Cultivation techniques of watermelon

1, land selection

It is advisable to choose sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and convenient irrigation and drainage, and plant in fields where melon crops have not been planted in dry land for 5 years and paddy field for 3 years.

2. Soil preparation and fertilization

Before winter, Gua Tian ploughed deep into the frozen soil and prepared the soil in time before transplanting. Gua Tian needs three ditches to support it, so that the rain will prevent the fields from drying, the soil will be loose and the surface will be flat. The base fertilizer is mainly high-quality organic fertilizer and cake fertilizer, supplemented by inorganic fertilizer, which generally accounts for 60%-70% of the total fertilization. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be reasonably matched, and micro-fertilizers should be applied at the bottom or sprayed separately according to the lack of elements.

The amount of fertilizer applied depends on soil fertility and cultivated varieties. Generally, for fields with moderate fertility, 3000-4000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 60-80 kg of 45% nitrate sulfur or potassium sulfate controlled release fertilizer are applied every 667 square meters, and chlorine-containing fertilizer is not applied.

Small fruit watermelon and grafted watermelon can use 20% less fertilizer. The height is used for planting, with a width of 4-4.5 meters and a width of 2.0-2.5 meters ... The wide border can be planted on both sides of the border, the melon vines can climb on both sides or in the middle, and the narrow border can be planted on one side and climbed on the other. ?

Step 3 plant

Early-maturing watermelon seedlings are about 1 month old, and can be planted when 2-3 real leaves grow. Medium-mature watermelon seedlings can be planted in 20-25 days, and late-mature watermelon seedlings can be planted in 7- 10 days. Wide border planting is 2 rows, narrow border planting is 1 row. Small-fruit watermelons are cultivated in greenhouse, with 667m2 1500- 1800 plants; Climbing cultivation, pruning with three vines or four vines, planting 600-750 plants per 667 square meters.

Generally, 650-700 medium and large watermelons are planted every 667 square meters, and 300-400 grafted seedless watermelons are planted every 667 square meters. Dig planting holes according to the row spacing of plants, put nutrition bowls into the planting holes in the direction of cotyledons and border surfaces, fill the seedling holes with fine soil, and water the roots with human and animal fertilizers and chemicals.

When transplanting, cover the film with a width of not less than 80 cm. The film should be thin and flat, close to the soil surface, and the surrounding area should be sealed tightly. The broken film should be sealed tightly with fine soil.

Usually pruned with three vines. When the leaves of the main vine are 8-9, the main vine and two strong lateral vines are selected, and the rest of the sub-vines and Yang vines are all removed. Pruning is not suitable in rainy days to prevent the spread of diseases. When the vines grow to about 50 cm, press the vines with soil for pruning, and then press each vine for 2-3 times every 3-4 knots 1 time, so that the melons and vines are evenly arranged.

Back pressure. Watermelon grows too hard, so use back pressure. Dig a pit with a depth of 7~ 10 cm, push the vines into the pit in the direction of melon roots, arch the vines at the back, and then fill the soil and tamp them, which can control the flourishing length and improve the melon-bearing rate.

Holding a vine. When the second to third female flowers appear, vines can be used to make the melon sit still and grow bigger. At the height of one finger from the ground, flatten the vines with two 7 cm wooden strips to ensure the continuity of vascular bundles and achieve the effect of hurting the flesh and blood.

Lift the valve stem. If you want to make the young melon sit steady, just lift it hard on the vine behind the young melon and hear a beep. "Beep behind, and the melon in front will knot."

Pinch your head. When watermelon enters the expansion period, the vines in front of the melon should be restrained properly, so as not to make it grow vigorously, otherwise it will lose its nutrition and affect the expansion of the melon. Pinch the tip of the vegetable is to pull back the vine in front of the melon, wrap it around one side of the watermelon and pinch the tip of the vine at will.

Step 4 sit on a melon

We should choose the second and third female flowers on the main vine or 1 and the second female flowers on the side vine to sit on the melon. In order to ensure that the melons sit at the proper nodes, artificial pollination should be used to protect the flowers and fruits in case of low temperature or rainy weather. After the melons sit firmly, pat the ground below the young melons to make a slope, and then place the young melons along the slope to make the young melons and vines in a straight line. When the fruit is fully grown, it should be ploughed in time. Turn the melon in one direction, about 1/3 at a time. ?

5. Surface treatment

When the young melon grows to the size of an egg, topdressing the swollen melon fertilizer according to the plant growth, generally topdressing 45% nitrate sulfur or potassium sulfate controlled release fertilizer 15-20kg per 667m2.

Step 6: Moisture

In order to promote the formation of developed roots, we should water as little as possible or even not at seedling stage. Control water before flowering and fruit setting to prevent crazy growth; Sufficient water supply should be ensured after fruit setting, which is beneficial to fruit expansion and weight increase. 7- 10 days before harvest is not suitable for watering, so that the fruit accumulates sugar.

In case of water shortage, irrigation should be carried out in the early and late night when the temperature is low. Infiltrate soil moisture through furrow irrigation, that is, irrigate the furrow, and immediately drain the remaining water in the furrow after the water permeates the furrow. Drain the accumulated water in the field immediately after irrigation and rain, otherwise it will easily lead to rotten roots and vines.

