What are the knowledge points that must be mastered in the first and second units of geography compulsory course?

1, the level of celestial system: total galaxy-Milky Way galaxy (extragalactic galaxy)-solar system-earth-moon system.

2. Conditions for the existence of life on the earth: ① stable sunlight; (2) a safe cosmic environment; ③ Due to the moderate distance between the sun and the earth, the surface temperature is suitable (average temperature 15 degrees); ④ Due to the moderate mass and volume of the earth, the earth can attract the atmosphere to form an atmosphere (mainly nitrogen and oxygen); ⑤ Liquid water forms and exists.

3, the influence of solar activity on the earth:

(1) Signs of solar activity: sunspots and flares.

(2) Influence: it affects the ionosphere and interferes with radio short-wave communication; Produce "magnetic storm" phenomenon and "aurora" phenomenon; The climate that affects the earth.

4, the geographical significance of the earth's rotation:

① Day and night alternation: the dividing line between the daytime hemisphere and the nighttime hemisphere-the termination line (circle

② Local time difference: it is early in the east and late in the west, and the longitude changes every 15 degrees 1 hour.

(3) Deviation of objects moving horizontally along the surface: not biased on the equator, right biased in the northern hemisphere and left biased in the southern hemisphere. The deflection force increases with the latitude.

5, the geographical significance of the revolution of the earth:

(1) Variation of day and night length:

(2) the change of the sun height at noon:

At the same time, at noon, the height of the sun decreases from the direct point of the sun to the north and south sides. From summer solstice, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer, and at noon, the height of the sun decreases from the Tropic of Cancer to the north and south sides. At this time, the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer and its north reaches the maximum and the latitude of the southern hemisphere reaches the minimum in a year. On the solstice of winter, the sun shines directly on the tropic of Capricorn, and the height of the sun decreases from the tropic of Capricorn to the north and south at noon. At this time, the tropic of Capricorn and its south latitude reach the maximum in a year, and the latitude in the northern hemisphere reaches the minimum. At the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox, the sun shines directly at the equator, and the height of the sun decreases from the equator to the poles at noon.

6. The spherical structure of the earth is divided into inner sphere and outer sphere by the boundary of the surface.

(1) According to the characteristics of seismic waves (P wave and S wave), the lithosphere inside the earth is divided into three lithospheres: crust, mantle and core.

(2) Outer space: atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

4. Atmospheric heating process: solar radiation (short wave), atmospheric attenuation, ground warming, ground radiation (long wave), atmospheric warming, atmospheric radiation (long wave) and atmospheric reverse radiation (insulation).

(1) Weakening effect of atmosphere on solar radiation: ① absorption:

(2) Thermal insulation function of ground atmosphere:

5. There are 7 pressure zones (alternating high and low pressure distribution) and 6 wind zones near the earth's surface.

(1) Low latitude circulation:?

① equatorial low pressure area:

② Subtropical high pressure area:

(3) Trade winds:

(2) Mid-latitude circulation:

④ Sub-polar low pressure zone:

⑤ Mid-latitude westerly belt:

(3) High latitude circulation:

⑥ Polar high pressure belt:

All landowners polar easterners:

(4) the movement of pressure belt and wind belt

(5) Climate type formed by single pressure belt or wind belt:

(6) Climate types formed by the movement of pressure zone and wind zone:

6. Common weather systems: frontal system (cold front, warm front, quasi-static front), cyclone (low pressure), anticyclone (high pressure) and frontal cyclone.