Geography Midterm Review Outline for the Second Volume of Seventh Grade

Junior Middle School Geography Knowledge Review Outline

1. Shape and size of the Earth The Earth is an irregular sphere slightly flattened at the poles, with an average diameter of 6371 meters.

2. Latitude lines and latitudes On the globe, the circles that surround the globe in the east-west direction are called latitude lines. All latitude lines are circles and can be called latitude coils; the lengths of latitude coils vary, with the equator being the longest, gradually shortening toward the poles, and finally forming a point. Lines of latitude indicate the east-west direction.

The equator is the longest parallel, about 40,000 kilometers long. It is equidistant from the poles and divides the earth into northern and southern hemispheres. The equator is the zero degree of latitude on the globe. The latitude north of the equator is called northern latitude, and is customarily represented by "N"; the latitude south of the equator is called southern latitude, and is customarily represented by "S".

3. Longitude and Longitude On the globe, the lines that connect the north and south poles and intersect perpendicularly with the latitudes are called longitudes, also called meridians. All meridians are semicircular; they are all equal in length and indicate the north-south direction.

Prime Meridian The zero-degree longitude on the globe is called the prime meridian. From the prime meridian to the east and west, it is divided into 1800. The 1800 to the east belongs to the east longitude, and it is customary to use "E" as the code name. , 1800 to the west belongs to the western longitude, and it is customary to use "W" as the code name.

Internationally, it is customary to use 200W and 1600E warp coils as the boundaries between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

4. The rotation of the earth and the alternation of day and night. The earth is constantly rotating around its axis. This is called the earth's rotation. The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. The time it takes to rotate once is about 24 hours, which is one day. This creates the phenomenon of day and night alternating.

5. Earth’s revolution and seasonal changes. While the earth rotates, it also revolves around the sun. The direction of the earth’s revolution is also from west to east, and the time it takes for one revolution is one year. The orbital plane of revolution always maintains an angle of 66.50 with the earth's axis. Seasonal changes occur due to the Earth's revolution.

6. The division of the five zones. The tropics are between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer. There is direct sunlight throughout the year. The ground receives the most sunlight and heat, and the climate is hot all year round. The Tropic of Tropic is the dividing line between the tropics and temperate zones.

In the cold zone, in the areas north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, there are phenomena of polar night and polar day. The polar circle is the dividing line between cold and temperate zones. The temperate zone is the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, and between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle. There are no polar nights and polar days throughout the year. The ground receives less solar heat than the tropics and more than the cold zone. The climate changes with the four seasons. More obvious.

7. The three elements of a map are scale, legend and annotation. The smaller the area drawn on the map, the more detailed the content to be represented, and the larger the scale should be; conversely, the smaller the scale should be. On a map, it is usually "up north, down south, left west, right east"

8. Calculation method of ground height The vertical distance of a certain point on the ground above sea level is called altitude. The vertical distance between one location and another location is called relative height.

9. Contour lines are contour lines that connect points with the same altitude. Each contour line has a corresponding elevation value. Where the slope is steep, the contour lines are dense; where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse.

10. Distribution of the world’s oceans and land. The ocean area accounts for 71% of the earth’s area, while the land area only accounts for 29%. A continent and its nearby islands are collectively called a continent. All located in the Northern Hemisphere are Europe and North America. Most people are accustomed to regard the Ural Mountains, the Ural River and the Greater Caucasus Mountains as the dividing line between the European and Asian continents. Asia and Africa are separated by the Suez Canal. North America and South America are in the Western Hemisphere and are collectively called the Americas. The Panama Canal is the dividing line between North and South America. Antarctica is mainly located within the Antarctic Circle and is surrounded by oceans.

11. Land terrain People divide terrain into five basic types: mountains, plains, plateaus, basins and hills.

Mountains have higher altitudes, generally above 500 meters. The ground has undulating peaks and steep slopes, and some mountains are distributed in strips. The most prominent among them are two huge mountain systems composed of several tall mountain ranges: one is the Alps-Himalayas system across the central and southern parts of the Eurasian continent; the other is the Cordillera mountain system running through North and South America, consisting of Made up of the Rocky Mountains, Andes and other mountain ranges.

Plains have a low altitude, generally below 200 meters, and the ground is flat or has small fluctuations. "Endless" is often used to describe the openness of the plains. The largest plain in the world is the Amazon Plain in South America.

