Episode 38

In 548 AD, the Eastern Wei who defected to the Liang Dynasty rebelled against Hou Jing, dispatched troops and became a valerian. Xiao Yan, the 85-year-old founding emperor of Liang Dynasty, starved to death in the court during the post-Jin Rebellion, and the gentry in the south of the Yangtze River, who controlled the lifeline of the country, were slaughtered and wiped out. During that time, the population of Jiangnan dropped sharply, and the once prosperous land instantly turned into a hell on earth where thousands of miles of smoke and bones gathered. Jiangnan needs a hero who can rise and fall and save cultural roots to save the people in from the mire.

Chen Baxian, the son of Jiangnan who was born in poverty, was born at the right time. He took part in the rebellion of Lingnan Northern Expedition and rejected the invasion of the northern army. Finally, the Chen Dynasty was established, the people were able to recuperate, and Jiangnan reappeared its prosperity. However, only thirty-three years later, his descendant Chen sang the voice of national subjugation leisurely in the flowers in the back garden of Yushu when the dynasty was in danger. Chen Baxian's heroic dream was finally shattered in Chen Houzhu.

Today, a small town in the south of the Yangtze River in Changxing County, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province is called the Great Wall in ancient times. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there lived a large number of barbarians belonging to the southern aborigines. Among the descendants of Wu Ximan, there is a poor boy who has a domineering name, Chen Baxian. In Chen Baxian's hometown, his folks prefer to let this ancestor face the world in clothes, but at the same time, they attach various miracles to him. There is a pavilion behind the statue of Chen Baxian in Changxing County. There is a well in the pavilion. The locals call this well a holy well. The local people have many beautiful legends. When Chen Baxian's mother was drawing water from a well, she suddenly saw a little white dragon enter her belly, and then Chen Baxian was born. After Chen Baxian was born, the water in the well boiled, so his family scooped water from the well to bathe him, so he also turned the well into a holy well.

The hero of the future was born in Longmu. Due to his poor family background, Chen Baxian took fishing as his profession in his early years, and later became a village official, serving as Li Zheng in the village. In his spare time, Chen Baxian likes to dabble in history books, read military books and practice martial arts hard. The well in front of his house can no longer satisfy his ambition, and he is determined to make a breakthrough in a broader world. Soon, Chen Baxian came to Jiankang to manage the oil depot. Because of his cleverness, he was promoted as the envoy of the new Hou Yu Xiaoying, who was a royal relative of the Liang Dynasty. Although he came from a humble background, he was deeply loved by Xiao Ying because of his familiarity with officials and hard work. Xiao Ying was transferred to Guangzhou, took Chen Baxian with him and introduced him to join the army as a staff member. He was ordered to gather horses and become a military attache in charge of the army. This is an important turning point in Chen Baxian's fate. At this point, Chen Baxian is in the prime of his thirties. However, if Chen Baxian wants to be truly superior, he must break through an invisible obstacle, that is, the gate valve system since Wei and Jin Dynasties. Although the imperial power politics has been rebuilt, a few poor people have won the trust of the emperor, but "the difference between scholars and Shu Ren is also the seal of the country", the gate system is strict, the giants are intertwined, and they try their best to control the political power. In the so-called world Gao Fushuai, the poor are still excluded and it is difficult to have a bright future.

(Chen Nanjing University) The Six Dynasties was the only time in the history of China that paid great attention to aristocratic status. Liang Qichao even said that it was the only aristocratic era in the history of China. Only with a good background can we make progress and be worthy of the public. Chen Baxian is a small person who rose under the background of the Hou Jing Rebellion and the collapse of Jiangnan aristocratic families.

The real rise of Chen Baxian was in the post-Jin Rebellion. Facing the residual water everywhere, Chen Baxian led 3000 Guangdong local troops to the north to crusade against Hou Jing. During this period, he sent a special envoy to Jiangling, and later under the rule of Emperor Xiao Yi in eastern Hunan, he gained the legitimacy of the Northern Expedition. It was also from this time that Chen Baxian, who was born in a poor family, began to soar.

