20 1 1 How to answer the big geography question? I want that way of thinking to answer questions. For example, if you see the temperature difference, you should try to talk about latitude and land and

20 1 1 How to answer the big geography question? I want that way of thinking to answer questions. For example, if you see the temperature difference, you should try to talk about latitude and land and sea position in detail. A collection of ideas for answering high school geography comprehensive questions

Cause (natural, man-made)

Conditions (favorable and unfavorable)

Influence (positive, negative)

Meaning (both ends, middle)

Location (natural, social and economic)

Benefits (economic, social and environmental)

Measures (biology, engineering, technology)

Climatic characteristics (temperature, precipitation, seasonal combination)

Temperature characteristics (seasonal variation, minimum monthly average temperature, annual variation range, daily variation range)

Precipitation characteristics (total precipitation, rainy season length, seasonal variation)

Terrain characteristics (terrain type, terrain fluctuation)

Location characteristics (latitude and longitude position, land and sea position, adjacent position)

Physical geographical features (topography, climate, soil, water source, biology)

☆ Analyze the topographical features of a place;

Topographic features include: ① Topographic types and their distribution: for example, the terrain is mainly plain or mountainous, hilly or plateau;

(2) Terrain fluctuation: if the terrain is high in the west and low in the east;

For example, briefly describe the topographic characteristics of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau?

Karst terrain is widely distributed, with rugged terrain and numerous dams;

The terrain inclines from northwest to southeast;

Another example: briefly describe the topographic characteristics of Madagascar island in Africa?

There are northeast-southwest mountains in the east;

Shandong side is steep and the west side is slow;

Narrow plains are distributed along the coast;

Another example: the topographical features of the mainland?

Simple terrain: Europe-plain is the main area, and the plain area accounts for 2/3 of the total area;

The low terrain is the continent with the lowest average elevation (300m), with high terrain in the north and south and low terrain in the middle;

Glacial landforms are widely distributed;

Africa-the plateau is dominant (plateau continent), and the ground is not big;

The east passes through a huge rift zone in East Africa.

Because the plateau is not high, the average altitude is lower than that of Antarctica and Asia, and the terrain is high in the southeast and low in the northwest;

Antarctica-the highest continent (2350 meters);

Continental glaciers are widely distributed, covered with ice and snow (the ice layer is as thick as 2000m), and the terrain below the ice layer is diverse;

It is divided into three major terrain areas: North America-North-South Pillar, Western Mountain, Central Plain, Eastern Low Mountain and Plateau;

The terrain is high in the east and low in the west (the highest in the west);

Glacial landforms are widely distributed in the northern half of the mainland;

South America-the west is the Andes running through the north and south;

The plains and plateaus east of the mountains are alternately distributed;

Oceania-North and South Pillars, Western Plateau, Central Plain and Eastern Mountain;

The terrain is low and flat, and the surface fluctuates gently;

Complex terrain: Asia-the terrain is complex and changeable with great ups and downs;

Plateau and mountains are the main areas, and plains are mostly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of rivers;

The central part is high and the periphery is low, and the average elevation is second only to Antarctica.

☆ Factors affecting the length of sunshine hours (for example, the annual sunshine hours in Chongqing are only 1, 200 hours).

1. Weather conditions: less precipitation, more sunny days and long sunshine hours;

2. Terrain: high terrain, early sunrise, late sunset and long sunshine hours;

3. The days are long;

☆ Factors affecting the weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation

1. Weather conditions: there are few clouds on sunny days, and the weakening effect is small;

2. Terrain: (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) is high, and the air is thin (air density is low), which has little weakening effect;

3. Solar height (latitude): The solar height is high in low latitudes, and the distance of solar radiation passing through the atmosphere is short, so the attenuation effect is small;

☆ Factors affecting the annual total solar radiation (solar energy)

1. Atmospheric attenuation: mainly determined by weather conditions (precipitation);

2. Sunshine hours: mainly determined by weather conditions (precipitation);

3. Latitude (that is, the height of the sun);

Distribution of annual total solar radiation in China: the west and north of Daxinganling-Lanzhou-Kunming line are rich in resources;

The most abundant area is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the poorest area is the Sichuan Basin.