The terrain of Europe and Africa is relatively simple, dominated by plains and plateaus respectively; the terrain of Asia is relatively complex, with high terrain in the middle and low surrounding areas, with large plateaus and mountains, and plains distributed around the continent.

12. Forces that promote terrain changes. The effects produced within the earth are called internal forces, such as crustal movements, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc., which are all manifestations of the earth's internal forces. Most of the world's volcanoes and earthquakes are distributed in areas with relatively active crustal activity, mainly concentrated in the Pacific Rim and the Mediterranean-Himalayas. Forces from outside the earth are called external forces, such as flowing water, wind, waves and glaciers.

13. Weather and climate Weather is the atmospheric conditions of a place such as cloudiness, sunshine, wind and rain, hot and cold in a short period of time. It is changing all the time. Climate is the average weather conditions in a place over many years and generally does not change much.

14. Changes in temperature During the day, the temperature is sometimes high and sometimes low. The highest temperature on land generally occurs after noon (about 14:00); the lowest temperature occurs around sunrise. During the year, the monthly average maximum temperature in most places on land in the world occurs in July in the Northern Hemisphere and in January in the Southern Hemisphere. The monthly average minimum temperature occurs in January in the Northern Hemisphere and in July in the Southern Hemisphere. The difference between the highest monthly average temperature and the lowest monthly average temperature in a place is called the annual temperature range of that place.

15. Distribution of world temperature The world's temperature gradually decreases from low latitudes to the poles; the ocean and land temperatures at the same latitude are not the same. In summer, land temperatures are high and ocean temperatures are low. The opposite is true in winter. Temperature is also affected by terrain height. As the altitude increases in mountainous areas, the temperature will gradually decrease. For every 100 meters of elevation increase, the temperature decreases by approximately 0.6°C.

16. The general distribution of precipitation in the world: more precipitation near the equator; less precipitation in the polar regions; on both sides of the Tropic of Cancer, less precipitation on the west coast of the continent and more on the east coast; precipitation in mid-latitude coastal areas There is more precipitation in inland areas.

17. Seasonal changes in precipitation. Rainy areas throughout the year: areas near the equator have a lot of precipitation every month, such as Singapore; areas with low rainfall throughout the year: inland areas and polar regions have little precipitation every month. Such as Cairo, Egypt; rainy areas in summer: on the east coast of the continent near latitude 300~400 north and south, it is rainy in summer and less rainy in winter, such as Beijing, China; rainy areas in winter: on the west coast of the continent near latitude 300~400 north and south, it is rainy in winter , there is little rain in summer, such as Rome, Italy; perennially humid areas: on the west coast of the continent between 400 and 600 latitudes, areas affected by the westerly wind blowing from the ocean throughout the year, are humid every month with moderate rainfall, such as London, England.

18. The world’s main climate types and distribution

(1) Main tropical climate types

① Tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed near the equator, with high temperatures throughout the year Rainy.

② Tropical savanna climate is mainly distributed on the north and south sides of the equatorial rainforest climate in Africa and South America. It has high temperatures all year round, with distinct dry and rainy seasons throughout the year.

The tropical monsoon climate is most pronounced in the Indian Peninsula and Indochina Peninsula in southern and southeastern Asia. This kind of climate has high temperatures all year round. The year can also be divided into two seasons, dry and rain, and the wind direction changes with the seasons. In the dry season, the wind blows from the land to the ocean, resulting in drought and little rain; in the rainy season, the wind blows from the ocean to the land, causing concentrated precipitation.

④ Tropical desert climate is mainly distributed on the west coast of the continent and inland areas near the Tropic of Cancer. This climate has sparse precipitation, is hot and dry all year round, and has large areas of desert on the ground.

(2) Main climate types in the temperate zone

① Temperate zone and subtropical monsoon climate are distributed in eastern Asia. Summers are hot and rainy, winters are cold and dry. It is roughly bounded by the 0°C isotherm line with the average January temperature. To the north of this line is the temperate monsoon climate, and to the south is the subtropical monsoon climate.

②Mediterranean climate: Mainly located in the middle and low latitudes of the west coast of the continent, most distributed along the Mediterranean coast, with hot and dry summers and mild and rainy winters.

