist Crouzil Theseus introduced this exotic flower to the Netherlands. Soon, tulips can be seen in gardens all over Holland. But in order for the public to recognize this flower, we must first conquer the Dutch tradition of pursuing Parisian fashion since the early days of Louis XIII's rule. But soon, tulip fever quickly warmed up, and people regarded it as a symbol of elegance. However, a virus suddenly attacked the Dutch garden, making the tulip crown sick. Some gardeners, taking advantage of people's special love for tulips, quickly introduced several pathological varieties of tulips.

The French way of life is very popular in western Europe. On the other hand, the Netherlands has become the largest flower supplier in Europe. 1625 There is a kind of tulip tuber called Augustus Evergreen, which is particularly hard to find, and the price is directed at gold. It has a huge pure white calyx with blue spots on the lower part and several red straight lines. People have cultivated tulips in pink, lavender, reddish brown and beige. Some varieties have several colors, such as the variety called "clown", just like the patchwork clothes worn by clowns. Tulip has developed rapidly from 30 varieties to hundreds of different varieties. Kane Mirande had a judge who planted a series of tulips named after the admiral. Subsequently, more than 50 amateur gardeners followed suit, and a series of varieties named after people came into being: General Van Nkusen and General Porterbeck ... The names of other generals formed some new series: General van Eijk ... A gardener in Gaode had a whim to name his tulips after the general's wife. For simplicity and easy memory, they are called red lady Catolan and yellow lady Catolan. There are five varieties of Ms. Zhu Hong, four varieties of Ms. Mao Lihong, seven varieties of Tourne and 30 models ... With these various varieties, many people have made a windfall. In a small garden, it is easy to produce some different varieties, but bulbs are very expensive. Some citizens who stayed indoors and cautious small businessmen also joined the hype.

Textile workers who constitute the main group in Harlem are not lonely. Although they are not proficient in gardening, they devote themselves to this kind of speculation without hesitation. This "tulip craze" reached its peak in the winter of 1636, but it died in a disastrous blow a few months later. This was triggered by an infectious stock market crisis, which touched all social strata: butchers, doormen, agents, innkeepers, college students, hairdressers, street cleaners, tax collectors, coal miners ... all sects and associations: Arminians believers and Catholics, Lutherans, Mennonites, night watchmans and rhetoricians. Amsterdam, Harlem, alker, Horn, Enkhezen, Utrecht, Rotterdam and other areas were particularly affected. Few people are still cool-headed They regard others as "companions" to insinuate those crazy companions. They threw out a lot of pamphlets and satirical songs, and their humor became sharper and sharper.

In Horn, three tulip bulbs can buy a house. A "Admiral Livken" light bulb is worth 4,400 guilders, and the market price of an Augustus evergreen light bulb is 4,000 to 5,500 guilders! When many buyers take a fancy to a light bulb at the same time, they will generously promise the seller an attractive reward, such as a gorgeous carriage and two big horses. In Amsterdam, a citizen took this opportunity to earn 60,000 Dutch guilders in four months. People can't sleep for this night. A flower seller surrounded the top-grade tulips in the garden with a rope, and the end with the alarm bell was tied to the bedside. Buyers and sellers meet in bars two or three times a week and come home late. When negotiating, people never shy away from the existence of children. On the contrary, they think it will make them know how to make money from an early age. Priests often blend in. Some people tend to get rich overnight, while others become poor overnight. The same light bulb will be resold more than ten times in one day. Experts take the opportunity to provide technical advice and earn a ticket. Because this kind of transaction is carried out in winter, people often trade through pictures and catalogues. Sometimes the variety is particularly good, just as hals's disciple Lester painted it.

Many simple-minded people bought seedlings with loans, but they didn't understand the follow-up technology and couldn't afford the loans. Litigation cases have become commonplace, and many families have gone bankrupt. The municipal government began to worry about this, because the foundation on which the country's prosperity depends is borrowing. Anxiety has also begun to spread among speculators. The first sign is 1637. On February 3rd, a florist spent 1250 guilders to buy tulip bulbs, which puzzled professionals. On February 24th, the florist held a general meeting in Amsterdam and made a fundamental measure. 1637165438+1all bills developed before October 30 shall be paid, and all subsequent contracts shall be void. The meeting adopted this resolution. In this way, the price of light bulbs quickly dropped from 5000 guilders to 50 guilders. At the expense of many bankruptcies, the market began to get on the right track. Among the many victims, the name of Gu 'an, a disciple of Stern submachine gun, a famous landscape painter and master painter, is impressively listed.