What are the five principles of ancient urban planning?

The ancient urban planning in China was deeply influenced by geomantic omen, which can be traced back to the Neolithic Age. The following is divided into three parts.

First, the world outlook and natural outlook that influenced the site selection and planning of ancient cities in China.

1. the world view of the round place

The cosmology that influenced China's ancient urban planning was a round place, and this erroneous cosmology was produced and formed in the Neolithic Age. The burial direction of Yangshao culture in Xishuipo, Puyang, Henan Province is from south to north (according to ancient customs, the living face south and sit north to south; The head of the deceased is in the north, the head is in the north, and the feet are in the south. The south of the tomb is round, like the sky; The north is square, just like the ground. The whole tomb symbolizes the concept that the universe is in a round place. In the future, there are many places in architecture that embody the concept of heaven and earth, especially the concept of place. For example, domed tombs, semi-spherical sealed tombs and square tombs, cities and living rooms are square, which means the same as tombs are square. The gates of the imperial city, the inner city and the outer city are all in the shape of "upper circle and lower part" to simulate heaven and earth. The "inner circle and outer side" shape of the gate of the Forbidden City shows that the difference between the inside and outside of the Forbidden City is still like the difference between heaven and earth, where the city is the sky and the son of heaven lives; Outside the city, there are people living there. In the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City, there is an algae well (also known as Longjing) with a circle above and a circle below. This structure is called "imitating the celestial circle on the top and the Kunde square on the bottom". The Yinshan Hall on Qionghua Island in Beihai and the bell tower of Dazhong Temple are double-eaved buildings below Sheung Wan. There are many such examples.

Hongshan Culture site in Dongshanzui, Kazuo, Liaoning Province has a large altar building site, which is more than 5,000 years ago. The whole layout consists of the center, the two wings and the front and rear ends, which are symmetrically distributed according to the north-south axis, and the south is round and the north is round, which also reflects the concept of heaven and earth ().

In Liangzhu culture about 5,000 years ago, jade cong appeared in different sizes, with a round outside and a round inside, which implied the local concept of a round sky.

From the Western Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the style plate prevailed, which is a typical embodiment of the concept of round place. The top plate of the signboard is round and the venue is square.

In ancient China, the concept of "a round place" was deeply rooted. Although the view that "the earth is round" has appeared, it is only a flash in the pan and has not been accepted and recognized by mainstream social thoughts. In the Tang Dynasty, the concept of foreign geosphere was introduced into China, but it was not accepted by Chinese people. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Matteo Ricci also introduced western ideas and geosphere maps into China, but the recipients were few and the opponents were high. It was not until the late Qing Dynasty that the concept of "Earth Circle" took root in China. Therefore, it is not surprising that the concept of "a perfect place" not only influenced the surveying and mapping technology in ancient China for more than 2,000 years, but also influenced the urban planning in China, which was decided by China's traditional thought.

2. The organic natural view of the unity of man and nature

The view of organic nature holds that all things in nature, such as heaven, earth and man, have complex internal relations, and each phenomenon is connected with every other phenomenon in hierarchical order. Its performance has four aspects:

