Romance of the Three Kingdoms Battle of Red Cliffs

1. There are mainly three different views on the overall scale of Battle of Red Cliffs.

[Not a large-scale war, but a small-scale battle] Yin Yungong holds this view.

Yin Yun generally believes that Battle of Red Cliffs is not a decisive battle, but a small-scale encounter. The reasons are as follows: First, from the time point of view, "Cao Jun defeated Liu Bei in Changban with 5,000 Qingqi, continued south, and went straight to Jiangling, and seized a lot of combat materials. So I took a boat to the east, and suddenly I met Sun and Liu Lianjun, who had a dominant number in Chibi, and Battle of Red Cliffs happened. It can be seen that this war happened in a tense time. In ancient times, transportation was difficult. Cao has great military talent, but he can't complete a large-scale military assembly. This ruled out the possibility of the Chibi War in time. " From a military point of view, "when Cao Cao conquered Jingzhou, it was in the hot summer season in the south, and the fatigue of forced marching made the troops infected with terrible diseases." "As an outstanding strategist in the Three Kingdoms period, will Cao Cao act subjectively in the face of obvious facts and drive a group of sick people to Chibi to fight against Sun and Liu Lianjun?" In addition, "judging from the post-Battle of Red Cliffs situation, it can also be explained that this is not a big war". "The famous big battles in history are generally strategic decisive battles between the two sides of the war. The defeated side either overthrew the regime by military collapse" or "was devastated", but "in the third year after Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Cao sent troops to conquer Hanzhong." If the Chibi War happens, Cao Jun "can't recover and make another expedition within three years". However, "although there was no war in Chibi, there was a small-scale conflict. As mentioned earlier, it was 5,000 Cao troops who met Sun Liu's allied troops in Chibi, not 800,000 Cao troops, and an encounter inevitably occurred. 1

Most historians hold this view, represented by Korea Pan, Lu Chuan, Wang Ling and Wang Hong.

On the basis of a large number of quotations, South Korea Pan thinks: "Sima Guang didn't exaggerate what was originally a small war as Battle of Red Cliffs when he compiled" A Mirror with Resources ". Battle of Red Cliffs is a major war in the history of China, which was recorded in the history books before Sima Guang. " "Battle of Red Cliffs is a major war in history, not only because it is recorded in ancient history books, but also because the war is of great significance. To understand this, we must first know the important position of Jingzhou at that time. " Jingzhou was a key place at that time. All three parties want to "take Jingzhou". "So, the situation at that time decided that Battle of Red Cliffs was an important war". "From the characteristics of Battle of Red Cliffs, this is a famous fire attack in the history of China". At the same time, Battle of Red Cliffs is also a famous war in China's history, in which the weak prevail over the strong and the few prevail over the many. "Because Battle of Red Cliffs is of great historical significance, it is also a typical example of winning by fire. It can become a major war in the history of China by defeating the strong with the weak and defeating the many with the few". 2

According to Lu Chuan, Yin Yungong's views on Battle of Red Cliffs are debatable, because "Cao Jun who participated in Battle of Red Cliffs was the main force of most of Cao Cao's troops in Jingzhou, not just the masses". First of all, "in terms of time, it is entirely possible for Cao Jun to complete this large-scale military assembly." "Battle of Red Cliffs occurred in November, that is to say, there is still a month between the battle of Nagano and Battle of Red Cliffs, and Cao Liyong will deploy troops and complete military assembly this month." Secondly, "from a military point of view, no matter whether Cao Cao noticed the seriousness of the epidemic, he would not only use 5,000 people to fight against Liu Sun's Coalition forces"; "Although, in Cao Cao's military career, he won many times with less, but with five thousand people to conquer' according to six counties, more soldiers and better food' Dongwu, is it possible? No one with a little military knowledge will do this, let alone Cao Cao? " Thirdly, "from the analysis of the situation before and after Battle of Red Cliffs, we can also see that this is not a small battle, but a big one. After Cao Cao occupied Jiangling, the land and water moved eastward. Thousands of warships in Meng Chong are known to be floating along the river, both infantry and land. If Cao Cao's army is only 5,000, even the manpower to control these 1,000 warships is not enough. How can we fight? " "After Battle of Red Cliffs, the strength comparison between the two sides in Jingzhou also shows that Cao Cao suffered great setbacks. Before Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Cao enlisted more than 200,000 troops, which formed an absolute advantage over Sun Liu's allied forces. After the war, Cao Cao's strength in Jingzhou weakened and he was stretched. " "Although Battle of Red Cliffs did not lead to the overthrow or collapse of Cao Cao's regime, it does not mean that Battle of Red Cliffs is small in scale and its significance is not important." "Battle of Red Cliffs is really a big war". three

