Specific data of the Normandy landing war

Date of Normandy Landing Campaign:1June 6, 944-1August 25, 944 Location: Operation Normandy, France: Operation Neptune. Participants: maps of Nazi Germany war zones in the United States, Britain, Canada, Free France and Poland. Normandy landing location map.

Allied commanders: dwight eisenhower (Commander-in-Chief), Arthur William Tedder (Deputy Commander), walter bedell smith (Chief of Staff), bernard law montgomery (Army), Bertram Ramsay (Navy), Trafford Lee-Mallory (Air Force) and omar bradley (US Army 1). Millie Dempsey (British 2nd Army) Duncan Grenim (Canadian 1 Army) German Army: Gerd von Rundstedt (Commander-in-Chief of the Western Front) Owen Rommel (Army B) Friedrich DOLLMANN (Seventh Army) Both sides' strength: Allied Forces: 2.876 million (July 25th) German Army: 1.38 million. 1.065438 UK: 1 1, 000 people died and 54,000 people were injured or missing; Canada: 5000 people died, 13000 people were injured or missing; France: 12200 civilians were killed or missing Germany: 230 19 people were killed, 67060 people were injured, 1986 16 people were missing or captured. The allied forces fighting in Normandy were mainly composed of Canada, Britain and the United States, but basically only France and Poland. The night before the Normandy landing, airborne operations and large-scale aerial bombing began. The amphibious landing war began on the morning of June 6. Before landing, the "D-Day" troops were mainly deployed in the coastal areas of southern England, especially Portsmouth. The battle of Normandy lasted more than two months. In the end, the Allies successfully established a beachhead position, and liberated Paris on August 25th, announcing the end of the Normandy campaign.

Sword Beach is adjacent to Ouistreham, the mouth of Orn River. It is the easternmost of the five beaches of Operation Overlord, and Caen, the shipping center in northern France, is located 9 miles south of the beach. After rushing to the beach, the British landing from the east of Baojian Beach quickly defeated the fire of the German light infantry and joined the paratroopers who parachuted inland in the afternoon. However, the British troops landing from the west of Baojian Beach were stubbornly resisted by the German tanks of 2 1 division, and could not join forces with the Canadian troops landing from Juneau Beach. The two sides fought fiercely until dusk, and the allies successfully repelled the German armored forces. Of the 29,000 British soldiers who landed that day, only 630 were killed or injured. Juno Beach, centering on Coursewulles-sur-mer, extends to both sides of Juno Beach, with a width of about 6 miles. German light infantry are deployed in villages behind sand dunes on the beach. This terrain advantage is a great threat to the allies who have to attack through sand dunes. The landing operation was extremely tragic from the beginning, and one third of the allied landing craft was destroyed by German mines and obstacles. Although attack force easily crossed the beach, it was ruthlessly hit by German fire in front of the sand dunes, making the casualty rate of the first wave of attacking troops as high as 50%. Near noon, Canadian troops occupied coastal towns, pushed inland, and joined forces with British troops from Golden Beach. There were * * * 2 1.400 officers and men who participated in the Juneau landing war, and the number of casualties was 1.200. Golden Beach Golden Beach is the center of the whole landing operation, and the landing time is one hour later than Utah and Omaha Beach. Due to the high tide and poor sea conditions, the allies could not completely remove mines and obstacles in the sea area, which also made the British army who wanted to grab the beach quickly into a hard battle. The Germans deployed heavy defenses in the coastal towns of La Riviere and Almer, and set up four heavy guns1.55mm inland 500 meters away from the coast, aiming directly at the coast. Under the heavy artillery bombardment of HMS Ajax, the British army finally destroyed these four heavy artillery guns and suppressed the German defensive firepower. As night fell, 25,000 allied troops landed successfully, forcing the defending Nazi troops to retreat six miles inland. There were only 400 British casualties. Omaha Beach Omaha Beach was the most intense beach in the Normandy landing campaign. Allied forces suffered huge losses in Omaha beach, only 2,500 people were killed, so they were also called "bloody Omaha". The classic war scene at the beginning of the movie Saving Private Ryan is taken from Omaha Beach. Omaha beach is 6.4 kilometers long, and the coastal cliffs are more than 30 meters high. The terrain is easy to defend but difficult to attack. The landing operations here are undertaken by the ninth army of the United States. Because of the wrong information, the Allies thought that the German defenders here had only one regiment, most of which were reserves, and there were no armored vehicles, so their combat effectiveness was very poor. In fact, Rommel transferred all the elite German 352nd Infantry Division to Normandy in March, and a main regiment of the 352nd Division was stationed in Omaha Beach. Unfortunately, it was not until after the landing troops set out that the allied intelligence agencies discovered the whereabouts of the 352nd Division. On the day of landing, the weather was extremely bad. Before landing, the allied forces lost the 10 landing craft and more than 300 officers and men due to the excessive wind and waves. Most of the officers and men on the landing craft are seasick and cold, and they are basically exhausted before they reach the battle site. After the landing operation began, it was also very difficult. Of the 32 amphibious tanks prepared in the west section of the beach, 27 sank just after entering the sea because of excessive wind and waves, and two of the five surviving tanks were quickly destroyed by German artillery fire. Due to the tidal influence and disorder, many American soldiers who landed could not tell the direction and assembly point, and a large number of soldiers crowded on the beach waiting for the attack of German artillery. For two hours, not a single American soldier rushed to the western beach, only occupying a 9-meter-wide area of the eastern beach. The landing operation was almost a complete failure. However, the US Navy brought a turning point to Omaha Beach. Because there was no contact with the beach landing troops for a long time, the naval commander realized that the situation on Omaha beach might be extremely severe, so the destroyer 17 ignored the danger of being struck by lightning, stranded and overturned by 155mm coastal guns, and pushed to a place only 730 meters away from the beach to provide fire support for the landing American troops at close range. At this time, the American death squads also climbed Cape Hawke and found that the so-called 155mm coastal gun was actually disguised as a telephone pole. The navy, which had no worries, wantonly bombed the German strongholds, and the American army, which had been stuck on the beach before, also began to charge under the leadership of the first division of the elite troops. The second echelon of the landing troops landed early at noon. Under the guidance of the air force, the battleships and cruisers of the US Navy also began to shoot at the other side, and the German defense line basically collapsed. When it was dark, the American army officially landed successfully, and the Fifth Army landed and opened a command post. Major General Roger sent a telegram to Bradley immediately after landing: "Thank God for creating the US Navy." Utah Beach, located on the west side of Carentan Bay, is a beach about 3 miles wide and covered with low sand dunes. Although the actual landing site of the allied forces was one mile east than scheduled, fortunately, there were not many Germans deployed at the landing site. Within three hours after the attack, the allies crossed the beach and took control of the coastal roads; Before noon that day, the landing troops joined the airborne troops who parachuted behind enemy lines five hours ago; By midnight that day, the Allies not only successfully achieved the intended operational goal of landing, but also advanced 4 miles inland. Of all the landing operations, the Utah beach landing was the one with the least casualties, with only 197 casualties among 23,000 officers and men.

