Corn planting method in saline-alkali land

Planting corn in saline-alkali land is a new planting method, so do you know how to grow corn in saline-alkali land? The following is the planting method of corn in saline-alkali land that I carefully arranged for you. Let's have a look.

Corn planting method in saline-alkali land

Soil preparation and soil improvement

Autumn tillage has created good physiological and environmental conditions for maize root growth and absorption of fertilizer and water. Deep tillage can increase the permeability of hardened soil and release crop growth nutrients under the action of aerobic microorganisms; Deep tillage and weathering in winter and spring can consolidate soil, store water, increase temperature, supply fertilizer and ventilate, which is beneficial to the root system of corn crops. Generally, deep ploughing to 20 ~ 50 cm soil layer is recommended. The suitable autumn turning period in Beizhen City is from June 65438+1October 65438+May to the end of June165438+1October (the frozen thickness of soil surface is 0.3 cm). In the process of deep tillage, turning crop residues and stems and leaves into the soil can not only improve the soil, increase the content of organic matter, but also effectively degrade the pH value of the soil, which is beneficial to the growth of corn. Soil is the foundation of maize growth and development, and good soil conditions are the key to high yield of maize. In saline-alkali field, improving soil provides a good growth environment for corn growth, thus achieving the purpose of high-yield cultivation of corn [2].

According to the statistics of Beizhen Municipal Government, there are more than 20,000 hectares of arable land in saline-alkali land in the city, which are distributed in seven towns such as Xinli and Gaoshanzi in the depression, including 8,400 hectares of rice and 0/.1.6 million hectares of corn. It can be seen that accelerating the improvement of saline-alkali land is the key and foundation of high-yield cultivation of corn in Beizhen City. According to the data, the ratio of corn stalk weight to yield is about 6∶ 1, and the corn stalk returned by mechanical crushing is equivalent to the nutrient content of 3 m3 farm manure. The combination of straw crushing and deep ploughing in autumn not only enriches the field, increases the content of soil organic matter, improves the soil structure, but also enhances the soil water, fertilizer, gas and heat capacity, and degrades the soil pH value after soil decay. The gymnastics method is: after the autumn harvest in June 65438+ 10/0, use a straw crusher to cut the straw into 5cm pieces, then use a tractor to dig 25cm deep to bury the straw, and rake the ground to make ridges in early spring.

Seed selection and seed treatment

According to the objective reality of soil quality, climate and farming level in Beizhen area, the main maize varieties suitable for the local area are actively promoted. For example, drought-resistant, close-planted, short, medium and late-maturing varieties are suitable for the main maize varieties planted in mountainous towns and villages; It is suitable for planting middle and late-maturing varieties in plain towns and villages that like fertilizer and water and are sparsely planted with medium and high stalks; It is suitable for popularizing waterlogging-tolerant, salt-tolerant and medium-high stalk middle-late maturing varieties in low-lying towns and villages. After the main varieties are determined, organize farmers to buy the seeds of the approved varieties from reputable seed dealers. Before sowing, seeds should be sorted by hand, dried and sown with seed coating agent.

Start sowing at the right time

The timely early sowing period in Beizhen City is around April 20th. When the temperature exceeds 65438 08℃ for five consecutive days and the temperature of the soil plough layer is above 6℃, early sowing can be started at the right time. Corn production fields in saline-alkali land are mostly in the form of large ridge clearing, using flat sowing or furrow sowing. Precision hole sowing is carried out according to the set density, and the base fertilizer is buried with the seeds. Seed fertilizer should be isolated at 6 ~ 10 cm to prevent seedlings from burning. After sowing, the soil should cover about 5 cm. When the soil layer turns white after sowing, it should be suppressed in time and sprayed with chemical herbicides to eliminate weeds. According to the variety characteristics and the best planting density, on the basis of precision hole sowing, the suitable amount of mechanical sowing is 30.000 ~ 33.375 kg/hm2, which will increase the management and input costs. The sowing amount is too small to ensure reasonable close planting, so it is determined.