Mausoleum and Wang Hong respectively demonstrated Battle of Red Cliffs from four aspects: Cao Cao's strategic goal, Cao Cao's strength, Cao Cao's acute epidemic and the end of the war. Only from the end of the war, they put forward three reasons that "Battle of Red Cliffs is the decisive battle". "First, Battle of Red Cliffs can be said to be a turning point in the history of Cao Cao's war. Before 208 AD, Cao Cao took advantage of the contradictions and weaknesses of Beiyang warlords, and all of them were broken, and the weak prevailed over the strong. Although there were some failures, he finally strategized and completed the great cause of unifying the Yellow River Basin. After Battle of Red Cliffs, he turned to the conservative stage. Although we fought against Sun Quan in Hefei and Liu Bei in Hanzhong, we won and lost each other, but there was no decisive victory. Hanzhong was defeated by Liu Bei, and the south became the land of Wu. The so-called hero in the world can only be on a par with Sun and Liu Dingli, and he is also a talented warlord! This war has affected the history of more than half a century, leaving the country in a state of complete division. " "Second, the direct consequence of Battle of Red Cliffs is that Sun Quan is firmly seated in Jiangdong, and the separatist regime is a foregone conclusion; Liu Bei occupied several counties in the south of Jingzhou, and the "hooligans" became "thieves", and Cao Cao's confidants became more and more bitter. Cao Cao only occupied Xiangfan, and the victory turned into a big defeat. " "At that time, Cao Cao could not fight against Sun Liu on the Yangtze River, and Sichuan had fallen into the hands of Liu Bei. If Battle of Red Cliffs is a small setback, how can Cao tolerate the golden apples being picked? " "Third, Cao Cao wanted to annex the south, and then destroyed Han peanuts, which probably no one doubted. However, from the thirteenth year of Jian 'an to the twenty-fifth year of Jian 'an, during these twelve years, Cao Cao never fought a decisive battle with Sun and Liu Group. The principle was that Battle of Red Cliffs suffered heavy losses and had far-reaching influence. " . four

Others who hold this view are Tan and Zhang Guoguang.

[Battle of Red Cliffs should say Wulin War] This statement holds a negative attitude towards the first two statements. Wan is the representative.

Li Yu Biography of the Three Kingdoms has the right to send Yu to join forces with others to crusade against Cao Gong and meet at Chibi. When Cao was sick, the first day of the war, the army retreated, and the second time Jiangbei and Henan were on the south bank, Wan thought that "Battle of Red Cliffs was an encounter, which was unfavorable. Lead back to Jiangbei twice, that is, lead back to Wulin. Yu and others are on the south bank, that is, Chibi. The real war (fire attack) was later fought in the Wulin on the North Shore. No wonder Sun Wu wants to say' Fuck Wulin'. " "For example, since the Tang Dynasty, the name' Battle of Red Cliffs' has been spoken for more than one thousand years, which is unscientific and easy to cause misunderstanding. What should be scientific is the battle of Wulin, as people in Sun Wu's time once said. five

2. With regard to the strength of both sides' forces, it is generally believed that Battle of Red Cliffs's Sun and Liu allied forces invested 50,000 troops, including Sun Quan's 30,000, Liu Bei's 1 10,000 and Liu Qi's 1 10,000. No one has ever doubted this. However, there are different opinions about how many troops Cao Cao put into fighting Battle of Red Cliffs, and there are mainly five different views.

This theory is represented by Lv Zhenyu and Notes on Selected Works of Mao Zedong.

Lv Zhenyu pointed out: "At the beginning of Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Cao took 830,000 troops (this figure may be exaggerated, estimated to be more than 300,000) and more than 200,000 water troops surrendered by Liu Cong, which was very brave."