For example, why is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau the richest in solar energy?

① Less precipitation, more sunny days, less weakening effect and long sunshine hours;

② The terrain is high, the air is thin, and the weakening effect is small;

(3) The latitude is low and the sun is high;

Why is the solar energy in Sichuan Basin the worst? Due to the rainy weather in Sichuan basin, the weakening effect is great and the sunshine hours are short;

Factors affecting temperature level

1. Latitudes are different: the temperature is high at low latitudes and low at high latitudes;

2. Same latitude area: mainly consider the properties of underlying surface, including

① Terrain: the altitude is high and the temperature is low, and the temperature drops by 0.6℃ per 100 meters above sea level;

② Difference of land and sea location or thermal properties: the ocean is smaller than the land in summer, and the coastal area is smaller than the inland area;

In winter, the ocean is bigger than the land, and the coast is bigger than the inland;

(3) Ocean current: warm current has warming effect on coastal areas, while cold current has cooling effect on coastal areas;

(4) Vegetation status: vegetation is less than bare land in summer and more than bare land in winter;

⑤ Weather conditions: sunny days are greater than cloudy days, and sunny nights are less than cloudy days;

☆ The factors influencing the temperature annual range and their changing rules.

1. Latitude: small at low latitudes and large at high latitudes;

2. The nature of underlying surface: the ocean is smaller than the land, the coast is smaller than the inland, and the vegetation is smaller than the bare land;

3. Weather conditions: places with more clouds and rain are smaller than places with less clouds and rain, that is, cloudy days are smaller than sunny days;

The stronger the maritime climate, the smaller the annual temperature difference (the hottest month temperature is in February or August);

The stronger the continental climate, the greater the temperature annual range (the hottest month temperature is 1 or July, and the autumn temperature is greater than the spring temperature);

☆ Factors affecting the daily temperature range and its variation law.

1. Latitude or solar radiation: the low latitude area is larger than the high latitude area;

2. Seasonal variation: summer is greater than winter;

3. Underlying surface: the ocean is smaller than the land, the coast is smaller than the inland, and the woodland is smaller than the sand. The higher the terrain in the same position, the smaller the daily temperature difference;

4. Weather conditions: sunny days are greater than cloudy days;

☆ Distribution law of world precipitation

1. equatorial (between north and south latitudes 10o) rainy area: affected by equatorial low pressure all the year round, with abundant rainfall throughout the year;

2. Subtropical areas with little rain (between the Tropic of Cancer and 30 degrees north latitude):

Under the control of subtropical high and trade winds, the inland and west coast of the mainland are dry all the year round;

On the east coast of the mainland (Eurasia), controlled by monsoon circulation, summer monsoon and typhoon from the ocean affect precipitation more;

3. Temperate zone (between 40-60 degrees north and south latitude) is rainy: take Eurasia as an example.

The west coast of the mainland is popular with westerly winds all year round, and the monthly precipitation is more and more uniform;

The east coast of the mainland is controlled by monsoon circulation and influenced by summer monsoon from the ocean in summer, with more precipitation;

Within the mainland, it lives deep inland, far from the ocean, with less precipitation;

4. Polar rainless area: the polar region is affected by polar high pressure, and the annual precipitation is less;

Please note that in addition to the above areas, there are:

Between latitude 10 and the tropic of cancer-equatorial depression and trade winds are alternately controlled, and there are rainy and dry seasons in a year;

Located on the west coast of the mainland at 30 ~ 40 north latitude-subtropical high and westerly wind are alternately controlled, with hot and dry summer and mild and rainy winter;

Factors affecting precipitation.

1. Atmospheric circulation: wind zone in pressure zone-rainy in high pressure zone and rainy in low pressure zone; It is rainy in the westerly wind and rainy in the trade wind;

Monsoon circulation-rainy summer monsoon, less rain in winter;

2. Underlying surface: topography-more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope;

Ocean currents-warm currents can wet coastal areas, and cold currents can dehumidify coastal areas;

Land and sea distribution-from coastal to inland, farther and farther away from the sea, the precipitation gradually decreases;

Coastal and windward oceanography is strong, with a lot of precipitation;

Coastal areas or inland areas far from the wind bank are less affected by the ocean, with strong continental nature and less precipitation;

☆ Analyze the temperature characteristics of a place.