Tiantuan management

Due to the application of chemical weeding measures after sowing, the suitable time of intertillage is 7 days before topdressing, and mechanical intertillage is often used in large-scale production fields, with the tillage depth of 15 ~ 20 cm, so as to break the plow bottom and shallow plough the soil. Through intertillage, soil can be loosened, soil permeability can be enhanced, temperature and moisture can be increased, grass can be eliminated, and preparation for topdressing can be made. The best period of thinning and growing seedlings in maize production field is from four-leaf one-heart stage to five-leaf one-heart stage, which is generally completed before the end of June. Selection criteria of seedlings: retaining big seedlings, strong seedlings and normal seedlings, pulling out small seedlings, diseased seedlings, weak seedlings and partial seedlings, and properly fixing seedlings as early as possible are beneficial to the growth and development of individual plants, play a role in squatting seedlings, promote the integrity, neatness and strong seedlings, help the root system development of seedlings, reduce the consumption of soil nutrients, and create good environmental conditions for the nutritional growth of individual plants. In addition, through field cultivation, not only the content of soil organic matter is increased, but also the soil structure is improved and the soil pH value is reduced. After topdressing, the ridge is sealed and buried with chemical fertilizer to prevent evaporation and loss, so that the ridge surface forms a conical ridge surface with intertillage to seedling eye height15-20 cm and ridge bottom to ridge platform height15-20 cm, which can prevent maize from lodging in the later stage, drain water, reduce the saline-alkali concentration of roots, bury weeds and promote the growth and development of maize plants.

Scientific fertilization

The amount of fertilization varies from field to field and from household. The total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is 300 ~ 600 kg/hm2. The oral fertilizer should be buried with the seeds, and 45 ~ 60 t/hm2 decomposed high-quality farmyard manure should be added. Because most of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied as base fertilizers, topdressing should be done well according to the yield index and the designed topdressing amount. The topdressing time in Beizhen City is from June 25th to July 5th, and the early growth of corn with big horn mouth is parallel with vegetative growth and reproductive growth, about 12 leaves. Adhere to soil testing and formula fertilization, and master the law of fertilizer demand during corn growth. Popularize soil testing and formula fertilization technology according to local conditions, master the nutrient status of corn production fields and the law of fertilizer demand during the growth of corn crops, and avoid blind fertilization. The law of fertilizer requirement for maize crops is generally light before and light after, and the nitrogen requirement before jointing stage accounts for 25% of the total fertilizer requirement. The peak of nitrogen demand is the simultaneous growth of vegetative growth and reproductive growth in the middle period, accounting for about 60% of the total fertilizer consumption, and the late grain-attacking fertilizer accounts for 15% of the total fertilizer consumption. Most of the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers ended before the vegetative growth stopped. Pretending that the base fertilizer was applied to the production field at one time and the nitrogen fertilizer was applied in stages and batches was the best fertilization method. After the application of nitrogen fertilizer, it must be sealed in the later stage to prevent water evaporation and nutrient loss.

Pest control of Cordyceps sinensis

Prevent and control pests, weeds and rats in the field in time, improve the good breeding environment for corn growth, and actively promote the main varieties with high yield, high resistance to pests and diseases and strong stress resistance in production fields according to the objective reality of local natural environment advantages and cultivation management level and ability. Corn borer is one of the main pests that harm corn yield, which affects corn crop yield to varying degrees every year. Trichogramma has a remarkable control effect on corn borer. According to the municipal plant protection data, in 2005, the number of corn borers overwintering was large, with an average of 202 per 100 plants, of which 154 survived, with a survival rate of 76%. City, township and village plant protection defense teams can implement the four unifications, and phoxim granules can be used for prevention and control, and corn cob leaves can be applied at the big bell mouth stage on July 5. The red bee 1 was released on June 25th, and the second release was on July 5th. 1 The survey records that the average control effect is 86.4%, the parasitism rate of egg mass is 96%, and the parasitism rate of egg granule is over 85%. The average control effect of the second generation was 83%, the parasitism rate of eggs was 92% and the parasitism rate of eggs was 84%, and the control effect was remarkable. Scientific application of chemical herbicides to weed and reduce production costs. At present, the corn planting area in Beizhen City exceeds 40,000 hm2, and more than 95% of them adopt chemical weeding measures. Suitable herbicides mainly include acetochlor, atrazine, 2,4-D and so on.

