Who can tell me something about wine and poetry!

First, the indissoluble bond between Tao Yuanming and wine

Li Baiyou said in a poem: "The sober people and saints in the old days were forgotten." 1 I think Tao Yuanming is such a lonely saint. He was not only forgotten in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but also neglected in the next two hundred years. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that poets and critics began to pay attention to him. Now we can be sure that the diversity of themes and styles of Tao's poems is unmatched by his contemporaries. Shen Deqian said in "Talking about Poetry": "Jin people are more open-minded, independent, contented, sad and happy." "Tao Shigui has a profound simplicity in his chest, which can't be found anywhere", so that "Tang Taizong and Wang Wei have his leisure and leisure. Mr. Lu Xun once said: "Tao Qian and Li Bai are both outstanding figures in the history of China literature. "I think that Tao Yuanming's poems are still shining after thousands of years, because he has created a large number of pastoral poems with beautiful artistic conception and profound words, which have inspired countless future generations; And because he retired from the official position, he finally died of old age and did not change his original intention, showing unparalleled noble integrity. His poems, his spirit, nourished the later literati.

Reading Tao poetry, we will see an elegant and free-spirited poet image, as if seeing him walking leisurely between his favorite landscapes and pastoral areas with chrysanthemum in one hand and wine in the other. Wine is Tao Yuanming's best friend, the expression of his joy, the relief of his pain and the comfort of his loneliness. His life is inseparable from wine, and his poems are full of pure fragrance of wine, which makes people deeply intoxicated. And this fragrance has been floating from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to today, lingering.

Many poets drank before Tao Yuanming. Cao Cao who "sings a wine song" 2, Cao Zhi who "strives for a thousand wines" 3, Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and other Zhuhai celebrities who "often gather under bamboo forests and indulge in them" 4 ... This ethos has also been continued in Tao Yuanming. Of course, Tao Yuanming's "sexual alcoholism" is also one of the reasons. In Mr. Wu Liu's biography, he introduced himself like this. He is so addicted to alcohol that he gets drunk when he is exhausted. Anecdotes about his drinking show that his taste in wine is rare among ancient poets. Xiao Tong's Biography of Tao Yuanming describes the poet's hobby of wine with a lot of pen and ink: when Tao Yuanming was appointed as Peng, he planted all the crops in Fenglu field, aiming at "I often borrow wine and drink enough"; Later, his wife "resolutely invited to plant japonica rice" before "planting 50 mu of rice and 50 mu of japonica rice"; Wang Hong, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, ordered Pang Tongzhi to treat Tao Yuanming to wine. Tao Yuanming said, "When I arrive, I will be glad to * * *"; Yan Yanzhi is in Xunyang and Yuanming, followed by Shi 'an County. After Xunyang, Yuan Ming was invited to drink every day, and Yuan Ming was always "too drunk to wake up". When Yan Yanzhi left, he left Yuan Ming 20,000 yuan. As soon as Yuan Ming changed hands, he sent the money to the restaurant, "just take the wine"; On the Double Ninth Festival on September 9, Yuanming had chrysanthemum but no wine, Wang Hong delivered wine, and Yuanming came home drunk. In Yuanming's brewing, when the wine is ripe, he "takes a towel from his head to pour it" and then covers it on his head ... In Biography of Tao Yuanming, the poet's alcoholism accounts for most of the space, which shows that he has an indissoluble bond with wine. This shows that the truth and loveliness in Tao Yuanming's character confirm his unique life interest and aesthetic interest.

The deeper reason for Tao Yuanming's love for wine, I think, is his hearty drinking and unrestrained drinking, which accords with the poet's pursuit of freedom, freedom, naturalness and innocence. However, the stimulation of wine on Tao Yuanming's poetry made the poet want to give up drinking. He wrote a humorous poem named "Quit Drinking" and couldn't stop. In this sense, there would be no Tao Yuanming without wine; Without wine, there would be no Tao Yuanming's poems.

Drinking is Tao Yuanming's hobby; Writing wine runs through the poet's creative career. Wine poems abound in Tao's poems. The great poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty loved drinking and writing wine. He took wine as his friend and poetry as his friend all his life, and created many excellent works, leaving valuable cultural heritage and spiritual wealth for future generations.

Second, the taste of wine in Tao poetry: wine has a deep taste.