③Temperate continental climate: Mainly distributed in mid-latitude inland areas, with cold winters and hot summers, large temperature changes, and low precipitation, concentrated in summer.

④ Temperate maritime climate: Located on the west coast of the continent in the mid-latitudes, with the widest distribution in western Europe, it is mild and rainy, with relatively small annual changes in temperature and precipitation.

19. Natural resources Land, sunlight, water, minerals, forests, etc. that are valuable to human beings are all natural resources. According to the characteristics of their formation, they can be divided into two categories: one is renewable resources; the other is non-renewable resources. Renewable resources refer to resources that can be regenerated in a short period of time or can be recycled; non-renewable resources refer to resources that cannot be reproduced after they are used up in human history.

20. Land use types Land use types can be divided into cultivated land, forest land, grassland, construction land and other types.

21. Distribution of land resources The temperate humid plains have flat terrain, warm climate, and are suitable for the development of agriculture. They are the main distribution areas of cultivated land in the world. The subarctic regions with cold and humid climate and the hot and rainy tropical regions retain large areas of coniferous forests and rainforests. Tropical and temperate semi-arid regions have vast grassland areas and are the main distribution areas of the world's livestock industry.

22. Distribution of water resources on the earth Water on the earth mainly exists in three forms: ocean water, terrestrial water and atmospheric water. Terrestrial water exists in many forms such as glacier water, groundwater, lake water, swamp water, river water and biological water. There is a lot of water on the earth, but more than 96% is ocean water. Among fresh water resources, the largest amount of water is stored in glaciers. The fresh water resources that people now use in large quantities are mainly river water, lake water (water from freshwater lakes) and some groundwater. The main ways to protect water resources include: saving and rational use of water to reduce the waste of water resources; preventing and controlling water pollution; planting trees to prevent soil erosion; desalinating seawater and expanding fresh water sources.

23. The master control room of nature. Forests can regulate atmospheric composition, purify air, store water, increase air humidity, protect fields from wind, and maintain soil and water. Therefore, people call the forest "the master regulating room of nature". There are 4 billion hectares of forest area in the world, mainly coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests. Most of the world's forest resources are distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.

24. Distribution of iron, coal, and oil. The distribution of iron, coal, and oil in the world is as follows:

1. The world’s iron ore is mainly distributed in Russia, Malaysia, countries, Australia, India, Canada and the United States. The iron reserves in these seven countries account for about 90% of the world's iron reserves.

2. Coal is mainly distributed in the Eurasian continent in the northern hemisphere and central North America. Among the countries in the world, China, the United States, Russia and other countries have the largest coal reserves in the world.

3. The distribution of oil resources in the world is very concentrated, and the Middle East accounts for more than half of the world's oil reserves. Mainly exported to Japan, Europe and North America.

25. World population growth The population growth rate is different in the world, especially in different continents. Africa is the continent with the fastest population growth rate in the world, followed by South America, and Europe has the slowest population growth rate. Europe is 2%; Asia is 15%; North America is 10%; South America is 17%; Oceania is 14%; Africa is 27%.

26. World population migration After World War II, the scale of population migration became smaller, and population migration mainly took three forms. The first is scientific and technological immigration, that is, a large number of high-quality talents move from developing countries to developed countries. The second is labor export. The basic direction of foreign labor flow is from developing countries to developed countries, from poor countries to rich oil-exporting countries, and from densely populated countries to sparsely populated countries. The third type is international refugee migration.

27. Distribution of world population: Eastern and southern Asia, Europe, and eastern North America are the most densely populated. The densely populated areas are mainly located in the coastal plains of mid- to low-latitudes. In the frigid tundra and ice sheet zones, the vast frigid coniferous forest belt, the undeveloped tropical rainforest belt, the arid desert areas, as well as the high plateaus and mountainous areas, the population is sparse.

28. Population migration to cities and the problems it creates. The proportion of a country's urban population in the total population is often one of the standards for measuring a country's development level. More than 70% of the population in developed countries in the world is urban, while the urban population in developing countries only accounts for a little more than 30% of the population. The current large-scale migration of rural people to cities mainly occurs in developing countries.