According to the latitude position, the seasonal variation of temperature (the most Leng Yue average temperature), annual range and daily range are analyzed.

For example, it is located in a tropical area with low latitude (between 30 north and south latitudes), and it is hot all year round;

The area is located in the subtropical zone (between 30 and 40), so it is warm in winter and hot in summer;

The land is located in the temperate zone (40-60), so Leng Xia is hot in winter in the inland and eastern parts of the mainland, and it is warm in winter and cool in summer in the western part of the mainland;

Located in the sub-cold zone (between 60 and 70), the winter is long and cold, and the summer is short and cool;

The area is located in the high latitude cold region (between 70 and 90), which is cold all year round;

☆ Analyze the precipitation characteristics in a certain place.

According to latitude position and land and sea position, the total precipitation, rainy season length and seasonal variation are analyzed.

For example, according to the seasonal variation of precipitation, it can be divided into annual rain type, summer rain type, winter rain type and little rain type;

Another example is to compare the precipitation characteristics of subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate.

The former has a longer rainy season and more annual precipitation than the latter.

☆ Analyze or compare climate characteristics

Climate characteristics should be described by temperature, precipitation and seasonal combination of temperature and precipitation;

We can judge what climate type this place belongs to first and then analyze the climate characteristics, so we should remember the climate characteristics of different climate types;

For example, the climate of tropical rain forest is characterized by high temperature and rainy all the year round;

The tropical grassland climate is characterized by high temperature all year round and obvious changes in dry and wet seasons;

Tropical desert climate is characterized by high temperature and little rain (dry heat) all year round;

Tropical monsoon climate is characterized by high temperature all year round, and obvious changes in dry season and rainy season;

The Mediterranean climate is characterized by hot and dry summers and mild and rainy winters.

The subtropical monsoon climate is characterized by high temperature and rain in summer and low temperature and little rain in winter.

The temperate monsoon climate is characterized by high temperature and rain in summer and cold and dry in winter.

Temperate maritime climate is characterized by warm winter and cool summer, relative humidity all year round and even distribution of precipitation season;

The temperate continental climate is characterized by intense heat in winter, large temperature difference and little precipitation;

☆ Steps and methods for judging climate types.

1. Judging the northern and southern hemispheres: Does the most Leng Yue average temperature occur in July and August or 1, February?

The coldest monthly average temperature appears in July and August, which is located in the northern hemisphere. July and August are summer, 1 and February are winter.

The most Leng Yue average temperature appears in 1 and February, which is located in the southern hemisphere. 1 and February are summer, and July and August are winter.

2. Judging the temperature area according to the lowest monthly average temperature:

Leng Yue mean temperature >: 65438 05℃ Tropical climate (4 species)

The highest temperature in Leng Yue is 0℃ ~ 15℃, which belongs to subtropical climate (monsoon or Mediterranean climate) or temperate maritime climate.

The highest Leng Yue temperature is-15℃ ~ 0℃, which belongs to temperate monsoon climate or temperate continental climate.

3. Determine the specific climate type according to the seasonal variation of precipitation;

Tropical Rainforest Climate (> 2000mm)

Temperate-temperate maritime climate (700 ~ 1000 mm)

Summer rain tropical-savanna climate (750 ~1500 ~ 2000mm) tropical monsoon climate (1500 ~ 2000mm)

Subtropical-subtropical monsoon climate (> 800 mm)

Temperate-temperate monsoon climate (400-800 mm)

Winter rain type subtropical-Mediterranean climate (300 ~ 1000 mm)

Tropical-tropical desert climate with little rain (-250 mm)

Temperate-temperate continental climate (-250 mm)

☆ Special case of climate type (non-zonal phenomenon)

1. Tropical rain forest climate far from the equator-"trade winds from the ocean, windward slopes of ten mountains, warm currents from ten coasts";