After the Hou Jing Rebellion, two powerful ministers were active in the political arena of the Liang Dynasty. One is Chen Baxian, who was born in poverty, and the other is Wang Sengbian, a representative of the northern gentry in Taiyuan. After forming a political alliance, Chen and Wang's joint forces were on a roll, and soon broke through Jiankang and wiped out the rebels in Hou Jing. After the Hou Jing Rebellion was pacified, Xiao Yi, the king of eastern Hunan, proclaimed himself Emperor Liang Yuan in Jiangling. As usual, after Yuan Di ascended the throne, he was rewarded for putting down the chaos in Hou Jing, and Chen Baxian played an important role. Emperor Yuan of Liang only named Chen Baxian Sikongling, Yangzhou Secretariat and Jingkou Town; And named the king a monk's side hill town student. Although Chen Baxian, who has made outstanding military achievements, enjoys the reputation of "three publics", he is still excluded from the core of power. As can be seen from the placement of Chen Baxian, the royal family and gentry of Liang Dynasty headed by Yuan Di were very wary of Chen Baxian, who was born in poverty.

The biggest contradiction in the Liang dynasty was not only within the Xiao wall, but also outside the national border. In the north, the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty, two powerful Xianbei countries, seized a large area of land of the Liang Dynasty with the help of the Hou Jing Rebellion, and even half of the natural barrier of the Yangtze River, which the Liang Dynasty always relied on, fell into the hands of the enemy in the north. At this time, the Liang Dynasty was already at a critical juncture.

Jingzhou City, Hubei Province is Jiangling, where Emperor Liang Yuan proclaimed himself emperor. /kloc-More than 0/500 years ago, the famous book burning in Jiangling in China was staged here.

In 554, three years after the rebellion in Hou Jing was put down, the Western Wei army raided Jiangling, and Emperor Liang Yuan was besieged. Jingzhou Library currently has more than 400,000 books and 20,000 ancient books, which are not many in China, but more than 500 years ago, it was the place with the largest collection of books in China, with as many as140,000 ancient books in its heyday. However, the vast sea of books has disappeared. Successive curators can only look for the glory of the year in these books.

? (Director of Jingzhou City? Ouyang Jun)? Before the fall of Jiangling, Emperor Xiao Yi of Liang Yuan burned140,000 books carefully collected over the years. He wants to use these books to be martyred for himself, calling himself the way of civil and military affairs. Historically speaking, the burning of books in Jiangling is an unprecedented disaster in the cultural history of China. In terms of quantity, Emperor Yuan of Liang destroyed half of the books handed down from generation to generation, while in terms of quality, he destroyed the essence accumulated in past dynasties. When asked about the reason for burning books, Emperor Yuan of Liang argued: "Reading thousands of books is still here today, so I burned it."

As Jiangling burned books, the Liang Dynasty immediately perished. After Jiangling was destroyed, the survival task of Liang Dynasty fell on the shoulders of Chen Baxian and Wang Sengbian. As important officials of the Liang Dynasty, Wang and Chen refused to accept the northern forces, and they decided to make Xiao Emperor at the age of thirteen, the ninth son of Emperor Yuan of Liang Dynasty. At this time, Beiqi also wanted to train a political agent in Jiangnan, and they chose Liang Wudi's nephew Xiao Yuanming. In Chaohu, Anhui, the Northern Qi defeated Wang Sengbian, forcing Wang Sengbian to agree to let Xiao Yuanming claim the throne in Jiankang. The already shaky political alliance finally fell apart because of Wang Sengbian's defection and betrayal. In 555 AD, Chen Baxian attacked Jiankang, took Jingkou, killed Wang Sengbian and his son, and re-established Xiao Fang Zhi as Emperor Liang Jingdi to take charge of Chinese and foreign military affairs. Seeing that the agent who worked so hard to support was overthrown in an instant, how could the Beiqi government sit idly by, and a war that decided the fate of the south was about to begin.

Lotus can be picked in Jiangnan, so there is no lotus leaf. Xuanwu Lake every summer, the lakeshore is green with lotus leaves. Chen Baxian, who has just entered health, is now facing the most severe test after the soldiers left Lingnan. In order to occupy the Southern Dynasties, Beiqi organized 100,000 troops to go south.