1). The relationship between heaven and earth. Feng shui experts believe that heaven and earth are interlinked and a whole. Therefore, where there is justice, there is geography. For example, there are five stars in the sky and five elements on the ground; Talented stars, mountains and rivers; Going up in unison, the sky is beautiful; There are images in the sky, but the earth is tangible (). This idea originally came from the Book of Changes, which is based on the whole nature, so it is consistent with the whole nature (). In other words, China's ancient view of organic nature has laid a foundation in Zhouyi. On the basis of Zhouyi, Mr. Feng Shui further developed the view of organic nature, thinking that the mountains on the earth and the stars in the sky are harmonious, and the rivers and mountains on the earth are the stars in the sky, not two things. If there is a black dragon in the east of the nine days, it is called the sky, and under it is Dongyue. There is a Xuanwu day in the north, and there is a Beiyue under it. In the south, Suzaku is sunny, and Nanyue is below. There is a white tiger in the west as the heaven of Neo-Confucianism, and there is Xiyue under it. In the middle of the sky is the North Pole, and below is Zhongyue. There are Tianhe Tianhan in the sky and the Yangtze River and Yellow River on the ground. There are four walls and nine fields in the sky. There are walls on the ground to build the city, and there are divisions to build Kyushu (). The names of the stars in the sky mentioned here are all artificial. People use the names of emperors, officials and palace figures to represent the stars in the sky, and divide the sky constellation into five parts, namely the central, east, south, west and north, which are called the five senses. The center is the official in the middle, including three walls: the upper wall is too small, that is, the sky area north of the stars, Zhang Su, plain clothes and plain clothes. The purple microcline in the Central Plains, that is, around the North Pole, includes an ordinary sky area along the Yellow River Basin (geographical latitude) in China. Xiayuan Stone Sky City Wall, namely the sky area north of Su Fang, Shinjuku, Su Wei, Jisu and Dousu. There are some stars on each side of the three walls as a frame, which defines the scope of these three sky areas. They seem to be walls, so they are called walls. Of the three walls, the Ziwei Courtyard is the center of heaven and the place where the Emperor of Heaven lives. Therefore, the palaces where the human emperor lives are also called Wei Zi Palace and Forbidden City. For this reason, when Mr. Feng Shui chooses the capital, the mountains and rivers on the ground should also conform to the three walls. This practice not only plays a certain role in the concept of organic nature, but also has the concept of imperial power or imperial power. "Instructions for the Son of Man" says that the imperial capital is the supreme place, and the geographical greatness is not before this. It must be joined by Tianxingyuan Bureau before it can be established.

2) The relationship between heaven and man, also known as the unity of heaven and man, belongs to the ancient philosophy of China. It means that nature and man, and heaven and man are interlinked, similar and unified. The Book of Changes holds that "harmony between man and nature" is the ideal realm of life. The Western Zhou Dynasty attached great importance to people and society, and called them "three talents" with heaven and earth. It attaches great importance to people's subjective initiative and regards people as the main body. No matter how we talk about things, it always comes down to people and their careers. The universe, nature is a big world, man-made is a small world. There is a law of direct mutual induction and communication between the changes of natural phenomena and the gasification activities of human body. Various human diseases occur more and more frequently, especially epidemics related to seasonal climate, which is caused by the imbalance of yin and yang in the universe. There is an internal connection between heaven and man. Learning from heaven and understanding people is "the unity of heaven and man". Historical Records of Le Shu also says that heaven and man are interlinked, just like the relationship between form and shadow. According to the philosophy of "the harmony between man and nature", Mr. Feng Shui put forward the guiding ideology and principles of urban site selection and planning.

3). The theory of "harmony between man and nature". It developed from the theory of destiny in the Western Zhou Dynasty and was the dominant thought in the Han Dynasty. The main representative is Dong Zhongshu (BC-200 BC), whose main viewpoint is the unity of heaven and man and empathy. The phenomena in nature are all manifestations of God's will, and disasters, strange changes and good fortune are also rewards and punishments imposed on people after being induced by God. The early Taoist classic "Taiping Jing" further developed this, believing that man is the son of heaven and should act for it. A person's sincere heart can touch heaven and change yin and yang. If a person goes against Yin and Yang and turns his back on the heavenly heart, there will be disaster. This is God's advice to a person. Geomantic omen introduced the idea of "harmony between man and nature" into urban site selection and planning, so the sky-like urban site selection and planning appeared.

4). Theory of three talents. This refers to the relationship between heaven, earth and people. The Book of Changes says: "The ancients were the kings of the Xi family. When they look up, they look at the sky; when they look down, they look at the law and the land. After seeing the culture of birds and beasts and the suitability of the land, they brought everything near and far, so they began to gossip in order to communicate the virtues of the gods and the feelings of all things. " In other words, from the beginning of the Bao family, people pay attention to observing the relationship between heaven, earth and people. The Book of Changes clearly put forward the name of "three talents" and said: "Heaven, Taoism and humanity. Three talents are two, so six; Six are not, and three talents are also. " "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals. "lust" says: "man is the same as heaven and earth." People have initiative and can ascend to heaven, that is, they imitate heaven and earth, but they cannot change heaven and earth. Feng Shui experts have absorbed this idea, thinking that God's will has changed, the atmosphere has responded, God's will has changed, the weather has changed, the weather has continued to move forward, and people have responded. When choosing a city site and planning a city, Mr. Feng Shui must carry out the idea of "three talents" and make comprehensive consideration.