Notes in Selected Works of Mao Zedong: "In 2008, more than 500,000 soldiers of Cao Caobing attacked Sun Quan, the so-called 800,000. Sun Quan and Liu Bei, Cao Cao's enemy, joined forces to send 30,000 troops. They took advantage of the epidemic in Cao Jun and didn't learn to fight in the water. They attacked Cao Cao's ships with fire and wiped out Cao Jun.

Tan, Li Enpu and others hold this view.

Tan pointed out: What are the strengths of Cao Jun? "Cao Cao's letter to Sun Quan said it was eight hundred thousand. The purpose is to intimidate, and exaggeration is inevitable. Zhou Yu's analysis is that "he will bring China people, but only 1560 thousand", "the income is 780 thousand" and * * * more than 200 thousand, which is also to reduce the number of people to comfort Sun Quan. If you can do it, there will be three or four hundred thousand. " seven

Li Sipu basically holds this view. He pointed out: "Cao Cao gradually unified the north, occupied Youqing, Qinghai, Hebei, Henan, Xu, Binhe, Yanhe, (now Luoyang, Henan) and other places, and recruited hundreds of thousands of soldiers, especially in the northern expedition of the three counties of Wuhuan Khan in 2007, which completely eliminated the remnants of Yuan, basically stabilized the northern and western Liaoning, and then took advantage of the victory to send troops south. The situation forced Sun Quan to form an alliance with Liu Bei, and in 208 AD * * * resisted Cao Jun in Chibi. In this campaign, there were nearly 300,000 people, claiming to be an army of 830,000, while Sun and Liu combined were only about 50,000, which was at a disadvantage. As a result, Cao Cao was defeated and led his troops back to the north. "

[The so-called 800,000 is actually more than 200,000] represented by Zhang, Zhu Shaohou, China Ancient History, and Korean Pan.

Zhang pointed out: "Cao Jun occupied Jingzhou without blowing off dust, and obtained Liu Biao's water army, with more than 200,000 troops, which is called 800,000. The naval army went south from Jiangling, and its main goal was Sun Quan in Jiangdong. At this time, Cao Cao occupied a great military advantage and strategically took the initiative. "

The Ancient History of China, edited by Zhu Shaohou, points out: "After Cao Cao defeated Liu Bei in Changban, he occupied the Jiangbei area of Jingzhou. He wrote to Sun Quan in Jiangling, saying that he would lead 800,000 troops to "hunt in Wu" with Sun Quan and intimidate him. After "Sun Quan called his men to discuss", "it was only after that that the determination to unite Liu Bei and Cao Cao was categorically made". Cao Cao led the water army down the river from Jiangling and met Sun and Liu at Chibi, so the famous Battle of Red Cliffs broke out. " At this time, Cao Cao had an army of about 200,000, claiming to be 800,000, while Sun Liu combined only 50,000. In terms of quantity, Cao Cao has an absolute advantage. "

South Korean Pan pointed out: "Battle of Red Cliffs is also a famous war in China's history, in which the weak defeated the strong and the few defeated the many. Comrade Mao Zedong mentioned this war many times in his works, such as "Strategic Issues of China Revolutionary War" and "On Protracted War". According to Zhou Yu, Cao Cao led the troops in the Central Plains150,000 to 60,000, and Liu Biao reduced his troops by 70,000 to 80,000, totaling about 23,000 to 40,000. Sun and Liu joined hands, with only 50,000 people. 50,000 people defeated more than 200,000 people, which is also known for winning more with less. " eight

Most historians hold this view, such as Fan Wenlan and Guo Moruo.

[Jun 5,000 people said] Yin Yungong holds this view.

He thought, "After Cao Cao occupied Jingzhou, he took Jiangling as his army, fearing that Liu Bei would rely on him. He released the trench and led a cavalry army of 5,000 people to chase him. "He traveled more than 300 Ali day and night" and chased Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang and others in Nagano and Dangyang. Liu Bei was defeated. When Lu Su arrived in Dangyang, he persuaded Liu Bei to go to Sun Wu. Liu Bei immediately sent Zhuge Liang to Chai Sang with Lu Su to meet Sun Quan, and the two sides formed an alliance. Sun Quan immediately sent Zhou Yu and others to lead the water army with 30,000 troops and Liu Bei to fight back against Cao Jun. "So Battle of Red Cliffs" was 5,000 instead of 800,000, and Cao Jun and Sun Liulian met at Chibi ". nine

[Cao Jun is within 200,000, but the strength of the water army may not be as good as Sun and Liu Lianjun] holds this view.

