What are the pastoral poets

The school of pastoral poetry is a school of ancient Chinese poetry, and the most important representative is Tao Yuanming, a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Throughout the ages, Tao Yuanming's poetry and art have had a far-reaching impact on later generations. The following is the introduction of my carefully prepared pastoral poet. You can refer to the following!

Representative of pastoral poets 1 Tao Yuanming

(about 365-427). Also known as money, he is cheerful and quiet in private. Xunyang Chaisang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) was born. He comes from a poor bureaucratic landlord family. Educated by Confucianism since childhood, I am full of illusions about life and hope to realize my ambition of "helping the poor" through my official career. Since the age of 29, he has served as Jiangzhou wine-offering, Zhenjun joining the army and pengze county. He was dissatisfied with the dark reality that Turkish landlords were in power at that time. When he was appointed as pengze county, he resigned from his post and went home only for more than 80 days because he didn't want to "bend over and fight for rice". It goes without saying that he wrote the word "come home and come to Xi". From then on, he devoted himself to self-financing until he died of poverty and illness at the age of 63.

He is good at poetry, and most of his poems describe the natural scenery and his life scenes in the countryside. His excellent works imply his hatred and unwillingness to go with the flow of the decadent ruling group, but there are also negative thoughts such as "impermanence of life" and "happiness and peace of mind". On the other hand, poems with another theme, such as "Jing Ke Fu", show his political ambition, which is quite compassionate and generous. The most famous prose is Peach Blossom Spring. He invented some plots with objective narration and created a beautiful paradise. Through this story, he reflected the people's desire to hate war and pursue peace, and showed the author's dissatisfaction with real life and yearning for an ideal society. Tao Yuanming's poems are both plain and hearty, and his language is simple and natural, which is extremely refined. There is Tao Yuanming's collection.

meng haoran

Poets in Tang Dynasty. Xiangyang Xiangzhou (now Xiangfan, Hubei) Xiangyang is known as Meng Xiangyang in the world. In the first half of my life, I mainly stayed at home to study and adapted my own poems. Once lived in seclusion in Lumen Mountain. At the age of 40, you should travel to Beijing and return to Xiangyang. I made friends with Zhang Jiuling and Wang Wei when I was in Chang 'an. There is a poem title. After roaming in wuyue, the landscape is extremely poor, so as to solve the frustration of official career. He died of overeating. Meng Haoran's poems are mostly five-character short stories with limited themes. He writes more about landscapes, pastoral areas, seclusion and travel. Although it is not without cynicism, it is more of a poet's self-expression. He and Wang Wei also said that although his poems were not as broad as Wang's, they had unique artistic attainments, and he was the pioneer of the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty after Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao. Meng Ke's poems are unpretentious, cordial and true, full of life breath and wonderful and complacent interest. Such as "Autumn Boasts Send Zhang Wu", "Passing the Old Village" and "Spring Dawn", which are light and elegant, integrated and elegant. Meng's poems are based on broad-mindedness and broad-mindedness, but there is also a vigorous and free spirit, such as Dongting Lake Newspaper, Clouds and Clouds, and Yueyang City Trapped, all of which are vigorous and free, overlooking everything. But this kind of poem is rare in Meng's poems. Generally speaking, the content of Meng's poems is thin, and it is inevitable to be embarrassed by the length. Meng Haoran's Popular Collection contains 263 poems, but some of them are the works of others.

"Prepare chicken and rice for me, old friend. You entertain me on your farm. Green Woods surround the village and green hills are located outside the city. Open the window facing the valley vegetable garden and pass the glass to talk about crops. Wait until the mountain is on holiday, and I will come back in chrysanthemum time. " . Green trees, green hills, cottages, nurseries and Sang Ma blend harmoniously. This is a beautiful and quiet rural scenery, emitting a fresh earthy atmosphere. There is a strong atmosphere of life here. Here is "too light to see poetry" (Meng Haoran in Wen Yiduo's works), but there is no lack of artistic beauty and simple life beauty that are deeply integrated into the whole poem. Meng Haoran seems to have found the feeling of conversion here. The poet finally forgot all the setbacks and gains and losses of fame and fortune in his political pursuit, and even completely abandoned his lonely and depressed mood in seclusion. Finally, the mind is relaxed, and even the poet's movements are very flexible, which naturally shows its conquest here.