29. Races of the world Caucasians generally have lighter skin color, eye color, and hair color, wavy hair, high nose bridge, thin lips, and more body hair. They are mainly distributed in Europe, North America, and Oceania. Yellow people have light yellow or brown-black skin, straight black hair, flat faces, and medium body hair. They are mainly found in eastern Asia. Black people have dark skin, curly hair, thicker lips and less body hair. They are mainly distributed in Africa, Oceania and the United States.

30. Countries in the world There are more than 190 countries in the world, and the areas of the countries vary. The largest country, Russia, has an area of ??more than 17 million square kilometers. China ranks third with an area of ??approximately 9.6 million square kilometers. The smallest is the Vatican.

31. National boundaries and territory The land, territorial waters, territorial waters and airspace within the national boundaries are collectively referred to as territory. Argentina and Chile in South America are bounded by the Andes; the eastern part of the United States and Canada is bounded by the center of the lake, and the western part is bounded by latitude and longitude.

32. Division of underground areas in the world *** is divided into 13 regions. See the picture on page 83 of the first volume of the book.

33. Overview of East Asia See the picture on P85. East Asia is located in the east of Asia and on the west side of the Pacific Ocean, including China, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, Japan and other countries. Mongolia's livestock industry occupies an important position. Japan is a country with developed modern industry. East Asia is one of the regions with the most significant monsoon climate in the world. Northerly winds prevail in winter, blowing from the cold Siberia and Mongolian Plateau to the Pacific Ocean. The wind is strong. Affected by this, the climate in most areas is cold and dry. Southerly winds prevail in summer, bringing abundant precipitation from the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Precipitation decreases from the coast to the inland, resulting in a hot climate. The monsoon climate zone in East Asia is divided into temperate monsoon and subtropical monsoon climate zones based on differences in temperature and precipitation. The former has an average January temperature below 0°C and has a short rainy season; the latter has an average January temperature above 0°C and has a long rainy season.

34. Population and Economy of East Asia East Asia is the main distribution area of ??yellow people in the world, and most of the residents are yellow people. East Asia is currently one of the fastest growing and most dynamic regions in the world.

35. Japan’s physical and geographical characteristics Japan is an island country in East Asia. Its territory consists of four large islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu and some small islands. It is relatively small and densely populated. Japan is mountainous, and more than three-quarters of the country is composed of mountains and hills. The Kanto Plain adjacent to Tokyo Bay is the largest plain in Japan. Kobe and Yokohama on the Pacific coast of Honshu Island are famous seaports in the country. The Japanese archipelago is located in the Pacific Rim volcanic and seismic belt and has many volcanoes.

Mount Fuji is one of the famous active volcanoes and the highest mountain in Japan. Japan's monsoon climate has oceanic characteristics. Compared with places at the same latitude on the Asian continent, winters are warmer, summers are cooler, and precipitation is relatively abundant. Most of the country is covered by forests, with short and rapid rivers in the mountains and abundant water resources. But mineral resources are poor. See the picture on page 90 of Volume 1.

36. Japan’s economy Japan’s largest trading partner is the United States, followed by Asia and Western Europe. Kobe and Yokohama are Japan's two largest foreign trade ports. Japan's trade with China has developed greatly. Commodities imported from China include clothing, petroleum, coal, cotton, aquatic products and vegetables. Exports to China include steel products, electronic products and other industrial products.

Japanese industry is mainly distributed in the narrow strip of land along the Pacific coast and Seto Inland Sea. The capital, Tokyo, is in the southern part of the Kanto Plain and on the northwest shore of Tokyo Bay. The waters near Hokkaido, Japan, are famous fishing grounds in the world. Japan often ranks first in the world in terms of fishing volume. Rice production is now self-sufficient. However, vegetables and fruits still need to be imported.

37. Southeast Asia. See the picture on page 94 of Volume 1. Southeast Asia is located in southeastern Asia, including the Indochina Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago. The southern part of Indochina is long and narrow, extending to near the equator, and is called the Malay Peninsula. Countries in Southeast Asia, except Laos, which is landlocked, are all coastal or island countries. The largest one is Indonesia. The territory consists of more than 13,000 islands, making it the largest archipelago country in the world. It is the country with the most volcanic activity in the world. Therefore, it is known as the "Volcanic Country". The southern part of the Malay Peninsula and most of the Malay Archipelago are located near the equator and have a tropical rainforest climate. Indochina and the northern part of the Philippine Islands have a tropical monsoon climate.