Plum rains in the south of the Yangtze River constantly covered the sky, and the officers and men of the Qi army were all northerners, so they didn't adapt to the rainy weather in the south, and their morale began to decline after a long attack. Chen Baxian is waiting for this moment. On June 1 1, the weather turned fine and the decisive battle came. Chen Baxian hopes that the soldiers can have a hearty meal. However, Jiankang City, which has been besieged for several months, is short of food and grass. At this time, Chen Gang, my nephew, sent 3,000 humi and 1,000 ducks. Chen Baxian was overjoyed and immediately ordered people to cook ducks. He also cut many lotus leaves from Xuanwu Lake, wrapped them in rice, and served them with some delicious duck meat. This is the origin of the famous lotus leaf rice in Nanjing. The soldiers had a good time, and their morale was greatly boosted. The main force of the Qi army was completely annihilated. The 100,000 troops of the Qi army who retreated to the north were only 20,000 to 30,000. At this point, the Northern Qi finally defeated a powerful opponent.

After Chen Baxian drove the northern Qi army out of the south of the Yangtze River, it was only natural that Xiao Liang's regime would be transferred to him. He laid a solid foundation and was ready to sit on it. In 557 AD, the 54-year-old forced Xiao to cede the throne to himself in order to establish the Chen Dynasty with Jiankang as its capital. Since then, the cold clan has been fully superior. When he was young, Chen Baxian left his hometown. More than 30 years later, the son of a poor family became emperor and reached the peak of his life. After becoming the king of a country, Chen Wudi still did not forget the true colors of the humble family, and even put forward the idea of governing the country with sincerity, which highlighted the political demands and opinions of the humble people in the humble family, in stark contrast to the gentry's pursuit of extravagance in the Southern Dynasties. 1994, when his descendants rebuilt Chen Baxian's former residence in Changxing, his hometown, they also followed Chen Wudi's frugal fashion, and there was no luxury in the whole memorial hall.

As the founding monarch, Chen Wudi has a strong will and a simple style. During his reign, he changed the luxury in the palace, set an example, advocated frugality and opposed extravagance and waste. Chen Wudi was born thrifty, but he often only ate a few products, and gave private banquets, all of which were earthenware clams and vegetables. Moreover, the dishes were ashamed, and the list was enough, so he didn't waste money. Even after the economic recovery in the south of the Yangtze River, the palace is still not luxurious and magnificent, and it is not listed in the front. At that time, the Chen dynasty was generous and simple, and the people's strength was restored. The once dilapidated Jiangnan mountains and rivers began to glow. History chose Chen Baxian, who was born in poverty. He grew from a village official to a general. In desperation, he finally put on a yellow robe and cleaned up the broken mountains and rivers, thus avoiding a more cruel war in the south of the Yangtze River. At the same time, it almost single-handedly protected China culture to continue its inheritance and development in the south. In the long run, Chen Chao may become stronger on the basis of focusing on accumulating national strength. However, history is always changed by countless accidents. In June 559, Chen Wudi, who was in power for only 2 1 month, suddenly died in Jiankang City.

There is a saying that Chen Wudi was buried in Wan 'anling, Jiangning District, Nanjing after his death. In the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties, Wan 'anling is even a scenic spot unfamiliar to locals, leaving only two lonely stone beasts here. The dynasty established by Chen Wudi is a thing of the past. But 1500 years ago, the Chen Dynasty, with the smallest territory and the weakest national strength in the history of the Southern Dynasties, stubbornly held the most prosperous economic and cultural area in China, leaving a very rich legacy for the reunification of the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

(Institute of History, Loujin Academy of Social Sciences) The two northern groups, Beiqi and Houjing, are the rising Hu Huahan groups in six towns, and they are both very backward, cruel and dark. Compared with this situation, Chen Baxian can resist Gao Qi in the west and reject the Western Wei Dynasty, and he is of course a national hero. Through Chen Dynasty's combing and governance of Jiangnan, it greatly weakened the power of local strongmen in Jiangnan, which was very beneficial to the later Sui Dynasty's rule of Jiangnan.