Tao Yuanming's life can be divided into two periods: before and after he resigned and retired at the age of 4/kloc-0. In the early stage, he was mainly "eager to escape from the four seas" (the fifth of Eight Miscellaneous Poems), and actively entered the official position with the ambition of "helping the poor", hoping to make a difference; In the later period, he abandoned his post and returned to his hometown, which deepened his understanding of life and society, cultivated his sentiment in close contact with the working people and made great achievements.

Tao Yuanming's existing poems 125. We don't know how many of these 120 poems are inextricably linked with wine. Among them, drinking is written directly and has been everywhere. Xiao Tong said in Preface to the Collection of Tao Yuanming: "Tao Yuanming's poems are full of wine." Indeed, reading Tao poetry, almost every capital can smell wine, either strong or weak; Reading Tao poetry, almost every capital can taste the taste of wine, either sweet or bitter. The taste of wine in Tao's poems, whether light or deep, reflects Tao Yuanming's mentality in different situations and his bright and clean personality.

1, wine-expressing the truth of human nature

According to the biography of Tao Yuanming, Yuan Ming did not know music, but kept a stringed piano. Every time he drinks, he needs to fondle the wine to express his mind. The expensive and the cheap have wine. If Yuan Ming got drunk first, he said to the guests, "I'm drunk and sleepy. You can go now! " The truth rate is so. This anecdote makes people smile. The word "truth rate" is the most appropriate word to describe Tao Yuanming's character. And his poems show the true colors of "truth". Wine sets off the poet's true character; Wine makes Tao Yuanming's simple character fully expressed in his poems.

Five poems "Returning to the Garden" were written in the second year after Tao Yuanming resigned. Peng returned to the field and lamented the joy of farming and the interest of seclusion. These poems have become the most famous and outstanding poems in Tao poetry, which embodies the simple and frank style of Tao poetry. They have been highly praised by critics and regarded as the most wonderful chapters in landscape pastoral poems, which have a far-reaching impact on later generations.

In this group of poems, Tao Yuanming expresses his inner true attitude towards life and shows his strong love-hate relationship. In the first episode, he hated the filth of officialdom, so he called it "dust net" and "cage" He loves the freedom of rural life and calls it "old forest" and "old garden". The poet made no secret of his feelings and showed them in his poems. Secondly, with plain language and carefree style, the daily fragments of rural life are described, which makes people appreciate the quietness of the countryside and the poet's tranquil state of mind, as if they were in an ideal world of peace and harmony. Poets are as concerned about the growth of crops as ordinary farmers. "I am always afraid of frost, and I am scattered with the grass." The poet began to breathe with the crops he planted. This feeling has gone beyond the category of feudal intellectuals with progressive ideas, and to some extent reflects the thoughts and feelings of working people. In the third book, "morning rising, treating waste and filth, and taking lotus home with the moon" is a true portrayal of farmers' field work, with no modification and natural beauty. "Fourth" is full of sentimental meaning, which is the true expression of the poet's negative and decadent mood when he sees the tragic scene of rural ruin and population loss. The fifth novel, Let me drink my newly cooked wine, only one chicken will attract the nearest bureau, which constitutes a harmonious neighborhood blind date map. Groups of poems contain all the poet's emotions, including love, hate, joy and sorrow, and present us with a true image of a poet.

2. Wine-the joy of aging life

Many of Tao Yuanming's poems show the poet's joy in life in various situations.

Brew wine. I'll pour it when it's ripe.

Master Book of the Republic of China (II)

Filter out the new wine at home and cook chicken for the neighbors.

The fifth part of Back to the Garden

There are many beautiful days in spring and autumn, and new poems are written on the mountain. It's better to call the other party after crossing the door, because there is wine to consider.

The second part "migration"

Enjoy spring wine and pick vegetables from my garden. The drizzle blows from the east, accompanied by a fresh breeze.

Pan-browse "Biography of Zhou Wang", flowing all over the mountains and seas. How about throwing the ball to the end of the universe and not being happy?

Reading Shan Hai Jing (I)

In these poems, whether it is "spring wine", "cooked wine", "self-pouring" or "greeting each other", they all depict a picture of a leisurely and happy life. It can be seen that the poet holds a calm attitude towards the simple and simple rural life. He loves this life from the heart, but regards fame and fortune as clouds. With wine and books, pitch the universe, "How about unhappy?"