Shi Ding thinks: "It seems that there are only 5,000 Cao troops in Battle of Red Cliffs, and this possibility does not exist", because "on the one hand, the records about the large number of Cao troops and the small number of Sun Liulian in ancient history books are more clear and can not be ignored; On the other hand, it is not urgent for Cao Jun to go down the river from Jiangling to Chibi. " According to historical records, when Battle of Red Cliffs arrived, Cao Jun's team had indeed arrived in Chibi and Wulin. However, it is impossible to say that only 5,000 Cao Jun has invested in Battle of Red Cliffs, and it is impossible to put all their more than 200,000 soldiers (northern soldiers/Kloc-0.56 million, Zhang Jingzhou soldiers 780,000) into this battle. "Because" Cao Jun occupied Xinye, Xiangyang, Dangyang, Jiangling and other places, it is natural to arrange soldiers to guard, and the number is not enough, and tens of thousands of troops may fall apart. I estimate that Jun Eastern Xia's amphibious troops may be within 200,000. "It should also be pointed out that the naval power of Sun and Liu Lianjun may be inferior. The so-called "there are 100 thousand Jingzhou water army" and "it must be an exaggerated figure" In fact, "I'm afraid the water army can't exceed 30,000, and in recent years, the water army led by Battle of Red Cliffs and Jingzhou Jiangxia satrap Huang Zu has been defeated by Sun Quan's water army many times, which shows that Jingzhou's water army is not as strong as Sun Quan's." Battle of Red Cliffs, Jingzhou water army has both the loss of Huang Zu in previous years and the departure of 10 thousand people in Liu Qi; However, Sun Quan's water army has been strengthened in previous years, and recently Liu Bei and Liu Qi's troops have joined forces. So what is certain is that Sun Quan has more troops than all the Jingzhou naval forces of Cao Cao. "So" Battle of Red Cliffs, in terms of the total strength of both sides, there is no doubt that Cao and Sun Liulian are widowed; But as far as the well-trained water army that has passed the test of water war is concerned, it is likely that Cao Jun is less and Sun Liu is more. " 10

3. There are six different views on the reasons why Cao Cao defeated Chibi.

[Multi-factor theory] This theory is represented by Fan Wenlan and Liu Mianzhi.

Fan Wenlan pointed out that Battle of Red Cliffs and Cao Cao "have absolute superiority in military power". "But Cao Cao Jun has many weaknesses: (1) Jingzhou soldiers were forced to surrender, their morale was shaken, and the water war mainly depended on Jingzhou soldiers; (2) The soldiers in the north are not used to the soil and water in the south, and their combat effectiveness is weakened; (3) Cao Cao's rear area was not consolidated, especially when Ma Chao and Han Sui were divided into Kansai, threatening Xuchang. These are all military weaknesses; (4) There were many gentry who opposed Cao Cao among court officials. This is a political weakness. "Cao Cao Jun has many weaknesses, and it is only appropriate to make a quick decision, which should not last long. It happened that Liu Cong surrendered, and Cao Cao won without fighting, which encouraged arrogance and thought that he was strong and would win. Sun Quan, at least his subordinates, will definitely surrender, and the military deployment has exposed a gap that can be defeated. " So Sun and Liu formed an alliance to "attack Cao with fire".

Liu Mianzhi said: "When Cao Cao entered Jingzhou in 2008, he gained hundreds of thousands of naval vessels and infantry. Zhou Yu pointed out that Cao Cao had four major troubles in fighting: First, the north was not peaceful, Ma Chao and Han Sui were still in Kansai, and Cao Cao's rear was threatened; Second, Qing Xu infantry, don't learn water warfare; Third, the weather is cold and the horse has no grass; Fourth, northern scholars, acclimatized, are bound to get sick. I invited 30,000 elite soldiers to attack Cao Cao in Xiakou. " "Zhou Yu's department tricked Huang Gai into surrendering to the fire attack. Cao Cao's ship was connected end to end, just as the southeast wind was urgent. Huang Gai set the ship on fire at the same time, burning the military camp on the shore, and the fireworks went up into the sky, and Cao Jun was defeated." 1 1

[Cao Jun's "Disease and Epidemiology"] This theory is represented by Li Yousong, Ji and Tian.