East Madagascar in Africa, northeast Australia, southeast Brazil Plateau and northeast Central America;

2. The tropical grassland climate in the equatorial region-"high terrain";

The high terrain of the East African Plateau changed the temperature and precipitation here, thus forming a tropical grassland climate;

3. The temperate continental climate on the east coast-"leeward slope of mountains in westerly belt";

Patagonia Plateau in South America is located on the east side of the Andes, near the sea and in the westerlies. However, it is located in the leeward zone on the east side of the Andes, and is blocked by mountains, with little precipitation, thus forming a temperate continental climate with little rain.

4. The temperate maritime climate on the east coast of the mainland;

Southeast Australia, North and South Islands of New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego Island of Chile;

5. The climate distribution on the west coast of North and South America is limited to the coastal zone, showing the distribution characteristics of north-south extension and east-west alternation; Influenced by the Cordillera mountain system with high north and south, the climate distribution cannot go deep into the mainland and is limited to the Pacific coast;

☆ The influence of continental topographic features on climate.

Asia: the terrain is complex, the climate is diverse, the area is vast, the thermal properties of land and sea are significantly different, and the monsoon circulation is typical;

The uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau enhanced the continental climate;

Africa: the symmetrical distribution of latitude and gentle terrain make the climate in Africa symmetrical in north and south;

The East African Plateau is relatively high, although it is close to the equator, but it belongs to the tropical grassland climate.

Europe: high in north and south, low in middle. The plain runs through the east and west, and the winding coastline makes the climate in Europe maritime.

Continental nature gradually strengthens from west to east;

North America: the central plain runs through the north and south, with remarkable continental nature;

The mountains in the west blocked the infiltration of the Pacific airflow, making the climate on the west coast long and narrow, and the precipitation gradually decreased from southeast to northwest.

South America: the western mountains prevent the water vapor from penetrating into the Pacific Ocean, and the climate on the west coast is long and narrow;

The plateau is low and the plain is open to the east, which is conducive to the deepening of the Atlantic airflow;

The east side of the mountain range is windward slope with more precipitation, while Patagonia Plateau is leeward slope with less precipitation.

Oceania: the eastern mountainous area blocks the Pacific airflow, with more precipitation in the east and a long and narrow climate;

The lack of precipitation on the leeward slope on the west side is the limiting factor for the development of wheat and pasture belt;

Antarctica: the average altitude is the highest, and the strong reflection of snow and ice on sunlight is one of the reasons for the cold;

☆ River function (that is, the location characteristics of cities in river traffic and the influence of rivers on urban location)

Rivers are important natural factors affecting urban distribution. The formation of early cities was most influenced by rivers. For example, the birthplaces of the four ancient civilizations are generally in the middle and lower reaches of major rivers, and cities are set up along the river in the south of China.

River function: water supply; Water transport; Military defense; Tourism;

The location types of cities along the Yangtze River are as follows: ① Located at the beginning or end of river water transport (convenient for cargo transshipment), such as Ganzhou City;

(2) It is located at the intersection of rivers (a place where a large number of people flow, logistics are distributed and transited), such as Wuhan;

③ Located at the estuary (vast hinterland), such as Shanghai;

④ Located at the intersection (ferry), such as London;

☆ Analysis of river characteristics (including hydrological characteristics and water system characteristics)

Most rivers in the world are mainly supplied by rain (precipitation);

Hydrological characteristics of rivers: ① discharge size: influenced by the annual precipitation in the basin, the greater the annual precipitation, the greater the discharge;

(2) Seasonal variation of water level: the seasonal variation of precipitation is large, and the seasonal variation of discharge is also large;

③ Flood season and its length: affected by the length of rainy season and rainfall in the basin;

(4) Sediment concentration: affected by vegetation coverage and topographic conditions in the basin;

⑤ Whether there is ice age and ice flood phenomenon: When the average temperature in Leng Yue is below 0℃, rivers have ice age;

⑥ Water energy: affected by the size and flow of water droplets;

Characteristics of water system: ① the length and direction of the river; ② Watershed area; ③ Number and form of tributaries;

④ River network density; (5) distribution of gaps or canyons;

☆ The reason why rivers are rich in water energy.