3. Ecological environment selection thought

A main thread running through Feng Shui theory is the thought of ecological environment selection, which has a long development process. In the Paleolithic Age, human beings just instinctively chose the living environment and were forced to find a place that could avoid natural disasters and was rich in food resources. This is a subconscious environmental choice. The gradual transition from subconscious choice to conscious choice has gone through millions of years in Paleolithic Age.

In the Neolithic Age, people have accumulated some knowledge about the choice of environment, such as: the basic choice of living place is the platform or terrace by the river; Or the topographic part of a meandering river; Or near the mountain and water, where the lee is sunny; Or on the mound of the plain in the lower reaches of the river; Or on high mounds along the coast. At this time, people's choice of environment is mostly conscious choice, and they have a certain degree of environmental choice thought. It can also be said that the most primitive phase-to-ground technology has emerged.

There are words in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty asking whether it is appropriate to build a new city on Tang soil, which is also a reflection of the idea of environmental choice.

The Zhou Dynasty moved the capital and built new cities many times. You need to explore the geographical environment every time. "Zhou Li Dasitu" clearly pointed out that the purpose of going to the house (that is, choosing an address) at that time was to choose a good place to develop production and enrich life. Later generations have the theory of the location of capital (or city, rural settlement and family), which is the main content and essence of Feng Shui theory.

The second is the idea of urban site selection and planning put forward or accepted by Feng Shui experts.

The idea of urban site selection and planning put forward or accepted by Feng Shui experts can be summarized into five aspects:

1. Urban site selection and planning under the influence of Yijing theory. Planning city gates or palaces, yamen and temple buildings, or choosing city sites, is based on the meaning of "dry hexagrams represent heaven, Kun hexagrams represent land, and people leave hexagrams" or the position of six hexagrams of dry hexagrams in the Book of Changes.

2. Guan Zi Riding a Horse puts forward the idea of urban site selection and planning according to local conditions, saying: "Any country based on mountains must be above Guang Chuan. The height is not close to drought, the water is full, the lower part is not close to water, and the ditch can prevent the province. Because natural materials are beneficial, the city walls don't have to be in the rules, and the roads don't have to be good. " This view was accepted by later Mr. Feng Shui.

3. The idea of urban planning with symmetrical central axis put forward by Kao Gong Ji was also accepted by later Feng Shui masters.

4. The principle of "land selection" from Yijing to the location of the capital.

5. From the acquired development to the law of heaven and earth, the principle of choosing and planning cities.

Three or five types of urban site selection and planning examples

1. The location and planning of the capital under the influence of the Book of Changes.

1). Yancheng, the capital of the Zhou Dynasty, is located in the southwest of Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province. It belongs to Yancheng Village, Hutang Township, Wujin County. Yancheng site is well preserved. It is the oldest and most complete ground city building in China, with three walls: the imperial city, the inner city and the outer city. There is a moat outside each heavy city wall, and only one trunk door is opened in each heavy city wall. The directions of the three doors are also different. King's gate faces south, and the potential in the city is high. There is a highland in the middle, which may be the ruins of the palace. The inner city is irregular and round, and the door faces southwest. The outer city is also irregular and round, with the northwest gate. This site shows that the urban planning and design at that time had been influenced by the acquired gossip thought. By comparing the Map of Yancheng Ruins with the Map of the Eight Diagrams the Day After Tomorrow, we can understand the intention of the city planners at that time.

First, the gate faces south, and gossip separates the day after tomorrow, which shows that it is obvious that Wang Xiangming will rule, that is, rule south or rule south. The orientation of this door represents people.

Second, the inner city gate is southwest, and the gossip the day after tomorrow is Kun, and Kun represents the land and the yin. The earth should be combined with the sky, the yin with the yang and the minister with the king. Kun lives in the southwest as the mother road, and the mother road nurtures everything. The southwest is where everything grows.

Third, the northwest of the outer city gate, after the gossip, the sky is dry, and the dry represents the sky and represents the yang. Living in the northwest is the dignity of monarch, father and heaven.