Timely late harvest

Timely and late harvest, reduce production costs. Years of production practice has proved that timely and late harvest of corn is beneficial to grain dehydration, easy to pile up and reduce threshing and transportation costs. Corn seeds suitable for late harvest are bright in color, good in commodity and popular in the market. According to statistics, threshing, drying, transportation and sales after harvest can reduce the production cost by 0.06 yuan/kg. According to the output of 9 t/hm2, the cost can be reduced by 540 yuan /hm2.

Problems needing attention in planting corn in saline-alkali land

First, scientific and rational fertilization.

1, adhere to the organic fertilizer. Apply 3 ~ 4 cubic meters of organic fertilizer per mu in saline-alkali land, and return the straw to the field every year.

2. Rational selection of chemical fertilizers. Choose acidic and neutral fertilizers, such as urea, ammonium sulfate and calcium superphosphate.

3. Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizer. Pay attention to the small amount of fertilization for many times to avoid the sudden increase of soil solution concentration, which will affect the absorption and growth of wheat and corn. The application of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer in saline-alkali land is easy to cause ammonia volatilization. Therefore, it must be buried deeply. Saline-alkali soil has low ground temperature, weakened microbial activity and less available phosphorus release, which is often manifested as phosphorus deficiency. Increasing the application of phosphate fertilizer can significantly increase the yield, and the fertilization method is deep application of base fertilizer.

Second, choose salt-tolerant varieties.

Saline-alkali land is generally barren and low-lying, and the ground temperature rises slowly in early spring. It is necessary to choose excellent varieties with salt and alkali tolerance, strong stress resistance and moderate growth period, which are suitable for planting in this area.

Third, improve the quality of land preparation.

The saline-alkali land can be deeply ploughed properly to prevent the soil from returning to salt and effectively control the accumulation of salt on the surface of the soil. Soil preparation should be done in autumn, ridges should be raised in autumn, and seeds should be planted on ridges in the next year.

Fourth, fine sowing.

Corn in saline-alkali land is seriously damaged by saline-alkali and insect pests, and the emergence rate is relatively low. When planting, it is necessary to sow late at the right time, increase the sowing amount appropriately, pay attention to the prevention and control of underground pests, and improve the emergence rate.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) strengthens on-site management

Corn in saline-alkali land has late emergence, slow growth and weak seedling potential. In field management, the techniques of early planting spacing, more seedlings and later seedling fixing should be adopted.

Cultivation techniques of maize

First, the farming season

Use spring corn (65438+1October 25? February 10) has the highest yield; Followed by autumn planting (August 25? September10); Plant again in winter (65438+1October 20? 65438+ 10 month10); The last time was summer broadcast (April 25? May 10). In a word, the best sowing date of corn should be determined according to the use of corn, land use and stubble arrangement. Forage corn is suitable for planting in spring and autumn.

Second, selecting land, preparing soil and applying sufficient base fertilizer.

1, land selection

Corn is a kind of crop that likes fertilizer, water, temperature, oxygen and waterlogging. Too sour, too sticky and poor soil will make corn grow badly. Therefore, it is best to choose land with convenient irrigation and drainage, convenient management and PH6.5? 7, loam or sandy loam with medium fertility or above is appropriate.

2. Soil preparation and base fertilizer application

The whole land is the premise of seedling protection. After land selection, deep ploughing and harrowing should be carried out. Generally, two plows and two rakes should be done, and the depth of tillage layer should be above 30 cm, so as to achieve it? Level, fine soil, sufficient water and high fat? Quality requirements of land consolidation. After soil preparation, according to the double row spacing 120? 65,438 0.40 cm from ditching, and 65,438 0.000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure, 50 kg of bean cake and 50 kg of calcium superphosphate were applied into ditching as base fertilizer strips per mu; In order to facilitate irrigation and drainage, border irrigation should be ditched, and the drainage ditch should be repaired in combination with soil preparation. It is required that the border should be flat and straight, the ditches should be connected, and the irrigation and drainage should be smooth.