Mainly analyzed from two aspects: first, the gap is large (located in the transition zone of terrain ladder);

Second, the flow is large (depending on precipitation, basin area and evaporation);

For example: Why is southwest China rich in water?

① Located in humid area, with abundant precipitation and large runoff; ② Located at the junction of the first and second steps, the river has a large drop;

Another example is: What is the reason why the Three Gorges area is rich in water energy?

① Located in humid area, with abundant precipitation and large runoff; ② Located at the junction of the second and third steps, the river drop is large;

☆ Formation conditions of river ice flood

The formation of ice flood must meet two conditions: first, there is an ice age (thawing in early spring and freezing in early winter);

Second, it flows from lower latitude to higher latitude;

The most serious ice flood in China is the Yellow River, which mainly occurs in the upper reaches (Hetao area) and the lower reaches (Shandong reach).

☆ Watershed area and its influencing factors

Watershed area, also known as receiving area or catchment area, refers to the area surrounded by watershed and estuary around a watershed (main stream and tributaries) (precipitation falling in the watershed flows into the river along the ground slope and flows out through the outlet section of the watershed). The Amazon River in South America is the largest river basin in the world. In two or more areas with similar natural conditions, the larger the basin area, the richer the river water quantity in this area.

The main factors affecting the basin area are: ① topography (limiting the width of river bed);

② The number of tributaries (affecting the catchment area);

③ Climate (precipitation affects river flow);

☆ Analysis of River Shipping Conditions

As a traffic factor, inland river shipping directly affects the development of regional economy. After the completion of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the torrent flooded, the water flow slowed down, the navigation channel widened, and the shipping conditions of Chuanjiang River were greatly improved. The value of inland river shipping is influenced by shipping conditions.

Evaluation of shipping conditions: ① climate: precipitation affects water quantity and determines the width and water level of rivers;

The temperature affects the ice age, and whether the river is navigable in all seasons;

(2) Terrain: The size of the drop and the presence or absence of rocks determine whether the current is stable, mainly for the sake of navigation safety;

(3) the length of the voyage mileage;

In short, the river is wide and deep, with stable water flow and long navigation mileage, which is beneficial to river navigation. Note that some rivers have good shipping conditions, such as the Amazon River, but the shipping value is not high, mainly because the basin is a hot and humid tropical rain forest climate zone, and few people live in it. Therefore, whether inland river shipping is developed or not and whether the shipping value is high depends on the population, cities and economy of the river basin or coastal areas (densely populated, economically developed and with large passenger and cargo flows).

For example, what are the reasons for the great value of river shipping in western Europe?

Rivers are rich in water, stable in water level, small in sediment concentration, ice-free, and of great shipping value;

Another example: Why is the shipping value of the Russian ob river (Yenisei River and Lena River) not great?

High latitude, long freezing period and ice flood;

Reservoir dam site selection

1. Select the outlets of narrow valleys or basins and depressions of rivers (because of small quantities and low project cost);

2. Choose a place with good geological conditions, try to avoid faults and karst landforms and prevent reservoir earthquakes;

3. Consider the land occupation and relocation, and minimize the inundation of fertile land and villages and towns;

Cause analysis of river flood disaster

Natural causes (mainly considered from three aspects: water system characteristics, hydrological characteristics and climate characteristics);

Man-made reasons (mainly from three aspects: vegetation destruction, lake reclamation and river occupation destruction);

For example: the cause of the Yangtze River flood?

(1) Natural causes:

1. Features of water system: (1) The river basin is wide with many tributaries;

(2) The vegetation in the middle and upper reaches is seriously damaged and the sediment concentration is increased;

(3) The middle and lower reaches are mostly plain, and the river course (Jingjiang section) is curved, and the water flow is slow and unsmooth;

2. Hydrological characteristics: it flows through the humid area, with abundant precipitation, long flood season and large amount of water;

3. Climatic characteristics: in some years, the climate is abnormal, and heavy rain in the basin leads to flooding;

(2) Human causes:

1. Over-cutting, vegetation is seriously damaged, and soil erosion is aggravated, which leads to the decline of the ability of water conservation, runoff regulation, peak shaving and drought compensation in the basin.