The joys of life's various situations can be fully displayed in Tao Yuanming's works: The Book of the Republic of China first describes the pleasure of temporarily forgetting fame and fortune, immersed in a quiet and leisurely life, and the feelings of thinking about the past and the future, and wrote the family happiness of "playing with me, learning to speak quietly"; "Spring Back to Tian She in the Year of Guimao" (two songs) expresses the brand-new feelings I gained from my first participation in farming and the joy and joy of farming life, and outlines a harmonious and pleasant picture. "Migration" (two poems) describes the happiness that migration brings to poets. "There are many beautiful days in spring and autumn, and new poems are written on the mountain; After crossing the door, you can say hello more and have wine to consider. " Poets get physical and mental pleasure in interacting with their neighbors, climb high to write poems, drink to their heart's content and enjoy strange writing; "Once you have a good time, you will get drunk and rest" in "Rewarding Ding Chai Sang" and "Be drunk before you speak, not after a glass of wine" in "Antique" all express the poet's pleasure in meeting intimate friends, or being drunk after drinking, or being drunk before drinking, and all express the poet's pleasure in making friends.

Alcohol alcoholized all kinds of joys in the poet's life, making ordinary family, friendship, farming and neighborhood communication so touching; It is also wine, which makes these seemingly ordinary details of life have unparalleled artistic charm and has long attracted our pursuit of beauty.

3, wine-the spirit of relieving pain

When Tao Yuanming was young, he had the ambition of "helping the world and the people" and "dedicating himself to Philip Burkart", but this ambition was suppressed by the door-to-door system and was difficult to realize. Although he was an official for several times, he finally recognized the face of the rulers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, realized that his career was difficult, and he was unwilling to cooperate with the rulers, and finally retired from the countryside. Since then, his life has been in trouble. Attacked by floods, droughts and insect pests, his hut was once destroyed by fire, and he even begged for food because of hunger and cold until he was poor and sick. Political frustration and difficulties in life are also expressed by drinking in Tao's poems. The repeated appearance of wine has become a symbol of loneliness, anxiety and resentment. At this time, wine has become a unique way for poets to cross the sea of pain and sorrow.

The poem "Chinese New Year in Ji You on September 9th" is a bleak and gloomy picture of late autumn, which is composed of bleak wind, cold dew, cicadas and turbid wine. The poet feels that everything is constantly changing and it is difficult to satisfy himself, so he has to drink a glass of wine, enjoy himself and express his helplessness. "Miscellaneous Poems" (Twelve Poems) Part II: "I have nothing to say, waving a cup to persuade the lonely shadow. The sun and the moon abandon people and are determined to win; In the poem "It is sad to read, but it is not quiet to know in the end", the poet's loneliness, sadness and anger can reach the extreme; In Twenty Drinking Poems, the poet pretends to be "intoxicating" and expresses his anger by being drunk, from which we can see the sinister situation and the degree of the poet's depression. These poems are the concentrated expression of the poet's "unfulfilled ambition".

"Hungry every day in summer, sleepless in cold nights; "Cockcrow at night and leave in the morning" is a tragic scene. "South nursery across the United States, dead branches full of north park. There is absolutely no drain in the pot, but there is no smoke in the kitchen. " Hunger drove me away, but I didn't know what to do. "The embarrassment of" Knocking at the door in Sri Lanka ",this painting, extremely writes the hardships of the poet's life, which makes people sigh. These poems are from Complaining Poems Chu Sue Pang Zhushu Deng Zhizhong, Chanting for the Poor and Begging for Food. The poem shows the poet's thirst for wine, but it has reached the point of "hollowing out the bottom of the pot" The thirst for wine actually reflects a way for poets to relieve their pain.

4 wine-set off a clean personality

Many of Tao Yuanming's works show noble sentiments, such as being content with poverty, not greedy for profits, being independent, returning to simplicity and so on. Tao Yuanming is more and more admired and admired by later generations, not only because his poems give people endless enjoyment of beauty, but also because of his unyielding character, which touched the world.

"Fang Jukai Lin Yao, Song Qingyan ranking; With this beautiful appearance, it is outstanding for first frost. Remember that it takes a thousand years for people to live in seclusion, but it's up to them. The second part of the Book of the Lord of the Republic of China (II) describes the noble character of ancient hermits from Song Ju's graceful posture under severe frost and expresses the poet's deep admiration for them. The poet's praise of Song Ju's "outstanding under first frost" is actually a metaphor from poetry. Among them, "friends" are the noble character that the poet does not admire Li Rong, and they are also the embodiment of the poet himself. Wine is the poet's way to forget the ugliness of reality and reach the realm of "comfortable".