Third, seed treatment and sowing.

1, select improved varieties.

Improved varieties suitable for local areas should have high and stable yield, good quality, disease resistance and lodging resistance, meet market demand and sell well. What is the current choice of feed corn? Ye Dan No.4? 、? Ye Dan 13? 、? Zhong Dan 32 1? And other varieties. The choice of fresh corn? Tiannuo 1? 、? SEAO 1？ And other special varieties. General direct seeding field uses 1500 grains per mu? 2000 grams

2. Seed treatment

Dry seeds before sowing 3? Four hours, usually 50? Soak the seeds in warm water at 55℃ 10? 15 minutes, cool and soak for 6? 8 hours, then rinse with clean water 1? Sowing can be done twice.

3, sowing specifications

The yield of maize comes from the utilization of light energy and soil fertility. In a certain range, the greater the leaf area coefficient, the higher the utilization rate of light energy and the higher the yield. Therefore, reasonable close planting can obtain high yield. Planting density should be considered from varieties, sowing date, soil fertility, cultivation conditions and other factors. There are two plant types of corn: flat type and compact type. Flat varieties should be sparsely planted, generally 3000 mu? 3,500 strains. Compact varieties should be densely planted, with an average planting area of 4500 mu? 5,500 strains. There are two main sowing methods of corn: equal row spacing and wide and narrow rows. The planting specification of equal row spacing is 75 cm, and the spacing of compact varieties is 17? 20 cm, the plant spacing of flat varieties is 25? 30 centimeters. The planting specifications of wide and narrow rows are 140 cm, the width is 40 cm, the spacing between compact varieties is about 15 cm, and the spacing between flat varieties is about 20 cm. At present, the plant type of fresh corn promoted in our province is compact and suitable for close planting, with a general planting area of 3500 mu? 4,000 strains. The planting method mainly adopts wide and narrow rows, with a width of 70 cm and a narrow row of 40? 50 cm, plant spacing 30 cm.

Step 4: Sowing.

Because of the high temperature in our province, direct seeding cultivation is generally used, and seedling transplanting is less used. The specific method is to plant a border with a width of 120? 140 cm (including ditches), with a height of about 20 cm, and two rows with a spacing of 50? In a shallow ditch of 60 cm, sow the treated seeds in the ditch, 2 seeds per point (according to the plant spacing), and cover the soil while sowing, covering the soil 1 inch and practical.

Fourth, the law of fertilizer demand

Corn has the greatest demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and nitrogen absorbs the most, followed by potassium and less phosphorus during the whole growth period. Therefore, the fertilization of corn is mainly to increase nitrogen fertilizer, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Generally speaking, seedling stage (1? 6 leaves) grow slowly, have small plants and absorb less nutrients. At this time, the fertilization amount should account for about 10% of the fertilization amount. From jointing to flowering (7? 16 leaves) grows very fast, which is the period of the formation and development of male and female spikes and the key period for plants to need nutrients. At this time, supplying sufficient nutrients can promote more spikes and bigger spikes. At this time, the fertilization amount should account for about 60% of the total fertilization amount, and the absorption rate gradually slowed down and the absorption amount decreased in the later stage (17 leaves). Fertilization should account for about 20% of the total fertilization. The application ratio of NPK is generally about 3: 1:2.8. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied in the early stage. If the amount of fertilizer is insufficient, it should be mainly used at jointing stage and flowering stage.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Tian Tuan management

1, seedling management

Maize seedling stage is a vegetative growth period formed by rooting, leaf differentiation and stem, node and leaf differentiation, when most roots are formed. The main goal of seedling management is to promote root system development, cultivate strong seedlings, achieve complete, neat and strong seedlings, and lay a good foundation for the growth of panicle and grain stage.

(1) Fixed seedling and thinning seedling: mastering? Eliminate the weak and preserve the strong, keep secret and keep sparse, orient, keep even and keep strong seedlings? Under normal circumstances, the seedlings should be fixed when there are 5 real leaves, and one strong seedling should be left in each hole. At the same time, it is necessary to check the replanting, transplanting the seedlings with soil, and watering the roots to ensure the survival of the seedlings. If there are too many seedlings, it can be solved by replanting.