Yin Yungong pointed out: "When Cao Jun conquered Jingzhou, it was in the hot summer season in the south, and the fatigue of forced marching made the troops infected with terrible diseases and epidemics." . Most Cao Jun people were sick and died of diseases. Therefore, "Cao Cao's defeat in Chibi was not mainly a defeat, but the army encountered a disease epidemic, forcing Cao Cao to burn the ship and take the initiative to retreat." Or Pei Songzhi put it well: "As for the defeat of Chibi, there is luck. In fact, it is because of the epidemic that the front is damaged and the wind blows from the south as a burning trend. What's the matter? " 12

Li Yousong believes: "Cao Cao's military forces are indeed seriously harmed by the disease." Then, "What caused Cao Jun's fiasco?" "Acute schistosomiasis infection is the main reason for Cao Jun's defeat". "Cao Cao's soldiers and horses were infected with schistosomiasis in Battle of Red Cliffs. The relationship between the incubation period and the onset time is consistent with the harm, that is, after the infection in autumn, they became ill one after another, and they were already sick in Battle of Red Cliffs in winter." "On the contrary, Liu Bei and Sun Quan, soldiers and horses who have been engaged in production and life in epidemic areas for a long time and often come into contact with epidemic water, are often infected with schistosomiasis, but most of them are chronic schistosomiasis." "This difference is the key for Liu Sun's joint forces suffering from chronic blood-sucking diseases to overcome acute schistosomiasis". 13

Ji said: "Battle of Red Cliffs Cao Jun was defeated, and the Cao Ying epidemic has nothing to do with schistosomiasis, but may be related to malaria." "Malaria is a famous ancient disease", "Malaria is a common disease in the local area, and some will attack". "The communication season begins in April and lasts for 7 months, and ends in June 10 * * *". "Cao Jun crosses Tongbai Mountain in southern Henan, travels around Wudang Mountain and Jingshan Mountain, and enters Jianghan Plain and lakes and marshes, all of which are malaria transmission seasons". In addition, "officers and men are tired after rushing to March, and they may be infected with malaria after entering Hubei. After repeated spread, it will cause an epidemic in the army, which will eventually lead to some serious illnesses and some deaths. " "Malaria is basically a common disease in this country. People in Henan, Hubei and Sichuan are susceptible to malaria. It is conceivable that once the military spreads to each other, it will easily lead to a large-scale epidemic and lead to military failure. " 14

Tian said: "The epidemic situation of Cao Cao's army in Chibi was limited in China at that time." "What infectious diseases are they?" "Some people suspect that this may be typhus. If it is really this kind of disease, combined with the early Jian 'an period, warlords in the Central Plains scuffled and some troops suffered from serious lice. Then, did this tick-borne infectious disease, which spread widely in human history and was called "war fever" and "famine fever", make waves in that era of frequent wars and famines? "There seems to be a suspicion of this disease. 15

[Cao Cao's incorrect military command] Zhang He and Lu Chuan hold this view.

Zhang said: "From the situation of both sides of the war, Cao Cao has a strong force, an active attack, a strategic advantage, and Sun Quan is weak, passive and strategically disadvantaged. "But this is just the general situation. Both sides have their own advantages and disadvantages. " Now, let's take a look at how excellent military strategists realize the change of strategic situation through practical activities. ""At that time, Cao Cao's army pursued Liu Bei as far as Jiangling on the north bank of the Yangtze River. Here, he arranged most of his troops on warships, and there were troops on the river bank, so he went down the river. Sun Liu and Zhou Yu commanded 30,000 troops, mainly the water army, and Liu Bei and Liu Qi, who were stationed in Wuchang, went up the river to meet Cao Jun, and the two armies met at Chibi. " "As you can see here, Cao Jun's arrangement is wrong. Most of the soldiers who are not used to water warfare are put on the boat, and the water army is the main force. The army can only play a cooperative role, so that the strength of the northern cavalry cannot be exerted. And because of' acclimatization', most soldiers are sick. The command of Sun Liu's joint army holds the favorable position for the fine water army to fight on the great river. Therefore, in the first encounter, he won a small victory, and Cao Jun moved his warship to the north bank of the Yangtze River. Zhou Yu also adopted the tactics of "fire attack" in view of the big mistake of "Cao Lian's ship leads the ship, head to tail". So Cao Cao was defeated. "