Ode to the Poor begins with four sentences and uses a lonely cloud as a metaphor to describe the nobility and loneliness of the poor. In the middle, there are four sentences: "The morning glow is foggy, and birds are flying." Weixi returned from the forest ",the poet compared the late arrival and early return of a bird with the admiration of many birds, which is a portrayal of the poet's own situation. The last four sentences show that they abide by the poor and humble determination of their predecessors and would rather be hungry and cold. The whole poem truly reflects the poet's noble personality.

Wine, flowing in Tao Yuanming's poems, reflects the poet's bright and clean personality, which makes people think deeply, alert and admire.

The realm of wine in Tao's poems: there is truth in the poems.

Mr. Zhu Guangqian once commented on Tao Yuanming: "Tao Yuanming's position among China poets is very lofty. Can be compared with him, before only Qu Yuan, after only Du Fu. ..... Yuanming is like the night shadow of the autumn altar, completely clear, harmonious and quiet with classical art ... Yuanming is all natural and flawless, and when it comes to artistic perfection, people think it is art. " For Tao Yuanming, this evaluation is not flattering and really hits the nail on the head.

Tao Yuanming loves drinking, and his poems are like wine, clear or thick, sweet or spicy, with endless aftertaste and unforgettable memories. The style of Tao poetry is mainly natural, plain, simple and straightforward, but under its main style, it shows a variety of styles and artistic conception, giving people different artistic enjoyment. The realm of Tao poetry, either as harmonious and quiet as the shadow of autumn pond, or as natural and smooth as seamless clothes, or as deep and long as intoxicating nature, constitutes a touching picture scroll.

1, the truth rate in the hazy

One of the reasons why Tao Yuanming loves wine is that it can make him forget honor and disgrace and achieve the unrestrained natural environment he pursues. Therefore, the repeated appearance of "wine" in Tao's poems is definitely not only a symbol of elegance, but also because the character and characteristics of wine coincide with what the poet yearns for in his heart, that is, freedom, which makes him reach the realm of unity with nature.

In the "Fu Bao", the poet's happy mood when he traveled to the eastern suburbs of Chaisang was described. In the wonderful nature, the poet shakes his glass and drinks himself, forgetting everything outside, removing all fetters, truly stretching his body and mind and freely existing between heaven and earth. "Yang Pingze, but washing is outstanding. I cherish the distant scenery and I am glad to plant it. People also have words, and contentment is always happy. " Tao Ran waved happily. Yang Yang and Youyu depict an open picture of natural scenery, and people are so harmonious in nature. The poet's "wave" adds a hazy beauty to the whole picture, half awake and half drunk.

The second cloud in Migration says, "There are many beautiful days in the spring and autumn, and new poems are written on the mountain. It's better to call the other party after crossing the door, because there is wine to consider. Farming goes back to hometown, and leisure needs acacia. Acacia put on her clothes and laughed endlessly. This reason will be invincible? Suddenly come here with nothing to do. Food and clothing should be disciplined, and don't be bullied by me. " How true and sincere is the relationship between people written in this poem! The life scene of "shouting and drinking through the door" shows the truth of his family; And when talking and laughing endlessly makes poetry go one step further. We see that the communication between poets and villagers is not restricted by empty rituals or vulgar manners. This poem describes the simple friendship between the poet and his neighbors to the extreme, and also pours out the natural joy of refusing hypocrisy. The appearance of wine makes the true feelings more real and joyful; With the addition of wine, all the affectations are washed away, highlighting the truth in the hazy wine.

2, plain and mellow

Yuan Hao asked the "Poetics" cloud: "A word is natural, eternal, luxurious and true." This poem aptly describes the simple and unpretentious features of Tao poetry. However, we should see that poets are good at compressing their deep feelings into concrete images that look small and plain. On the surface, they look ordinary and there is nothing surprising. Chew it carefully and it will be poetic. Just as Su Dongpo said, "Quality and reality are wonderful, but richness and reality are terrible", "If you are slow at first, it will be interesting to learn from experience".

In "Stop the Cloud", "Send Dong Xuan quietly, and the spring mash caresses alone; Good friends are leisurely and comfortable, scratching their heads, which just describes the poet's mentality of stroking the newly cooked wine alone, quietly leaning against the east window and eager to enjoy the wine with friends and relatives. In the seemingly calm words, there is a deep and strong feeling of missing. The first sentence "Clouds stop the rain" lays a quiet and distant tone for the whole poem, but it is also set off by "quietness" and "movement". The quiet expression and lingering posture set off the strong feelings inside, which is surprising and intriguing.

