Huangdi, Yan Di and Chiyou.

[1]: There are bears and Xuanyuan.

Name: Xuanyuan

English name: (The huangdi；; Moslem)

Historical Identity: Leader of Huaxia Tribal Alliance

Mythical identity: the central emperor of the sacred world

The Yellow Emperor lives in Jishui [Jihe River], and the Yellow Emperor is made of Jishui-"Guoyu" is said to have been born for dozens of days and can speak. He was alert as a teenager, honest and capable as a youth, and smart and decisive as an adult.

Huangdi: Ji Shuicheng ruled the world with soil, and the soil was yellow, so he was called Huangdi.

Father: Shaodian (According to Records of the Five Emperors and Qin Benji, "Shaodian" is involved, and there are several generations in the period. Shaodian in Historical Records refers to tribes. )

Mother: Fu Bao.

Wife: four concubines and ten concubines of Huangdi. The first princess was Lei Zu of Xiling family. She teaches people to raise silkworms, weave fabrics and make clothes, so she has the title of "the first silkworm". The second princess is a woman, the second princess is a woman, and the second princess is named. There are less than three people in this class. She is ugly, but her virtue is noble and respected by the Yellow Emperor.

Family members: Yan Di, Ying Long, Fengbo, Yushi, Tiannv, Cang Xie, Hou Feng, Linglun, Li Mu, Chang Xian, Da Hong, etc.

Descendants: Emperor * * * has twenty-five sons, and fourteen sons take their surnames. These fourteen people got twelve surnames, namely: Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng, Gao, Ren, Xun, Nuo, Yi and Yi. The monarchs of Shao Hao, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao, Yu Shun and Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties are all descendants of the Yellow Emperor. The ancestors of the later five emperors, such as Zhuan Xu, Yao, Shun, Yu, Shang and Zhou, were all descendants of the Yellow Emperor. These descendants all inherited the surname of Ji, and his descendants (Ji Fa) established the Zhou Dynasty. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, when the vassal states were sealed, there were 53 countries named Ji. Most of the descendants of these countries take country names, feudal city names, grandfather names and surnames as surnames, and there are not many surnames of Ji. In addition, in the Tang Dynasty, in order to avoid taboos, Ji's surname was changed to Zhou. In this way, although Ji's surname used to be the most popular surname, it is rare today. In Taiwan Province Province, Ji's surname did not enter the top 100.

Huangdi and Yan Di are called the ancestors of the Chinese nation, the leaders of Chinese tribal alliances and our ancestors. Go down in history with his great achievement of unifying the Chinese nation for the first time. He planted hundreds of plants and trees, vigorously developed production, created characters, started making clothes, built boats and cars, invented compasses, fixed arithmetic, created melodies and created medicine. He is the ancestor who initiated the ancient civilization of the Chinese nation. Legend has it that in ancient times, the country of the Chinese nation was the head of the five emperors.

Huangdi's birthday:

Huangdi's birthday is on the third day of the third lunar month, that is, Shangsi Festival, which is a festival for Han people to drink by the water and have a spring outing in the suburbs. China has had "On February 2nd, the dragon looked up; On March 3rd, the Yellow Emperor was born.

Date of birth: 27 18 BC

Time of death: 2597 BC

Acceded to the throne: acceded to the throne in 2697 BC, Jiazi. In 100 year (i.e. in 2697- 2597 BC).

Burial place: Merits and spiritual civilization of Qiao Shan and Huangdi in Zhongxian County, Yan 'an District, Shaanxi Province.

Inventive calendar, astronomy, yin and yang, five elements, Chinese zodiac, Jiazi calendar, figures, pictures, books, musical instruments, medicines, sacrifices, weddings and funerals, coffins, graves, sacrificial cauldrons, altars, temples, divination, etc.

Political progress

Establish an ancient country system: dividing the border into Xinjiang, taking eight families as a well, three wells as a neighbor, three neighbors as a friend, three friends as a mile, five miles as a city, ten cities as the capital, ten divisions as a division, and ten divisions as States, and the whole country is divided into Kyushu; There are litigation posts, left and right supervisors, and 20 official posts, which are aimed at managing countries, including three public, three minor, four auxiliary, four histories, six phases and nine virtues (official names) *** 120. Put forward "six prohibitions" for officials at all levels, and "heavy" means excessive, that is, "heavy sound, heavy color, heavy clothes, heavy fragrance, heavy taste and heavy room", requiring officials to be simple and opposed to extravagance and waste. It is proposed to govern the country by virtue, "Xiu De inspires soldiers", apply virtue to the world, work together with Xiu De, be benevolent, cultivate virtue and establish righteousness, and set up a special "minister of nine virtues" to educate the people with filial piety, kindness, writing, faith, speech, courtesy, loyalty, courage and righteousness, and carry out ideological and moral construction. In the use of talents, it is necessary to inspect, select and appoint talents, and only use talents. We should rule the country according to law, establish "courtesy law" and "rule the law unchanged", and make Li Mo a judge and Houdi a prison officer. Those who commit the most serious crimes will be sentenced to loss and those who commit the most serious crimes will be sentenced to beheading.