Chen Baxian assigned a lot of work to do. Two years after he ascended the throne, his ambition was unfulfilled, leaving endless regrets. Because Chen Baxian's son was not around, his nephew Chen Gang succeeded to the throne for Chen Wendi. Chen Wendi was a rare and promising monarch in the Southern Dynasties. He followed Emperor Wudi's expedition to the north and was full of worries about the future of the dynasty. During his reign, he successively put down the rebellion in Lin, Linchuan Zhou Di, Jian 'an Chen Baoying and other places, and blocked Baqiu, preventing the Northern Zhou Dynasty from advancing eastward along the river. At the same time, Emperor Wen rectified the bureaucracy, attached importance to agriculture and mulberry, and built water conservancy projects. Jianhu Lake in Shaoxing today is a famous tourist attraction in Zhejiang. In the Chen Dynasty, this was a famous water conservancy project. During Chen Wendi's reign, the lake irrigated thousands of miles of farmland along the 120 mile waterway, and these rivers still exist today. During the ruling period, the politics of Chen dynasty was clear, the social economy developed to a certain extent, and the country began to become strong. With the stability and prosperity of the Chen Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty began to make up with the Chen Dynasty. Chen Chao sent a special envoy, Shang Zhoushu's younger brother, the later emperor, to Chang 'an to welcome him.

After being imprisoned for many years, Chen Gang was deeply saddened by the destruction of his country and family. After Chen ascended the throne, he decided to develop the northern territory with a sense of crisis and mission to the rise and fall of the dynasty. Judging from the strategic situation, Jiangbei in Huainan, which was occupied by the Southern Dynasties for a long time, was plundered by the Northern Qi Dynasty, and Bashu in Jingzhou, west of the Chen Dynasty, was captured by the Northern Zhou Dynasty. The lack of strategic depth became the biggest weakness of Chen Dynasty's national defense. In 573 AD, 100,000 troops of Chen Chao crossed the river to conquer Beiqi, and the electric broom popular in the Northern Expeditionary Army recovered a large area of Huainan without any decent resistance. But when the situation was good, Xuan Di suddenly ordered the army to stop the Northern Expedition.

Emperor Xuandi Chen failed to turn the tide because the national strength of Chen Dynasty was weak at that time, and the Northern Expedition overdrawn this newly revived dynasty. On the contrary, taking advantage of the mutual restraint between the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Chen Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, where the fisherman benefited, began an ice-breaking journey and wiped out the Northern Qi Dynasty defeated by the Chen Dynasty army in one fell swoop. In 577 AD, the Northern Zhou Dynasty unified the North. The unification of the north made Chen face a stronger opponent, but Chen, who was unwilling to sit idly by and watch the prosperity of the north, failed to understand the situation clearly. At this time, he launched the second Northern Expedition. Only this time, Abatti Giresse Concorde Xuan Di suffered a heavy blow, and the battle of Xuzhou almost wiped out Chen Jun. ..

In 582 AD, Emperor Chen was full of anxiety and determined to travel around the world and swallow the famine. He repeatedly urged his descendants to do their best to be officials and leave the West after Concord. Twenty-five years after the establishment of the Chen Dynasty, it was handed over to Chen, who was famous.