In this unpretentious poem, wine only appears as a tiny thing in the life scene. It is insignificant, but it plays an important role. It is it that creates a real and touching artistic conception for us; It is it that makes us chew the mellow meaning in the plain; It is also it that makes us touch the image of a real poet.

3. Look at philosophy in drunkenness

At the turn of Jin and Song Dynasties, the wind of metaphysics was fierce, and most poets could talk about it. Most of the elements in landscape poems are discussed by later generations, while Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems, which originated at the same time, also have many logical works, but they have won a high reputation. The reason is that the landscape poems just separated from metaphysical poems are mostly based on nature, and the truth is redundant in words; Tao's poems can be sentient and rational, sentient and rational, and unreasonable.

In addition to pen and ink, it is clear and reasonable, but it makes sense in the image.

Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots. What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely see Nanshan;

The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say.

The fifth part is drinking

This poem praises the tranquility and leisure of rural life and highlights the poet's state of mind of living in harmony with nature. It is one of the famous poems of Tao. "Heart Away from Yourself" tells a profound philosophy: the heart is far away from the shackles of the secular, so even in a noisy place, it is the same as living in a remote place. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" vividly describes the whole artistic conception of "far from home". Su Shi praised this sentence "realm and understanding" as the most beautiful thing. "The mountains are getting better every day, and the birds are coming back every day", which further enriches the poet's wonderful artistic conception when he sees Nanshan leisurely. Nanshan, reflected by the poet's sunset, is shrouded in a misty blue mist, which is even more wonderful and magical. In the twilight, a pair of birds flew to the bird's nest in the forest, which meant that the poet abandoned the officialdom of "taking the heart as a service" and returned to the countryside. The last two sentences are even more famous philosophical sentences. Wu Qi praised: "Distant heart is the bone of the article, and true meaning is the essence of the article." That's true. This poem shows extraordinary charm and creates far-reaching artistic conception.

Drinking alone in the rain explains a philosophy of life with profound brushstrokes: life must die, and there are no immortals. "The old wine is immortal; Go as far as possible and forget the sky. " How did heaven get here? Ren Zhen has never been here before. This poem shows the poet's interest beyond things. Wine makes poetry reveal a drunkenness everywhere; When the poet first drinks wine, his feelings in his chest are really far-reaching. When he drinks again, he forgets the existence of heaven and reaches the state of being on cloud nine.

Wine and poets go hand in hand, reflecting the poet's thoughts like a mirror; Wine and poetry are integrated, and in a sense, wine becomes the soul of Tao poetry.

Fourth, wine and poetry: wine helps poetry, and poetry contains true meaning.

Su Dongpo once commented on Tao Yuanming: "If you want to be an official, you must be an official, and it is not suspicious; If you want to be hidden, you will be hidden instead of looking for it. When you are hungry, you will buckle the door and beg for food; When you are full, welcome guests with chicken and millet. "It is true that there is wisdom in ancient and modern times." People attach importance to truth, so does poetry, which comes from people's truth, which is the main reason why Tao poetry has enduring charm. Throughout Tao Yuanming's life, the word "truth" runs through his life. And wine, his faithful companion, stayed with the poet until his last breath. Wine, in Tao Yuanming's poems, has become the embodiment of the poet's character and has been integrated into the poet's poems. Wine helps poetry, and poetry contains true meaning. The poet expresses his happiness and troubles, describes his real life, and shows the poet's spirit of challenging hypocrisy, decay and dark reality with the state that the world is "awake" and I am "drunk" alone.

The mellow smell of wine in Tao's poems still inspires us today. The poet's lofty and extraordinary spirit will go down in history forever.

note:

1, Li Bai: Into the Wine

2. Cao Cao: "Short Songs"

3. Cao Zhi: "Famous Capital Articles"

4. Liu Yiqing: "Shi Shuo Ren Xin Yu Sheng"

5. Tao Yuanming: "A man who feels that he is not blessed"

6. Tao Yuanming: Zashi

7. Zhu Guangqian: On Poetry, Chapter 13, Tao Yuanming.

8. Su Shi: Book with Su Zhe

9. Su Shi: "Tiaoxi Fish Hidden in Conghua"

10, Su Shi: Dongpo Inscription and Postscript

1 1, Wu qi: "the conclusion of poetry selection in the six dynasties"