It can be seen that the planning and design of Yicheng embodies the relationship between heaven, earth and people, and is a typical example of the influence of Zhouyi theory on urban planning and design.

2). The Sui Dynasty prospered the city.

Geographically, Chang 'an, the capital of Han Dynasty, is located at the northern foot of Longshouyuan, near the south bank of Wei River, with low terrain and high salinity in the water. Militarily speaking, it is not conducive to defending the capital. So when I arrived at Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, I went to the old map and built Daxing, the capital city, at the south foot of Longshouyuan. Yu Wenkai is responsible for the specific planning and design. He used the topographical features of Liufu Steel in Daxing District, south foot of Longshouyuan Hospital, and combined with geomantic theory to design. He regarded the six Fu Gang as six hexagrams, and the tallest one had nine palaces, where the emperor lived. The third, slightly lower, is the office of the central ministries and commissions. Second, although the Ninth Five-Year Plan is lower than the last nine, it is more expensive in the divination, which is not where ordinary people live. Therefore, temples were built here, and Du Xuan Temple and Xingshan Temple were built for immortals and bodhisattvas to live in. This design makes the ruling institutions in the commanding heights of the whole city, and the palace and government offices occupy the highlands, showing the thoughts and demeanor of the rulers who are high above, dominating the world and handed down from generation to generation. In terms of security, it is also more reliable, and it is in the position of monitoring the lower class. From the geographical environment, it is also the best, with high terrain, dryness and not easy to get sick.

2. Urban site selection and planning according to local conditions

1). Nanjing

The capitals of China are all square, and Miyagi is located in the north of the central axis of the capital. Nanjing, on the other hand, was built with the terrain, and the whole city is long, narrow and irregular, which belongs to the urban planning according to local conditions. During the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Quan moved his capital here in 2 1 1 and built a stone city on the original site of Jinling City. The city is built entirely by using the natural terrain of the hillside, with a circumference of 7 miles and 100 steps. There is a door in the south, two doors in the north, a door in the east and a closed door in the northwest because it is close to the Yangtze River. Later dynasties continued to expand and became the political, economic and cultural center of the South. Jiankang City in the Southern Dynasties (now Nanjing) is located in the hilly area along the Yangtze River. The topography of mountains, lakes, rivers and so on is complex, and each dynasty gradually expanded, so the plane of the whole city is irregular, which is a typical example of the irregular plane of big cities in ancient China.

2). Hangzhou

In the Southern Song Dynasty, the capital was moved to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), and the city wall was built on the basis of Wuyue City, with 13 gates. Miyagi is located in the south of Phoenix, Shandong. It used to be the sub-city of Wu Yueshi County, 9 miles from Fiona Fang. Many palaces and pavilions in the imperial city are arranged according to natural landscape, and the main palace is located in the south. The city is divided into eight compartments, there are two compartments outside the city, and there are 68 squares in * * *. Because of the complex terrain, urban planning completely matches the terrain, and the shape of the city wall is very irregular. After the Southern Song Dynasty moved the capital, it was only slightly rebuilt on the original basis. Government agencies also use the original scattered buildings, and the road system is messy. As the main street, Imperial Road and Commercial Street are completely combined. Therefore, Hangzhou is also a typical urban planning adapted to local conditions.

3. Cities planned according to the principle of symmetry

1). Chang 'an City

Chang 'an City is square, with three doors on each side, Miyagi in the middle, ancestral temple on the left and country on the right in front of the palace, all of which are listed in Zhou Li and Gong Ji. In terms of layout, Miyagi is located at the northern end of the north-south axis, and Suzaku Street, that is, the north-south axis from Chengtianmen to Mingdemen, is the expression of the celestial axis. The main entrance of Miyagi is called Chengtianmen, and the wide east-west street in front is the dividing line between heaven and earth. The palace in the sky goes north from here and the earth goes south from here. This symmetrical urban planning takes the central axis as the axis, and vividly embodies the characteristics of its planning and layout with the poem "A hundred schools of thought are like a chess game and twelve streets are like plots". This is a typical symmetrical urban planning. Similar to Chang 'an, there are Bianliang (now Kaifeng), Yecheng and Beijing.