The sun is shining, the fragrant wind is coming, and the beauty puts on a bun early, tries to stand and lingers. This is Chen Houzhu's Plum Blossom Fall. Chen's identity is the emperor, and his responsibility is to run the country and keep the country safe. He doesn't care much about this identity and this responsibility. Facing the charming south of the Yangtze River, Chen Houzhu prefers to be a poet and sing. Chen Houzhu was ill-fated since childhood. When he was two years old, Jiangling fell. He and his parents were taken away by the Western Wei Dynasty. It was not until 562 AD that he returned to Jiangnan. At this time, Chen Cai was nine years old and was made Prince of Ancheng. When Chen was in trouble, he was still a naive doll. By the time he first saw the world, he had become the Prince of Ancheng, enjoying all the splendor. Chen doesn't know the burden and difficulties of the ancestral temple, just like his father Chen Zhuan. Wei Zhi of the Tang Dynasty said that Chen Houzhu was born in a palace and grew up in a woman's hands, but he didn't know the hardships of farming, which was generally good. The Chen dynasty was beset by internal troubles and foreign invasion. When Chen Houzhu first acceded to the throne, he was afraid of the danger of Yunnan at first, and there were many repentance books. In his letter of accession to the throne, there is such a sentence, "If there is no reason to be silent, dare to forget Ji Kang." It means that you can't covet ease and do nothing, and you can't forget to govern the country. If Chen Houzhu can be as full of anxiety and make great efforts as when he announced his accession to the throne, he may be able to maintain half of the country temporarily. But it happened that Chen was an ambitious and happy emperor. Chen, the king of a country in Jiankang City, where this river passes, is even more gentle and good at literature, especially palace poetry. The theme of palace poems is mostly romantic and evil, and the style is frivolous and beautiful. When Chen was a prince, a large number of scholars gathered in the East Palace, forming a large-scale literary group. Under his command, there are Hsuanchan, Kong Fanzhi, Jiang Zong and Wang Yuan. , more than ten people don't respect etiquette, self-assertion, claiming to be ten guests. After Chen ascended the throne, under the protection of imperial power, this literary group got greater development. At that time, it was called Wenzong, and after his death, Xu Ling, who was honored as a Ci school by his late master, was one of the best. In order to cater to Chen Houzhu's kindness, Xu Ling specially compiled a collection of poems, A New Ode to Yutai, for women in the palace. New Yutai Fu has always had a high literary position in the history of literature, and it is the third collection of poems after The Book of Songs and Songs of the South.

As a monarch, Chen Houzhu forgot his political declaration when he ascended the throne. Instead of being prepared for danger in times of peace, he indulged in his favorite literature, ignored state affairs all day and was busy giving banquets with literary courtiers. Since then, the national politics of the Chen Dynasty has been decadent and the discipline has not been established. The monarch and his ministers were addicted to the charming Jiangnan culture and dreamed pink dreams all day.

? There are beautiful women in the north, who are peerless and independent. They care about the city first and then the country. Chen Houzhu's favorite princess, Zhang Lihua, is such a beauty. According to historical records, her hair is seven feet long, her curly hair is black as paint, her light shines, her manners are refined, her face is beautiful, she looks around, her eyes shine, and her reflection is left and right. When dressing on the pavilion, facing the porch sill (sword), the palace is like a fairy. Chen and Zhang Lihua have had an indissoluble bond since they were princes. When Emperor Xuan Di just died, Chen Houzhu was chopped by his younger brother Chen Shujian, and he wanted to take his place. During her recovery, Zhu Ji was left alone in the squire room in Zhang Guifei. In addition, Zhang Guifei has a strong memory, and many memorials will never be forgotten, so Chen Houzhu is very fond of Zhang Lihua. Chen Houzhu's love for Zhang Guifei and other concubines is reflected in three famous pavilions in history. Since the founding of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the furnishings in the palace have been very simple. But in Chen Houzhu, all this has changed. In the second year of Chen Houzhu's accession to the throne, Lin Chun Pavilion, Qi Jie Pavilion and Wang Xian Pavilion were built, which were connected by many roads. Each attic has dozens of feet high and dozens of rooms. Doors, windows, walls, lintels and railings are all made of sandalwood and decorated with jade and pearls. The treasure beds and railings in the pavilion are all set up. There are many beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, and three pavilions are newly completed. To this end, Chen Houzhu wrote a poem "yushu backyard flower", and Li Yufang's new clothes were gorgeous and beautiful. Yinghu couldn't get in at first, so he greeted with a smile. Demon Ji's face is like a flower with dew, and Yushu flows in the backyard. Elegant poetry is highly praised by later generations. The flower in the back garden of Yushu, which has not been in bloom for a long time, has become a famous voice of national subjugation.

The southeast is charming, and the woman has become a man. With the exquisite maturity of Jiangnan culture, the natural landscape has become a human landscape, and the Yangtze River moat has also become gentle and charming. At this time, in the north, the Northern Zhou Dynasty has been replaced by the Sui Dynasty, and Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, who is determined to rebuild reunification, has pointed to the south of the Yangtze River.