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On D-Day, only 2 1 Armored Division organized a counterattack, but the division commander was not in the command post, and the chief of staff had no right to mobilize the assembled troops, so he could only hold the German armored forces.

About 24 No.4 tanks were sent to attack the British troops east of Caen. Due to the hasty dispatch, inadequate preparation and no infantry support, it was easily repelled by the British army. On the afternoon of the same day, the teacher Fehtinger rushed back to the headquarters and assembled his subordinate troops to attack Luke Town between Juno Beach and Baojian Beach. At that time, there was a gap of several thousand meters between the two beaches, and the German counterattack hit the key of the Allies, which would bring great difficulties to the Allies. While 2 1 armored division marched, 500 allied transport planes flew overhead to transport follow-up troops and supplies for the British 6th Airborne Division, but Fehtinger mistakenly thought that allied paratroopers just wanted to attack their own troops from front to back, panicked, gave up the counterattack and hurried back. Besides, the Germans had nothing to fight back on D-Day. June 6th, which was predicted by Rommel as a decisive twenty-four hours, was called the longest day in history by Eisenhower, so it passed peacefully. On June 7, Hitler handed over the command of five armored divisions in the western armored cluster to Rommel, who was determined to fight back with this elite force. But in the face of the grim situation, he had to set the first goal of counterattack as preventing the allied forces from connecting five landing beaches into a complete landing site, and then ensuring Caen and Cherbourg. Unfortunately, this armored unit came from 100 ~ 200 kilometers away, and could not be put into operation under the fierce air strikes of the allied forces. Even if sporadic troops arrived at the beach, they suffered heavy casualties under the bombing of allied warships and lost their former prestige. In this way, the Germans were unable to launch a decisive large-scale counterattack under the overwhelming firepower of the allied naval and air forces all day on June 7.