(2) Intertillage weeding: 1? 2 times, combined with fertilization, appropriate soil cultivation. The depth of intertillage should be shallow beside the seedlings, deep between rows, shallow before the seedlings are fixed and deep after the seedlings are fixed, and attention should be paid to pest control.

(3) Water and fertilizer management: in 5? The first topdressing at 6 leaves is seedling fertilizer, urea 7.5? 10 kg, furrow in the middle of the border, and then cover with soil. If there is water shortage at seedling stage, it should be irrigated in time, and furrow irrigation is appropriate. In rainy days, wet soil and stagnant water, we should pay attention to open deep ditches to drain stagnant water and improve soil ventilation conditions.

2. Heading date management

The goal of field management at panicle stage is to attack stems and panicles, prevent water shortage and fertilization, and make plants neat, stem nodes short and thick, leaves wide and thick, roots thick and big, and male and female panicles develop well.

(1) water and fertilizer management: in 8? 9. Top dressing is applied for the second time at the time of leaves, that is, straw fertilizer is applied. The amount of fertilizer applied this time is about 25% of the total amount of fertilizer applied. Compound fertilizer 10 kg and potassium chloride 7.5 kg are applied per mu, and the fertilization method is strip application. On 14? When 15 leaves (big bell mouth stage), apply fertilizer for the third time, that is, the amount of fertilizer is about 35% of the total amount of fertilizer, 20 kg of compound fertilizer is applied per mu, and potassium chloride 10 kg is combined with large soil cultivation. 9 leaves and 15 leaves, topdressing outside the roots once, rare earth 50 grams or 800? 1000 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate spraying. From jointing stage to heading stage, maize plants began to grow vigorously and needed a lot of water, especially around heading stage. At this time, corn needs a critical period of water, which is characterized by lack of water, poor development, and disharmony between male and female flowers, which affects pollination and leads to baldness, lack of grains or empty stalks. Therefore, the soil water content should be kept at 70? 80%。 Pay attention to ditching and drainage in rainy areas. From trumpet to heading stage is the harmful period of corn borer, and it needs to be sprayed with 500? Control of corn borer with 800 times trichlorfon solution or mixed spray of dimehypo and Bt powder.

(2) Ridge cultivation: In order to prevent soil hardening, eliminate weeds, improve the growth function of roots, and promote multiple deep roots of roots, ridge cultivation should be carried out according to the soil and weeds at the heading stage. Generally, from jointing to tasseling is 1. 2 intertillage, 2 rows? 4 inch deep intertillage, cut off some hairy roots, stimulate multiple new roots, and enhance the ability of drought resistance and lodging resistance. Before the lottery? Big bell mouth? Stage, shallow intertillage 1 time, and raise the ridge.

3. Heading and fruiting period management

This period is the key period to determine the effective panicle number, the number of seeds per panicle and the grain weight. At this time, the main work is to supplement fertilizer (urea 10 kg), drought-resistant drainage, artificial pollination and so on. Irrigation should be done in time when heading, flowering and filling to keep the soil moist and meet the requirements of plants for water. However, irrigation should not be over water, and it is better to irrigate horses. Pay attention to drainage in rainy days to avoid water accumulation and lack of oxygen to hurt roots. In the flowering period of maize, artificial pollination should be carried out in case of bad weather. Three times, usually at 9 am on a sunny day? 1 1, which can reduce grain shortage and baldness.

Six, pest control

In principle, prevention should be given priority to, comprehensive prevention, early detection and management prevention. Corn diseases mainly include leaf spot, rust and sheath blight. Pests mainly include corn borer, armyworm, corn aphid, cotton bollworm, black cutworm and so on. In chemical control, 50% carbendazim and 500% validamycin can be used for leaf spot, rust and sheath blight respectively. Corn borer and armyworm can be sprayed with 10% cypermethrin 2000 times and Bt powder 800 times, corn aphid 20% Kangfu 3000 times and cotton bollworm 800 times.

Seven. harvest