Besides disobeying the monarch, indulging in literature, extravagance and corruption, indulging in pleasure, Chen Houzhu also showed incompetence and inhumanity in politics. In 586 AD, 34-year-old Chen Xiazhao, following the example of ancient sages, set up an exhortation drum and listened to the minister's words. Facing the oppression of soldiers in Sui Dynasty, General Ren Zhong of Chen wrote a letter to protest. Nowadays, the official circles openly bribe and accept bribes, and the villain colludes inside and outside, which has violated the code. If there is a war on the border, our great cause will be ruined. Kong Fan, a guest of Chen Houzhu, is favored for his gorgeous articles. He even reprimanded Ren Zhong, saying that we have the natural barrier of the Yangtze River, and the border war is not worth mentioning. Your border generals are just brave and can't compare with my foresight. Hearing this, Chen Houzhu immediately usurped Ren Zhong's relieving. Since then, as long as the generals of the Chen Dynasty made a slight mistake, Chen Houzhu would seize the relieving of these generals and distribute them to the civilian, which eventually led to the disintegration of the civilian of the Chen Dynasty.

Chen Houzhu appointed three villains, namely Shi Wenqing, Shen Keqing and Kong Fan. Most of them are studious, literate and martial, and are good at using five words and seven languages. If it's just a bunch of literati drinking tribute, it won't do much harm to the dynasty. After all, this is not a mistake. However, many literati around Chen Houzhu are proud of themselves and have no plans for the country. They are like rising stars who govern the country and stabilize the frontier, and they have no strategy at all.

In the winter of 588 AD, the Eighth Route Army of Sui Dynasty launched an all-round attack on the Southern Dynasties from the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. When the soldiers were besieged, Chen Houzhu was still addicted to drinking and singing, thinking that he could rely on the natural barrier of the Yangtze River to keep the enemy out of the country. However, there are tigers in the dragon's nest, and the rolling Yangtze River can't stop Sui Jun's iron hoof after all, whitewashing weakness, and artificial prosperity can't save the fate of national subjugation. In the first month of 589 AD, Chen Houzhu's pink dream finally withered in the charming south of the Yangtze River without any Armageddon.

In the corner of Nanjing Jiming Temple, there is a well, just like the holy well in Chen Wudi. This well also has a name called Rouge Well, which is even more famous than Shengjing. On the night of national subjugation, I took two beloved concubines, Zhang Lihua and Kong, and jumped in to drag out an ignoble existence, ready to avoid this disaster. At that time, the accompanying ministers dissuaded Chen Houzhu one after another, saying that it was detrimental to national dignity, and it was easy to be criticized by future generations if you drag out an ignoble existence. They all suggested that Chen Houzhu simply dress up and sit there facing Sui Jun's invasion. However, Chen Houzhu did not listen to the dissuasion of panicked liegeman. At that time, some lieutenants tried to persuade Chen Houzhu not to do this, even lying at the wellhead, but this still did not stop Chen Houzhu and his two concubines from going down to the bottom of the well together. In fact, this ancient well is not the one that Chen Houzhu jumped into, but this does not prevent people from associating historical facts and legends with this ancient well.

On the night of national subjugation, Chen Houzhu forgot the majesty of the king of a country, but he didn't forget his beloved concubines. If he is just a gifted scholar and a beautiful woman, this experience between life and death may be celebrated as a much-told story, but as an emperor, Chen Houzhu is the most criticized by history for his insatiable greed and ruin. Moreover, after he hid in the well, the farce was not over yet. That night, they were caught by Sui Jun's rope. When the two concubines came up, the rouge on them was all fragrant in the mine field.

When the Eight Immortals were born, Changxing ancient well boiled, and when the great cause of Chen Dynasty was completed, this well was honored as a holy well. Thirty-three years later, when the power came to an end, Chen Houzhu was even more humiliated when he fled into the ancient well. In addition to the title of Rouge Well, Nanjing people also call this well Shame Well.

Those who lost their country died at the age of 52 after the demise of the Chen Dynasty 16 years. However, he did not return to Jiankang until his death, because his former capital, Jiankang, was razed to the ground by Sui Jun after the demise of the Chen Dynasty. In Nanjing, there are only about 300 square meters of Southern Dynasties relics. ?