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Seven days after the Allied landing, * * * landed 326,000 soldiers and 6.5438+004 million tons of materials, and continued to transport more personnel, materials, equipment and supplies to the European continent. Allied forces successfully established beachhead positions, liberated Paris on August 25, and declared the end of the Normandy campaign.

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The Normandy landing campaign was the largest amphibious landing campaign in the history of the world and a strategic campaign, which laid the foundation for opening up the second battlefield in Europe and played an important role in accelerating the collapse of fascist Germany and the post-war situation in Europe. The main reasons for the success of allied landing are: first, the successful organization of strategic deception made the German high command misjudge, which not only ensured the suddenness of landing operations, but also ensured the smooth progress of the campaign, which had a great impact on the whole campaign. Through the effective feint of the navy and air force, the Allies successfully used a series of measures, such as double espionage, electronic jamming, and assembling disguised troops and ships in southeast England. Coupled with strict security measures, the German high command misjudged the landing place and time of the allied forces for a long time. Even after the allied forces landed in Normandy, it was still considered as a feint, resulting in most of the German troops and weapons on the western front being wasted in Calais and Normandy. Cemetery in Normandy

Second, master absolute air and sea power. This is an important reason for the successful landing. The allied forces put into battle13,700 aircraft and 9,000 warships, which were dozens of times that of German aircraft and warships. Before landing, the air force bombed the German air base, aviation industry and new weapon development base on a large scale, which seriously weakened Germany's war potential. The allied forces also relied on the absolute superiority of the navy and air force to ensure the safety of the landing troops during the voyage. Before and after landing, the Allied Air Force imposed a strict air blockade on the traffic lines in the theater, which made it impossible for a few German reinforcements to form a counterattack in time. At the critical moment when the landing troops raided the land, the navy and air force gave extremely strong fire support, especially Omaha beach, which was successful only by relying on the fire support of the navy and air force. Third, adequate material preparation and careful reconnaissance support. In order to ensure the success of the landing, the allied forces made preparations for nearly a year, with many troops and complete equipment. Before landing, the allies made sufficient preparations for combat materials and equipment. After landing, it also ensures uninterrupted late supply. In particular, creative artificial ports and submarine oil pipelines have played a great role in ensuring the smooth landing of troops and materials. In reconnaissance support, on the one hand, reconnaissance was organized in Calais as a strategic deception, on the other hand, a lot of hydrological, meteorological and geological reconnaissance was carried out in Normandy, which provided a lot of valuable data for choosing the specific landing time and landing place. Through aerial reconnaissance, the German troops deployed and defense facilities in Normandy were basically obtained, which played an important role in the implementation of the campaign. Fourth, realistic pre-war training. Because the landing operation is an extremely complicated combat style, the allied forces repeatedly simulated the organization and actions of the participating troops before landing, so that the troops could master the relevant combat skills as soon as possible and improve their combat effectiveness. After the war, combatants spoke highly of pre-war training, especially Thompson's training base. Fifth, the impact of bad weather. Weather is one of the key factors in landing operations. Due to the bad weather, the Allies not only postponed the landing time from June 5 to June 6, but also encountered great difficulties in airborne operations, maritime navigation and fire preparation. But it was also the bad weather that made the Germans lose the necessary vigilance and increased the suddenness of landing. Although the allied landing was a great success, many problems were exposed in the battle. For example, although we have the absolute advantage of sea and air, we landed in the secondary defense direction where the enemy's strength is weak, but the organization and command were weak and the attack power of the troops was not sharp enough, which made the speed of establishing the landing site too slow, with an average of only 1.8-2.7 kilometers per day, which affected the campaign process to some extent. Another example is that the reconnaissance work was not timely and thorough enough, especially the whereabouts of the elite 352nd Infantry Division of the German army were not found out quickly, which made the American troops landing on Omaha beach encounter stubborn resistance and caused great casualties. Another example is the improper use of air force, which has caused a serious waste of military weapons. Before landing on June 6, 2500 heavy bombers were dispatched and 654.38+00000 tons were dropped. This practice of bombing small and scattered coastal fortifications from high altitude is not satisfactory. In the bombing of Caen on July 7, 2500 tons of bombs were dropped on an area of about 3.5 square kilometers. The massive ruins and rubble caused by such fierce bombing even seriously hindered the advancement of our ground troops.

The reason why this clip of the German army failed.