Step 7 harvest

The harvest should be done in the morning. Long-distance transportation or storage can be harvested when it is eight ripe; Those sold in the suburbs that day can be harvested at the age of nine, and raw melons should not be listed. Generally, early-maturing varieties are harvested about 30 days after pollination, middle-maturing varieties are 35 days, and late-maturing varieties are 40 days.

The speed of fruit ripening is affected by temperature, light intensity and time, so it is best to indicate the date when pollination is carried out. When the fruit is expected to mature, cut open the sample melon, measure its sugar and taste it, and harvest it in batches according to the mark after confirming the maturity. ?

8, pest control

The main diseases of watermelon are Fusarium wilt, anthracnose, virus disease, powdery mildew and epidemic disease, and the main pests are black cutworm, aphid, red spider, yellow cucumber, melon maggot and liriomyza sativae. After rotation for more than 4-5 years, select disease-free seeds and soak them in 100 times formalin solution for 30 minutes for disinfection.

The main prevention and treatment methods of fungal diseases: when the diseased plants are found, they are pulled out and burned in time, and the diseased spots are disinfected with lime or 50% amobam for 400 times. At the early stage of the disease, 50% mancozeb 500- 1000 times solution can be irrigated in the rhizosphere for control. Popularize the grafting and root changing technology of watermelon. Apply decomposed organic fertilizer and increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

During the growing period of watermelon from May to July, 70% thiophanate 1000 times solution, 25% carbendazim 500-700 times solution, 50% zineb 1000 times solution and1:/were used alternately every 7-/kloc-0 days.

For black cutworm, melon maggot and yellow cucumber, we can plough and rake more eggs in early spring, lure moths with sweet and sour to kill adults, water the roots with 800- 1000 times of 90% trichlorfon or add a little water to mix fresh grass and stir-fry cakes to kill them. Red spider and leaf miner can spray 50% dimethoate 1000 times or 80% dichlorvos 1000- 1500 times.

Extended data:

Breeding method:

Soaking seeds to accelerate germination: dry the seeds for 2 days before sowing, and then disinfect the seeds. Soak the seeds in warm water at 55℃, stir for about 30 minutes, and continue to soak for 2 hours after cooling. Chemical treatment: Generally, the seeds are soaked in formalin solution with a time of 100 for 30 minutes, or in 500 times solution of 50% carbendazim 1 hour, washed with clear water and soaked for 3-4 hours.

The treated seeds were washed, germinated at 40℃ for 6 hours in an incubator and germinated at 33℃. When the radicle grows to 0.5 cm, it can be sown.

Preparation of seedbed: Seedbed should be built on the plot with sunny lee, high and dry terrain and convenient management. Seedling raising of watermelon in early spring should be carried out in greenhouse or greenhouse. Electric heating wires can be laid to raise soil temperature, and a small arch shed can be built on the seedbed. When raising watermelon seedlings in late autumn, you should set up a sunshade to prevent heavy rain.

Nutrient soil should be loose and free from pests and diseases, and NPK fertilizer should be applied in proportion and slightly sticky. 6 parts of paddy field topsoil, 3 parts of decomposed manure and plant ash 1 part are evenly mixed, and 5 kilograms of decomposed chicken and duck manure can be added to each cubic meter of soil. Soil and fertilizer should be mashed and sieved, kept granular, and then fully mixed with appropriate amount of water, and piled 0-2 months before sowing 1.

Nursery seedlings are raised in nutrient pots with a diameter of 6-8 cm, and made of waste newspapers. Each newspaper can use 10 paper pots, plastic pots and clay pots. Put the nutrient soil into the nutrient bowl with a distance of 1-2 cm, and arrange it neatly in the seedbed.

Sowing: Early-maturing watermelons are sowed from mid-February to late March, middle-maturing watermelons are sowed from April to June, and late autumn watermelons are sowed in late July. Before sowing 1 day afternoon, water the nutrition bowl. When sow, that seeds with bud tip are laid flat in nutrient pots, and each pot contains 65,438+0 seeds, which are cover with fine soil with a thickness of 65,438+0 cm and covered with a film.

Seedling management:

① temperature management: after sowing, the temperature in the bed is controlled at 28-35℃ during the day and 20-25℃ at night; After 80% seeds break ground and emerge, the temperature is kept at 20-25℃ during the day and at15-18℃ at night; 1 After the true leaves appear, they are kept at 25-28℃ during the day. Before transplanting, seedlings should be tempered 1 week.

(2) Water management: generally, watering is not required before excavation; Water should be controlled during cotyledon period, and the ground should be moist when it is dry, mainly to maintain soil moisture; After the real leaves are exhibited, the amount of watering can be increased. Should be watered in the sunny morning, after watering, loosen the soil to keep water, not watering on cloudy days. In addition, pay attention to uncovering the film and ventilation to prevent high temperature and humidity. Pay attention to water supply when watermelon seedlings are dry at high temperature in autumn.

References:

Watermelon-Baidu Encyclopedia