"Lu Chuan" thinks: "The process of war decision-making is mainly determined by the subjective efforts of people who have mastered certain material forces. The reason why Cao Jun was infected with diseases and epidemics was not bad luck, but mainly caused by Cao Cao's wrong strategic thinking. After Cao Cao annexed Jingzhou, he was eager for success before he had the social and material strength to unify China, in an attempt to destroy Dongwu in one fell swoop. To this end, he ignored the troops' continuous operations, was exhausted, and rushed the troops to March in the heat, which was bound to cause an epidemic. Another example is Battle of Red Cliffs, where there is a strong southeast wind blowing on the river. Zhou Yu took advantage of this advantage and took fire attack, while Cao Cao faced the southeast wind, not only couldn't think of any way to break the enemy, but also was unaware of the possible threat. In contrast, don't we think Cao Cao's strategy is lower than Zhou Yu's? " 16

[Defeated by fire] South Korea holds this view.

He thought: "When Battle of Red Cliffs was in China, Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu discussed Cao Cao's weakness, that is, Cao Cao's rear was unstable and he had worries;" Different morale, giving up the strength of pommel horse and competing with southerners for boat profits; Horses have no grass, soldiers are not used to water and soil, and diseases and epidemics are bound to occur. However, it is predicted that there will be no strong southeast wind in the summer calendar 1 1 month, which contributes to the accidental factors of fire attack. The accidental factor that the southeast wind encouraged the fire attack was indeed an important factor in Cao Jun's defeat. "Of course, we should also see that Cao Cao" has not been carefully considered and deployed on specific issues "and" let accidental factors work and finally fail ". 17

[The basic reason is that the water army is weak, and the decisive factor is that the sergeant is suspicious] Shi Ding holds this view.

He thinks: First of all, "in terms of sailors, the Allies are superior to Cao Jun, which is a basic reason for Battle of Red Cliffs's victory or defeat". "Cao Jun was originally a pommel horse", "but he followed Hedong", "Cao Cao's Jingzhou water army is not enough, so it is difficult to give full play to the advantages of the original cavalry. If the cavalry is adapted into a water army, of course, it is to take advantage of the shortcomings. This is a real problem. " Secondly, "the opposition of people's hearts and the level of morale are the decisive factors for Battle of Red Cliffs's victory or defeat". "Cao cao from jiangling eastward, jingzhou water army to the backbone, and sun liu's union army, the problem is even bigger. Jingzhou Water Army, apart from having the friendship of fellow villagers with Liu Qi's army, was unable to launch confrontation. It was defeated by Sun Jun again and again in the past, but now it is weaker and more terrible. " . However, "Sun Liu Lianjun did not have the thoughts and psychology of Jingzhou Water Army. They can' unite as one, * * * rule Cao Cao' ". "Compared with Cao Cao's water army, Sun Liu's allied army's morale is obviously different from that of Cao Cao. It is not difficult to predict who will win or lose when the two armies are at war. " 18

[Mainly Cao Cao's pride and underestimation] Li Enpu of A Brief History of China of Tianjin Normal University holds this view.

Li Enpu said: "Battle of Red Cliffs and Cao Jun have an absolute advantage. They have won many battles in succession, with hundreds of thousands of soldiers, fierce generals like clouds and advisers like rain. Cao Cao took the emperor as the arm, sent his troops south, Liu Cong surrendered, and Jingzhou was easy to get. Therefore, he was arrogant, underestimated the enemy, failed to see the weakness of his own army, pretended to surrender to Huang Gai, lacked vigilance, and attacked Wu Dong with fire. The result was a fiasco. "

"A Brief History of China" of Tianjin Normal University pointed out: "Cao Jun is tired from marching, acclimatized and epidemic; The navy division is composed of Jingzhou, which has just joined the army, and its combat effectiveness is not strong. In particular, Cao Cao was proud of underestimating his enemy, believing in the false surrender of Huang Gai under Zhou Yu, which enabled Huang Gai to approach Cao Cao's warships with dozens of ships full of firewood and grease. " As a result, "all the ships in Cao Jun were burned" and "they were also burned to the camp in Cao Jun on the river bank", which made "the whole line of Cao Jun collapsed". 19

4. There have been different opinions about the geographical location of the ancient battlefield in Chibi, including Hanchuan, Hanyang, Huanggang, Wuchang and Puyin. In recent years, discussions have gradually become consistent, but there are still three different views.