Sleeping sickness in spring unconsciously broke the morning, and the chirping of birds disturbed my sleep. But now I remember that night, that storm, I wonder how many flowers were broken? "These four poems are the works of Meng Haoran, and his artistic realm and spiritual realm have reached the realm of transformation. But now I remember that night, that storm, I wonder how many flowers were broken? Wang Guowei commented that Li Yu's words "have the meaning that Sakyamuni Christ bears human sins", and Meng Haoran's two poems also contain great and profound feelings. His feelings and feelings for all things have a * * * sound, and there is a deep sympathy for the universe and life. This poem expresses the highest metaphysical heart and the greatest romantic feelings. This is the most natural poem, and it is heavenly. Meng Haoran is happy. He changed the realm of life from the realm of utility to the realm of heaven and earth, and I reached the realm of no self. Although I suffered hardships during the period, I finally endured it.

Dull: Dull is different from mediocrity and insipid. It is the deep feelings and rich thoughts expressed in simple language, full of affection, so it is often dull and thoughtful. As Wang Anshi said, it seems the most bizarre, but in fact it is easy to achieve but difficult.

Tao Yuanming is the first plain poem, and few people can write plain poems. Li Yu's ci is definitely not dull, on the contrary, it has strong emotional power.

Wang Wei

Wang Wei is a representative of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He inherited and carried forward the landscape poems initiated by Xie Lingyun, and was unique, which made the achievements of landscape pastoral poems reach the peak and occupied an important position in the history of China poetry. Wang Wei also has excellent works in other aspects. Some reflect the life of the army and the frontier fortress, some show chivalry, and some expose the shortcomings of the times. Some small poems that bid farewell to relatives and friends and write about daily life, such as "Farewell to Yuan Er Shi Anxi", "Acacia", "Thinking of Shandong Brothers in the Mountain" and "Farewell to Shenzifu Jiangdong", have been passed down from ancient times to the present. These poems are all five-character poems or seven-character poems, which are sincere, unadorned, simple and profound, comparable to Li Bai and Wang Changling, and represent the highest achievement of quatrains in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. His poems, which should be written, sung and preached to Buddha, are occasionally famous, but they are not enough. Wang Wei has the highest attainments in five laws, five unique skills and seven unique skills, and he is also good at other aspects, which is very prominent in the Tang Dynasty poetry circle. Its seven methods, either vigorous and gorgeous, or beautiful and elegant, are all imitations of the seven sons of the Ming Dynasty. The seven ancient forms are neatly arranged and the momentum is erratic. Prose is quiet and meaningful, full of poetry, such as The Mountain and Pei Xiucai's Book. Wang Wei enjoyed great fame both before and after his death, and was known as "the literate sect in the world" and "Shi Fo". Have a great influence on future generations.

It is precisely because he often looks at everything with the eyes of a Zen master that his poems have a kind of beauty of tranquility, openness and quietness that other poets can't reach. In particular, the dynamic images in his description of nature in A Moment are so pure and quiet and full of Zen, such as: "People are idle with osmanthus fragrance, and the night is quiet and the mountains are empty." When the birds are startled in the moon and the springs are singing. ""Bird-watching Creek ""In the autumn rain, shallow pomegranates shed. The jumping waves splashed from themselves, and the egret was shocked. Famous phrases such as "Luan family color", "Moonlight in pine forest, crystal stone in stream" and "Autumn night in mountain" often purify readers' hearts and give people endless reverie of peace and harmony.