4. Choose the city location and plan the city according to the principle of "winning the bid"

In ancient China, "the king must live in the soil", and the son of heaven lived in the supreme position of the central government, which meant acting for heaven. Therefore, authority was supreme, and acting aboveboard was also convenient for national governance. "Lu Chunqiu. "Shen Shi" said: "The king of ancient times chose the world to establish his country, the country to establish a palace, and the palace to establish a temple. In the land of the world, Fang Liqian thinks that the country is extremely ruled. " This idea of ruling the country by choosing China has always been valued and inherited by rulers, and has become the guiding ideology and design theory of urban site selection and planning in ancient China. Take Luoyang as an example, its geographical location is very important. It is not only a land and water transportation hub in the southeast and northwest, but also a "tribute road to enter the world in all directions" (Historical Records. Zhou Benji). The terrain is dangerous, with Qinling Mountains in the west, Songyue Mountain in the east, Mangshan barrier in the north and Longmen Gate in the south. Luoshui runs through the city from west to east, with mountains and water, warm in winter and cool in summer. The army can attack when it advances and defend when it retreats. Rich in products, it is a good place for China to make treasures. Therefore, many dynasties in history built their capitals here or built their accompanying capitals. It is a typical example of choosing a city site on the principle of choosing one.

5. Choose the city site and plan the city according to the principles of law, heaven and earth.

1). Xianyang

Xianyang, Qin Dou, its design guiding ideology is based on astronomical phenomena. "It's a camp in Shanglinyuan, Weinan. It passed the front hall first ... it's the way home, Xianyang, and it's like the sky singing road." () "Three Auxiliary Huang Tu" records: "In the twenty-seventh year (the first emperor), in Weinan, Chengxin Palace was appointed as the extreme temple, like the celestial pole, and the temple road was Mount Li. As the front hall of Ganquan, build a tunnel and return it to Xianyang. The first emperor ... built Xianyang Palace, because there are four doors in Beiling Camp, which is the Purple Palace, like the residence of the emperor. Weihe river runs through the capital, like tianhan; Cross the bridge to the south to pull cattle. " Celestial Pole, Pavilion Road, Camp Room, Duanmen, Purple Palace, Tianhan and Petunia are all the names of astronomical stars. It can be seen that the layout of Xianyang in Qin Dou presents a magnificent and romantic scenery: along the high and steep terrain of the North Plain, there are four palaces and four doors, with Xianyang City as the center, and the "Wei Zi Palace" symbolizing "Immortality of Heaven Emperor" is built; Weihe River crosses the capital from west to east, just like the Milky Way passing through the sky. Qiao Heng and "Pavilion Road" set each other off as an interest, connecting the gardens of the north and south palaces of Weishui into a whole. Like the "Magpie Bridge", the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl meet again, and Afangshan is built like a "detached palace". The world is divided into 36 counties, and the stars shine and keep the North Pole.

2). Beijing

The planning and layout of Beijing is centered on the imperial city, and the Forbidden City, as the core part of the imperial city, lives in the center of the city, symbolizing the purple wall where the Emperor of Heaven lives in the center of the sky. The end gate to the south of the Forbidden City is named after the main entrance of Ziwei Garden. The Forbidden City has the Meridian Gate in the south, the Shenwu Gate in the north, the Rijing Gate in the east and the Yuehua Gate in the west. There is Tiananmen Square in the south of the Imperial City and Di 'anmen Gate in the north. There is the Temple of Heaven in the south of the city, a place for offering sacrifices to the altar in the north, a altar in the east and the moon in the west. This layout, rising day by day and falling month by month, is to learn from heaven and earth.

In the above two cases, it is very typical to choose the city site and plan the city according to the principles of law, heaven and land.

The above example of choosing a city site and planning a city according to the five geomantic principles has an impact on many small and medium-sized cities, although they are all big cities at the national capital level. Because there are too many examples, it is not convenient to list them here.

In a word, geomantic omen is closely related to urban site selection and planning. Although it is about the principle of geomantic omen, it also contains a lot of geographical knowledge and ecological environment knowledge in essence. It should be said that it is the essence of geomantic omen, and it is worthy for future generations to absorb these essences and create new advanced culture with the attitude of keeping pace with the times.