[On Jiayu County] Fan Wenlan's notes in Selected Works of Mao Zedong and A Brief History of China and Tianjin Normal University all hold this view.

Notes in Selected Works of Mao Zedong: "Chibi is on the south bank of the Yangtze River in the northeast of Jiayu County, Hubei Province". 20

Fan Wenlan said: "In 2008, Zhou Yu attacked Chibi (Jiayu County, Hubei Province) and defeated Cao Jun with fire. Cao Cao dared not fight again, and led the disabled army to flee to the north. "

A Brief History of China in Tianjin Normal University points out that Sun Liu's allied troops "fought with more than 200,000 Cao troops in Chibi (Jiayu, Hubei)". 2 1

Li Ding, Chen Kewei and Feng Jinping hold this view.

Li Ding thinks: "Chibi is a mountain name, located in Chibi Commune in the northwest of Puyin County, Hubei Province. Located on the south bank of the Yangtze River, it stands on the bank of the river, and the rock wall is ochre red, so it is called "Red Cliff". "The northern bank of the Great River is Wulin Collection, which belongs to Longkou Commune in Honghu County where Cao Cao defeated Wulin". "There is a Luxi in the east of Chibi, also known as Lushui. There is a small town near the Yangtze River named Luxikou, which is in the west of Jiayu County today, that is, Lukou during the Three Kingdoms period. Sun Quan ordered Lu Su and Monroe to station troops at Lukou, that is, this ". After liberation, many publications marked the position of Chibi wrong. I'm afraid this mistake was caused by Ci Yuan published by the Commercial Press before liberation. "The etymology says,' Chibi, on the northeast bank of Jiayu County'". "Before liberation, Chibi belonged to Jiayu County, but it was not in the northeast of Jiayu County. The actual location is contrary to what the old note takers said, but it is in the southwest of Jiayu County. The northeast of Jiayu County is the old official mouth of Paizhou, and there is no red cliff. " After liberation, considering that Puyin County is a mountainous area and the Yangtze River has no outlet, the people's government classified the Chibi area west of Lushui in Jiayu County as Puyin County. In this way, the bamboo and wood mountain products in the northern mountainous area of Puyin can be transported to various places through the Yangtze River. Now Chibi Commune is located at the foot of Chibi Mountain. 22

Chen Kewei believes: "Chibi Mountain in the northwest of Pu Xian County today is the Chibi Mountain in Battle of Red Cliffs in the late Eastern Han Dynasty." The reasons are as follows: (1) "Chibi Mountain in Puyin County is located in the northwest of the county 100, just opposite to the north and south of Wulinji in Donglongkou Commune, Honghu County. This is exactly the same as the location records of Chibi and Wulin in the reflection of Battle of Red Cliffs. According to the "Three Kingdoms", after Cao Cao's defeat in the first battle at Chibi, he led a great army to be stationed in the Wulin area on the north bank of the Yangtze River, while the allied forces of Zhou Yu and Liu Bei were stationed in Chibi area on the south bank of the Yangtze River. In other words, the north and south of Chibi are opposite to Wulin. " (2) "Sun Liu's allied forces were able to win more with fewer troops in Chibi World War I, but Cao Cao, who had an absolute advantage, did not dare to storm in World War I and retreated northward. Second, he did not attack Chibi, where Sun Liu's allied troops were stationed, after withdrawing northward, which shows that Chibi is a very dangerous place. " Chibi, located in the northwest of Puyin County, is located on the south bank of the Yangtze River, and its northern end extends between the great river and the cliff, which is beneficial to attack and defend. There is Huanggai Lake in the southwest, which is connected with the Yangtze River by stones and Qingjiang River, which can hide a large number of water troops and warships to prevent attacks, which Huanggang Chibi and Wuchang Chibi do not have. (3) In addition to the above two points, "there are a lot of documentary records, cultural relics, relics and other evidence." . For example, "Notes on Liu Biao in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty in Zhang Huai by Emperor Taizi" said: "Chibi, the name of the mountain, is in Puyin County, Ezhou". Du You quoted Geography in Tong Dian and said, "There is Chibi Mountain in Puyin County, Ezhou today, which is the land where Cao Gong was defeated" and so on. 23

Feng Jinping also holds a similar view. 24

Others who hold this view are Wu, Shu Zhimei, Jiang Yongxing and Hu.