The artistic features of pastoral poetry 2 Specifically, the artistic features of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poetry can be summarized as follows:

The Blending of Emotion, Scenery, Things and Reason

Pastoral school does not pursue the shape of the object and the twists and turns of the plot in describing the scenery, but expresses the feelings above the world through what everyone can see and ordinary things, and writes the truth that people may not understand. Tao's poems focus on writing the mind, writing the mind that is integrated with the scenery, and writing through life. He doesn't care if he looks like it, but writes a world in his mind. Shi Tao's poems are based on things, landscapes, emotions and rationality. The new seedlings spreading their wings under the south wind, the moon returning from weeding with him, the smoke curling up, Chun Yan returning to his lair because of his family's four walls, the forest in front of the hall, the piano on the bed, the muddy wine in the pot, and the pine trees, autumn chrysanthemums, lonely clouds and birds that often appear in his works are all unusual things. They are all objective, reflecting the poet's subjective feelings and personality, and they are all concrete. And look at "drinking" article 5:

Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. This makes sense. I forgot to say it if I wanted to defend myself.

The first four sentences talk about the relationship between "mind" and "land", that is, the relationship between subjective spirit and objective environment. As long as the mind is far away, no matter where it is, it will not be disturbed by the noise of dust and customs. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan", the first time I saw Nanshan leisurely, seems to be integrated with Nanshan. The mountain breeze and the returning birds that night constitute a wonderful scenery in their hearts, which contains the true meaning of life. This instant induction between the heart and the environment, as well as the joy leading to infinity, can not be ignored. As "A Thousand Girls in Ancient Learning" said, "If there are chrysanthemums in the fence, I will pick them. If I pick it, there will be no chrysanthemums in my heart. Fools, but see the south mountain, and look at the beauty of the late mountain, to welcome birds and return together. Mountain flowers and birds talk, occasionally opposite, a machine, naive. Since there is no name and no explanation, who can tell. "

The third part of Quasi-Elegy is also the masterpiece of the four chronicles: "The weeds are boundless and the poplars are rustling. In mid-September, severe frost sent me out of the outer suburbs. No one lives on all sides, and the high graves wither. The horse cries to the sky, and the wind is depressed. It's not a thousand years since the secluded room was closed. A thousand years later, there is nothing the wise can do. Always send people away and return to their homes. Relatives or sorrows, others have also sung. What is the way to die? "

This poem begins with the funeral of relatives and friends, and "weeds" and "poplars" set off a sad atmosphere. Then it means that everyone will die, and no one can avoid it, and the death of one person has little influence on the living, so there is no need to be too persistent. The last two sentences end with logical words, which dominate the whole poem. Death is a great puzzle of mankind, which was discovered by Tao Yuanming.

The "reason" in pastoral poetry is not an abstract philosophical sermon, but a personal experience of life, which contains the interest of life. His pastoral poems show his understanding of the universe, history and life, and are the crystallization of exploring its mystery and significance, all of which are expressed in proverbial interesting and rational language and have achieved endless results. For example, "life belongs to the Tao, and food and clothing are solid." ("Geng Xu wins early rice in Westfield in mid-September") "Since we are brothers, why should we be flesh and blood?" (The first part of "Miscellaneous Poems") "Qi becomes easy to understand, and if you don't sleep, it will last forever." ("Miscellaneous Poems" II) "Encourage in time, and time waits for no one." (The first part of "Miscellaneous Poems") "I don't know if there is me, the governor is more expensive." ("Drinking" Part 14) "Life is illusory, but it is always empty." (Return to the Garden Part IV) "The name behind Xu Wei is like a cloud of smoke to me." ("Complaining Poem Chu Diao Shi Pang Zhu Shu Deng Zhong") "Even the people in the forest don't realize that loneliness is strange." ("Drinking" VIII) These poems are simple, profound and enlightening. Pan Deyu, a Qing Dynasty man, said that Tao Yuanming's statement that "everything can be done in the interior" (Yang Shihua) is pertinent.

See the police in simplicity and the beauty in simplicity.