Strategically, due to many restrictions, the troops had to be dispersed. 1944 In June, Germany deployed 179 Division and 5 brigades in the Soviet Union, 13 Division in Norway and Sweden in Northern Europe, 2/kloc-0 Division in Italy, 25 Division in Yugoslavia, 12 Division in Greece and 4 Division in Hungary. And the Atlantic coast of France, Belgium, the Netherlands ***60 divisions, accounting for about 18% of its total strength. Among these 60 divisions, 23 divisions are deployed in Calais, and only 6 divisions and 3 regiments in Normandy where the Allied forces landed, accounting for about 2% of its total strength. Although the Germans mobilized 2 1 division reinforcements from all over the country after the allied landing, most of these reinforcements were unorganized and could not organize a strong counterattack because of the air blockade of the allied air force. During the same period, the Allied forces landed in Normandy for 43 days, with 9 armies and 39 divisions, with about 6.5438+0.65 million people. (Among the 39 divisions, there are 20 divisions in the United States, 654.38+04 divisions in Britain, 3 divisions in Canada, and 654.38+0 divisions in Free France and Poland. There are 24 infantry divisions, 1 1 armored divisions and 4 airborne divisions), with about 660,000 tons of materials, about 4,000 tanks and about 200,000 motor vehicles. Invasion of Normandy

Tactically, the command is not unified, the German campaign commander has no right to command the navy and air force, and it is impossible to organize effective coordinated anti-landing by the three armed forces. Even in the army, there is no unified anti-landing policy. There are serious differences between Lundstedt, commander-in-chief of the German Western Front, and Rommel, commander of the B Army Group. The former advocates that the main force should be deployed in the depth of the campaign to resolutely fight back against landing; The latter advocates relying on solid beach fortifications to destroy the enemy on the beach. This difference led to the fact that the four German armored divisions in France were not deployed in the depth of the battle or in the coastal areas, which seriously weakened the already weak defense forces of the German army. In addition, the command of the armored division of the German strategic reserve is in the German high command. Due to the electronic interference and air strikes of the allied forces, the orders could not be successfully uploaded and issued, and the best counterattack opportunity was missed. Air and sea power is too weak, and the strength is too different. As an important force to resist landing, the German navy and air force are too weak. Its air force has to fight on the vast Soviet-German battlefield and deal with the allied strategic bombing of Germany. Normandy had very little air force at its disposal. The Germans tried their best to deploy planes from all over the world, but there were only 400, which was 30 times different from the Allied Forces 13000! How is it possible to win? In the week after June 6, the German Air Force dispatched 1683 sorties, which can be said to be all dispatched, but only 67% of the 2,500 sorties dispatched by the Allied forces in a direct air fire preparation, and only 6% of the total sorties dispatched by the Allied forces in a week. It doesn't have much effect at all, only some harassing air strikes can be carried out, which just shows that the German Air Force is still fighting. On the naval side, the development of the German navy is inherently unbalanced, focusing only on the development of submarines and ignoring large surface ships. After several years of war, it landed in Normandy on June 1944.

There are few large surface ships left in the German navy, and only submarines and small ships can resist landing. After June 6th, the Germans dispatched 4 1 submarines successively, but under the interception of the powerful anti-submarine forces of the allied forces, 6 submarines were lost, and only 13 submarines entered the English Channel, achieving the record of sinking 1 tank landing ship, 1 frigate and 1 destroyer. German small ships have also been dispatched many times, losing 2 destroyers, 1 minesweeper, 9 torpedo boats and 1 patrol boat. The cost of 5 torpedo boats and 2 minesweepers being injured sank 1 destroyer, 5 tank landing ships, 3 personnel landing boats and 5 transport ships. Although the German navy and air force have done their best, their strength is too different and their role is minimal.

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June 5-6-US Army's 82nd Airborne Division (Detroit Operation) and 10 1 Airborne Division (Chicago Operation) and British Army's 6th Airborne Division (Tonga Operation) airborne? Landing on the beach on June 6-D (Operation Overlord or Operation Sovereign)? June 25th-29th-Operation Epsom attacked the west of Caen and was repulsed by the Germans? July 7-capture Caen? Rommel was seriously injured when the RAF Spitfire fighter strafed his car? Operation Goodwood has begun? From August 3 to 9, the "general operation" to trap German armored forces began? August 16-"Operation Dragon Cavalry"-A joint operation between the United States and France, which landed on the French Riviera, began? On August 25th, the Allies occupied Paris.