What aspects of the war are affected by the meteorological environment?

Whether it is cold weapons, hot weapons, nuclear weapons or high-tech weapons, their combat performance is affected by weather and climate without exception.

According to the China Central Meteorological Observatory, military meteorologists explained that meteorological conditions have a direct impact on the war.

-Influence of meteorological conditions on ground artillery firing

The influence of meteorological conditions on artillery activities is mainly in artillery shooting. When a projectile flies in the air, it is always affected by meteorological conditions. The change of meteorological conditions directly affects the accuracy of projectile hitting the target. The meteorological factors that affect the shooting of ground guns are: air pressure, virtual temperature and wind. The shell is resisted by the air when flying in the air. The magnitude of air resistance depends not only on the shape and flight mode of the projectile itself, but also on meteorological conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to correct the deviation of the projectile hitting the target caused by meteorological conditions when shooting the ground gun.

Air density is directly proportional to air pressure. If other conditions remain unchanged, the air pressure is high, the air density is high, and the air resistance to the shell is also large, and the impact point of the shell is close; On the contrary, it is far away. Temperature is inversely proportional to air density. When other conditions remain unchanged, when the temperature rises, the air density is small, the air resistance to the shell is also reduced, and the impact point of the shell is far away; On the contrary, it is closer. On the other hand, when the temperature rises, the aeroelastic sound speed will increase, and as a result, the air resistance will increase, which is easy to produce near elasticity; Instead, it is easy to produce long-range bullets. But compared with these two factors, the former is the main factor, so when the temperature rises, it is easy to produce long-range bombs, and vice versa.

Although humidity is inversely proportional to air density, it has little effect. In order to consider the influence of humidity, virtual temperature is usually used instead of air temperature. Virtual temperature is the temperature that dry air should have when the density of dry air is equal to that of wet air under the same pressure. Wind energy changes the speed and direction of relative motion of shells in the atmosphere. Longitudinal wind (wind parallel to the plane) can make the impact point away or close. When the wind is downwind, the resistance decreases, which is easy to produce long-range bullets; When the wind is against the wind, the resistance increases, and it is easy to produce near bullets. Transverse wind energy makes the impact point to the left or right. When the wind blows from the oblique direction, it can be divided into longitudinal wind and transverse wind according to the vector relationship to consider its influence.

-Influence of meteorological conditions on anti-aircraft gun firing

Temperature has an effect on trajectory and fuze time. Trajectory is determined by launch angle, initial velocity of warhead and flight resistance, which is related to temperature. High temperature, fast burning rate of powder, increased pressure in bore, high muzzle velocity of warhead and high trajectory. If the fuze function remains unchanged, the explosion point will be high. Taking the antiaircraft gun with 100 mm as an example, when other conditions remain unchanged, the muzzle velocity of the warhead increases by about 1.3% for every increase of the propellant temperature. If the height of the explosion point before heating is 800 meters and the horizontal distance is 1000 meters, the height of the explosion point will increase by 65440 degrees Celsius.

The flight resistance of warhead is affected by air density and temperature. When the air density is high, the resistance is high, the ballistic height is low, and the explosion point is lower and closer; When the density is small, the situation is just the opposite. In humid air, the influence of air temperature, air pressure, humidity and air temperature on the flight M number (Mach number) of warhead should also be considered. The overall result is that when the temperature is high, the explosion point is lower and closer.

Temperature has an effect on both gunpowder fuze and mechanical fuze. When the temperature is high, the fuze propellant temperature is also high, and the propellant burning rate is fast, so the fuze time is short. According to the test of T-5 fuze, every time the fuze temperature increases (decreases) by one degree Celsius, its action time will be shortened (increased) by 0.2%. The influence on mechanical fuze is the opposite. Generally, when the temperature is low, the fuze action time is shortened. But compared with gunpowder fuze, it is much less affected by temperature. In addition, fuze time is also affected by air pressure.

The flight of warhead is not only affected by air density and temperature, but also by wind. Longitudinal wind affects trajectory, height of explosion point and horizontal distance. When facing the wind, the explosion point is lower and closer; Downwind is the opposite. Take 100 mm antiaircraft gun as an example. If there is no wind, the height of the explosion point is 8000m and the horizontal distance is1000m. When the whole layer of air is against the wind10m/s, the calculated explosion point can be reduced by 24m, and the horizontal distance can be shortened by140m. The crosswind mainly makes the trajectory deviate from the shooting plane. Still in the above example, if a crosswind of 10 m/s blows to the right (left), the position of the explosion point can be shifted to the right (left) by about 1 14 m, so the meteorological factors (including ground pressure, temperature, air density and ballistic wind, air density and temperature) must be corrected when the antiaircraft gun is fired.

-Meteorological conditions also have an impact on acoustic reconnaissance.

The position of enemy artillery positions can be determined by the sound of gunfire. The meteorological factors affecting acoustic measurement are temperature and wind. When encountering the headwind with the temperature decreasing and the wind speed increasing with the height, the sound in the enemy area will bend upward and the sound intensity will be greatly weakened, so it is often difficult to clearly record the sound waves emitted by the enemy, and sometimes even impossible to record at all; On the other hand, when the temperature increases with height and the wind speed increases with height (the wind blows from our side), it is of great benefit to acoustic measurement.

In addition, rainy weather, poor visibility and other bad weather will also affect the action, artillery maneuver and target reconnaissance of artillery units to varying degrees.