38. Residents and Economy Indonesia is the most populous country in Southeast Asia, with more than half of the country's population located on the island of Java. Southeast Asia is the area where Chinese and overseas Chinese are most concentrated, and most of their ancestors are residents of Guangdong and Fujian, China. Southeast Asia is the world's largest producer of natural rubber, palm oil, coconut, abaca and other tropical cash crop products. Most residents in various countries rely on rice as their main food source. The most important minerals in Southeast Asia are tin and oil. Singapore is known as the "Garden City".

39. South Asia Pictures are shown on page 108 of Volume 1. South Asia is the birthplace of Buddhism and Hinduism. In the northern part of South Asia are the towering Himalayas. This part is called "South Asian Subcontinent". The central plain is formed by the alluvial deposits of the Indus and Ganges rivers and is the main agricultural and densely populated area of ??South Asia. The Indian peninsula is mostly occupied by the Deccan Plateau. Precipitation in South Asia is affected by the monsoon. The southwest monsoon prevails from June to September every year, which is the rainy season. The northwest monsoon prevails from October to May of the following year, which is the dry season.

40. India India has a wide area of ??arable land and is the country with the largest arable land in Asia. India's main food crops are rice and wheat, and its cash crops include cotton, tea, jute, etc. The main minerals in India include coal, iron, manganese, etc. Mainly distributed in the northeastern part of the Deccan Plateau. The capital is New Delhi. Kolkata is rich in jute and is the center of India's textile industry and an important seaport. It is one of the most populous cities in India. Mumbai, located on the western coast, is India's largest seaport and center of the cotton textile industry.

41. Central Asia Central Asia is located in the middle of the Eurasian continent, deep in the Asian continent. The terrain is mainly hills and plains. Most of the rivers in Central Asia are inland rivers. The west is bordered by the Caspian Sea, the world's largest endorheic lake. The pastures of central and southern Central Asia are the third largest cotton production base in the world after China and the United States. Uzbekistan is known as the "Platinum Country" because of its rich cotton production. The livestock are mainly fine-wool sheep and lambskin sheep. At the same time, mining, metallurgy, and military industries are quite developed.

42. West Asia and North Africa West Asia and North Africa are located in the hub zone between the three continents of Asia, Europe and Africa, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Their geographical location is very important. The Dead Sea has an altitude of -400 meters, making it the lowest point on the land surface in the world. Most areas have a tropical desert climate. The world's highest temperature record occurred in Aziziya, Libya, North Africa (57.8°C). Precipitation is generally sparse. Only the Mediterranean coast has a typical Mediterranean climate.

43. The Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It starts from the Atlantic coast in the west, to the Red Sea coast in the east, from the Mediterranean coast in the north to the Sudan savannah in the south, accounting for about 1/4 of Africa's area. There is high temperature and little rain all year round, and there are few plants. There is abundant oil under the desert.

44. Arabs and Islam West Asia and North Africa are multi-ethnic areas, mainly white. In common Arabic, these countries are called "Arab countries". West Asia is the birthplace of Islam, Christianity and Judaism. The city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia is known as the holiest city of Islam. Jerusalem is regarded as a holy city by Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.

45. The world’s largest oil reservoir. West Asia and North Africa are the regions that produce and export the most oil. West Asia has formed a huge oil belt with the Persian Gulf as the center. Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, and Iraq are the main oil-producing countries in West Asia. Oil reserves account for about 1/2 of the world's total oil reserves, and production accounts for about 1/4 of the total production. The oil produced is mainly exported to Western Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries and regions. Morocco's phosphate reserves account for 3/4 of the world's phosphate reserves.

46. Animal Husbandry and Agriculture Date palm is the representative plant of oasis agriculture.

47. Pakistan is located on the west side of the Arabian Peninsula and is a transportation hub for Europe, Asia and Africa. Develop drip and sprinkler irrigation technology.

48. Egypt is located in northeast Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in Asia is also the territory of Egypt. More than 90% of the entire territory is desert, and cultivated land, population and cities are mainly concentrated in the narrow coastal plain of the Nile River and the estuary delta area where it enters the sea. The Nile River is more than 6,600 kilometers long and is the longest river in the world. It originates from the eastern African plateau.