Wu Yingshou and Wan et al. hold this view.

Wu Yingshou disagrees with the view that Chibi is located in the northwest of Puyin County. He thinks that if the above statement is used, the ancient Chibi is opposite to the north and south of Jiangbei Wulin, but judging from the scale of Battle of Red Cliffs, it is impossible for the two armies to confront each other just across a river, and there must be a long front. Therefore, there must be a certain distance between Battle of Red Cliffs and Wulin, so Chibi Mountain in Pu Xian County, opposite Wulin, can't be the battlefield of Battle of Red Cliffs. "."The ancient red cliff should be in Chiji Mountain in the southwest of Wuchang County ". 25

Wan thinks: Reading Biography of Jiang Biao said: "When the southeast wind is in a hurry, because ten ships are in front, Zhongjiang sails." When she went to the northern army for more than twenty miles, she got angry at the same time. The fire was fierce, and the arrow flew to the ship, burning up the northern army ships and extending to the shore to camp firewood. ""I thought there was something wrong with Wulin and Chibi. If the Wulin is on the other side of Chibi, how do you explain that "Zhongjiang sails" and "the northern army is more than two miles away and gets angry at the same time" in the southeast wind? The yellow-covered burning boat should go upstream instead of crossing the Yangtze River. "Also," Notes on Checking Water Classics "(Yongle Dadian Edition), volume 14, recorded the river first" and went east to Wulin South, and Wu was defeated by Wulin, that is, the land was also ". Postscript:' Hundred People River left south, Chibi Mountain north right' Zhou Yu and Huang Gai cheated Wei Wu's army yesterday. Wulin is in Pu Xian County and Chibi Mountain is in Wuchang County. Li Daoyuan has determined the specific location of Wulin and Chibi, not across the river. 26

5. There are two different views on the historical role of Battle of Red Cliffs.

Zhang and Liu Mianzhi hold this view.

Zhang believes: "Here, the war and the activities of historical figures have played a powerful role in consolidating the separatist situation and blocking the process of reunification to a certain extent. Among them, Battle of Red Cliffs is "a major war that determines the situation of the three countries". The situation of tripartite confrontation replaced the situation of feudal unification. "

Liu Mianzhi said: "The situation at that time was favorable to the landlords and bureaucrats of Wu, but for the whole history and the people at that time, Cao Cao's unified interests were even greater. On the other hand, the separation of Wu and Shu was beneficial to the development of southeast and southwest at that time. Without Battle of Red Cliffs, Sun Quan would surrender to Cao Cao, and Liu Bei would fight alone. The situation of reunification should not wait until the year 280, which should be even better for the people at that time and the development of production. " 27

Sting, Fan Wenlan and Li Enpu all hold this view.

Sting pointed out: "From a short-term or hundreds of years, Battle of Red Cliffs, North-South confrontation, or tripartite confrontation seem to be the factors and bane of division. In the long run, if we look at the whole historical process of China, there will be no greater reunification without Battle of Red Cliffs, North-South confrontation and dominance. The division, unification, re-division and reunification of China's history are constantly repeated, not simply repeated, but spiraled upward. This is the dialectical development process of the history of the reunification of the motherland. " 28

Fan Wenlan said: "Battle of Red Cliffs has decided the tripartite confrontation between the three countries. Although the unification trend represented by Cao Cao was hindered, the rulers of the three countries later put down the local separatist forces in their respective territories, consolidated the internal unity of various countries, and resumed extremely broken production (mainly Wei). Compared with the previous 19 years of mixed fighting, the separation of the three countries is still a step to restore national unity. "

Li Enpu said: "After Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Cao suffered serious setbacks and had to return to the north. His influence is limited to the Central Plains and North China, and he can no longer go south in a big way. Sun Wu's regime has been consolidated and developed in Jiangnan, and its territory in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has been preserved. Liu Bei took the opportunity to occupy Jingzhou, which is rich in products and fertile in land, and gained a firm foothold, from "relying on others" to being stationed and armed; Then it entered Yizhou (present-day Sichuan area) and southwestern Shaanxi, and confronted Cao Wei in the north. Therefore, this campaign is a decisive battle that caused chaos in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the situation in the Three Kingdoms was relatively stable. "