Predecessors often used "simplicity" to summarize the style of pastoral poetry. But his pastoral poetry is not only dull, but also has the advantage of warning the world in dullness; It is not only simple, but also beautiful in simplicity. The objects described in his pastoral poems are often the most common things, such as cottages, chickens, dogs, bean sprouts, Sang Ma, mean streets and Fei Jing. Everything is described truthfully, and there is nothing unusual. However, once a poet writes, there are often warnings. Tao's poems rarely use flowery rhetoric and exaggerated techniques, but are simple, rough and simple. Such as Planting Beans at the Foot of Nanshan, It's sunny today, Pine and cypress in the East Garden, Autumn Chrysanthemum is stunning, I hate Taiwan and love quiet nights, and Spring and Autumn are many beautiful days. However, beauty can also be seen in the plain. Another example is "antique":

When it rained in mid-spring, it began to thunder in the east corner. Everyone is lurking, and everything is suitable. Yan, the new arrival, both of them came into my house. The first nest is still there, and Xiang will return to his former residence. That door has been abandoned since we broke up. My heart is solid. What's your opinion?

Spring has come, and the swallows have all returned to their huts. Over the past year, my family has become poorer and poorer, but I still insist on living in poverty and seclusion. Some friends don't understand their attitude and persuade them to be officials again and again. However, the swallows came here gracefully, and they didn't dislike their nests and their poor people at all. The swallow seems to ask the poet: My heart is firm, is your heart as firm as mine? This poem is like a beautiful fairy tale, simple but interesting. There are many similar examples, such as: "All birds like to be entrusted, and I love my family." (The first part of "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas") "There is a cross wind in the plain, and good seedlings are also pregnant." (The second part of Tian She in the Spring of Guimao) The word "Yi" is intriguing. Another example is: "The mountain stream is shallow and you can lick my feet." Filter out the new wine at home and cook chicken for the neighbors. It is dark to enter the room during the day and the salary is bright. "("Return to the Garden "Part V) A mountain stream, a chicken and a golden salary. Once these ordinary things are touched by the poet, they have a taste of life, showing his kindness to his neighbors and simple customs in the countryside. "I don't want to listen to anything, but my eyes are clean" ("Gui Mao is old in mid-December, respect my brother"), and the gentle beauty of snow is written in ten plain words. Su Shi summed up this feature of Tao poetry as "quality and reality, richness and reality", which is very incisive.

His pastoral language is not untrained, but plain and natural, with no trace. As Yuan Haowen said: "A word is natural and eternal, and it is extravagant." For example, "encourage in time, time waits for no one." (The first part of "Miscellaneous Poems") "People voted in the past, and they can't win." ("Miscellaneous Poems" II) "Cherish the forest in front of the hall and store the shade in the middle and summer." The words "Dai", "Throw" and "Save" are all commonly used verbs, which seem plain but wonderful, and it is simple enough.

The pastoral poems of the pastoral school are dull at first reading, but they have the feeling of "dull and strange, dry and gorgeous" after reciting. The poet has made great achievements in the refinement and application of language. He integrated his love for nature and rural life into his poems, making people feel as if they were there, walking in a quiet country and giving people endless reverie. This is the so-called "seemingly extraordinary rise" such as "drinking".

"Building a house should be people-oriented, without horses and chariots. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better every day, and the birds are back. There is real meaning in this, and I want to argue. "

This is a portrayal of carefree and happy rural life. Through the text, we see an image of a hermit who "faces the mountain, tucks his knees and sings, picks chrysanthemums under the hedge, smiles proudly and enjoys the moon". Quiet mountains and tired birds ask the poet a question. At this point, the author's mood can't be described in words. Poets don't want to go with the flow, and their desire for nature and rural life can also be expressed. At the same time, we can see that the poet's expression of things and the extension of artistic conception are extraordinary. Several figures show people's attitude towards life, their love for nature, their description of things and their contempt for the world.

In the history of China literature, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poetry created a new school of classical poetry-the school of pastoral poetry, which was highly praised by poets in past dynasties and even regarded as "the fundamental principle of poetry". However, the author thinks that every pastoral poem of Tao Yuanming is his heart song, or he expresses his feelings by borrowing things, or satirizes the world with flowers, or refers to mulberry ... in fact, it is his blood and tears. Although blood did not flow on bamboo slips, his blood and tears flowed in his heart. It was bitterness and sadness, wandering and melancholy, a silent struggle of a generation, and desolate grief. His personality, his ambition and his poetry also have a positive impact on us today!