Reduce; Sediment enters the river, silting up and raising the river bed, which reduces the flood discharge capacity of the river;

2. Reclaiming land around the lake and silting up will cause the lake to shrink and the flood peak storage capacity to decrease;

3. In addition, human activities occupy and destroy rivers;

☆ River regulation measures

River water is an important part of land fresh water, and it is also the focus of people's development and utilization. China is a country with many rivers and lakes, but the monsoon climate is remarkable, the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation is uneven, and floods and droughts occur frequently in major river basins. To build a large-scale water conservancy project in the upper reaches of the river, we should not only consider the benefits of power generation, water supply, shipping and flood control, but also consider its geological foundation, submerged area and its impact on the ecological environment such as hydrology, biology, sediment and bank slope erosion in the upper and lower reaches of the river.

Upstream: the principle of flood control is flood regulation, as follows: ① building reservoirs (developing hydropower, strengthening irrigation and regulating runoff);

(2) Afforestation (reducing soil erosion and river sediment deposition);

Mid-stream: the principle of flood control is flood storage, which is to build reservoirs and flood storage projects (flood storage);

Downstream: the principle of regulation is to flood and beam water, and the methods are ① to strengthen the levee;

(2) Dredging and dredging rivers and digging new rivers (convenient for shipping and flood discharge);

In addition, the following measures can be taken: adjusting the industrial structure to reduce the pressure of production activities on the regional ecological environment;

Control the discharge of industrial and domestic garbage and reduce river pollution;

☆ Measures to solve the water shortage problem

Mainly from the two aspects of open source and throttling:

Protect limited water resources and prevent water pollution; Develop water resources and improve water supply capacity;

Strengthen water management, enhance water-saving awareness, improve water use efficiency and control water demand growth; Control population growth;

☆ Influence and distribution of external force.

1. Running water action: mostly occurs in humid and semi-humid areas;

(1) Terrain units such as plateau and mountain areas with large topographic relief are mainly eroded by flowing water;

The surface forms include river valleys (canyons, V-shaped valleys), waterfalls, caves, stone forests and thousands of valleys.

The main ecological environment problem is soil erosion;

② Flat and low-lying terrain units such as plains and depressions are dominated by flowing water deposits;

The surface morphology includes alluvial plain, estuary delta, alluvial fan and Jiang Xinzhou.

The main ecological and environmental problems are river blockage and increased flood disasters;

2. The role of wind: mostly in arid and semi-arid areas;

① Terrain units such as plateaus and mountains with large topographic fluctuations are mainly affected by wind erosion;

The surface morphology is wind erosion depression, wind erosion valley, wind erosion mushroom and bare rock desert.

② The flat and low-lying topographic units such as plains and depressions are dominated by wind deposits;

The surface morphology is sand ridges and dunes;

The main eco-environmental problems are land desertification and secondary salinization;

☆ Factors affecting the height of snow line (snow line refers to the altitude of the lower limit of permanent ice and snow)

Snow line: the lowest altitude of snow all year round in mountainous areas.

There are two main influencing factors: first, the height of 0 isotherm, that is, heat (the snow line on the sunny slope is high and the sunshine on the southern slope of the northern hemisphere is sufficient);

The second is precipitation (the factor affecting precipitation is slope direction, and the snow line of precipitation on windward slope is low);

Note: windward slope or leeward slope can be judged according to this feature;

For example, the snow line on the southern slope of the Himalayas is lower than that on the northern slope;

☆ Factors affecting the vertical natural belt spectrum in mountainous areas

1. Latitude of the mountain (the higher the latitude, the simpler the band spectrum);

2. The altitude of the mountain (the higher the altitude, the more complex the band spectrum may be);

In addition, the altitude that affects the spectral distribution of the same belt mainly depends on heat (that is, the height of sunny slope and the low of shady slope);