material civilization

According to historical records, the Yellow Emperor made many inventions in agricultural production, among which the farmland system was the main one. Before the Yellow Emperor, there were endless fields and countless fertile fields. In order to prevent disputes, the Yellow Emperor re-divided the whole country into "wells", with one in the middle as "public mu" and eight around as "private fields", which were cultivated by eight families, paid to the government and dug wells through soil. Farmland practices farming system, sowing 100 seeds in time, inventing Chu Jiu, opening up garden nurseries, planting fruits and vegetables, planting mulberry and sericulture, raising livestock and poultry, and grazing. In sewing, we invented the loom, made textiles, made clothes, shoes, hats, curtains, blankets, robes, furs, canopies, armor, flags and rafters. Pottery, making bowls, plates, pots, retort, plates, pots, stoves, etc. In smelting, copper is smelted to make bronze dings, knives, coins, cymbals, americium, bronze mirrors, clocks and americium. In terms of architecture, there are palaces, halls, courtyards, halls, pavilions, castles, buildings, doors, platforms, silkworm houses, temples, jade houses and palaces. In terms of transportation, we manufacture boats, cars, guided cars and drum cars. In military equipment, knives, guns, bows, arrows, crossbows, six flags, flags, pentagonal flags, horns, flags, ladders, towers, guns, swords, archers and so on are manufactured. Cooked food, porridge, rice, wine, meat, scales, barrels, rulers, inkstones, several cases, carpets, seals, beads, lamps, beds, mats, treads, etc. in daily life.

The Battle between Chiyou and Huangdi

There are three versions of the battle between Chiyou and Huangdi: First, after Huangdi defeated Yandi, he defeated Chiyou again to consolidate the throne, and the battle between Huangdi and Chiyou seems to be the aftermath of the battle of Huang Yan; On the other hand, Chiyou expelled Chi Di (Emperor Yan), Chi Di appealed to the Yellow Emperor, and the two emperors joined hands to kill Chiyou in Zhongji; Third, Chiyou attacked the Yellow Emperor as a soldier and was defeated and killed. Hebei Zhuolu Huangdi Zhanchiyou Site

The first statement, such as A Record of Five Emperors in Han Dynasty, says: "Xuanyuan is Xiu De's army, which governs the five spirits and five arts, caresses the people, and teaches bears to be brave tigers in order to fight against Emperor Yan in the wilderness of Sakamoto. Fight three battles and win. Chiyou's insurrection does not require the life of the emperor. As a warlord, the Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou in the land of Zhuolu, so he attached himself to killing Chiyou. Tai Shigong said that the name of the Yellow Emperor was Xuanyuan, and the national name was Xiong Xuanyuan, which means car. It should refer to the name of the clan and its leader who invented the technology of making cars. For example, the technology of making farm tools is called Shennong, the technology of making fishing gear is called operator, and the technology of striking fire is called Suiren. There is the bear country. The "country" at that time was actually a tribe. Bear, Yi, Yi, raccoon, 【】 and tiger are the names of six animals, which should be the names of six clans in the bear tribe, or totems. Hanquan, water name, is in Yanqing County, Beijing today. Zhuolu, a mountain name, is located in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province, not far from Hanquan.

The second statement can be found in the Zhou Dynasty's Yi Zhou Shu Taste Wheat Solution, which is also the earliest record about the Yellow Emperor in history: "Chiyou pursues the emperor and strives for the position of Zhuolu, with nine distinct angles, and Chi Di is terrified. It is said that in the Yellow Emperor, Chiyou was killed by Zhongji. " It's called Guangping Land. The battle took place in the open area under Zhuolu Mountain, and the corner refers to the corner. "Nine" means a lot, not limited to eight plus one. "Jiujiao Qing" means that Chiyou expelled the Chi Di (jiyan) tribe without leaving a legacy. Emperor Ji refers to Jizhou in the Central Plains. Erya Dish: "Jizhou is called between two rivers". Guo Pu's Note: From Donghe to Xihe. At that time, the place where the Yellow River entered the sea was called Donghe, and the place south of Hetao was called Xihe. Note of Li Zhou Zhi Fang: "Zhengbeiyue Bingzhou" belongs to Taiyuan, Shanxi, Baoding and Zhengding, Hebei. "The Northeast is called Youzhou", which belongs to Beijing today. Ancient Jizhou is located in the south of seclusion and merger, south of Shanxi and southwest of Hebei. Legend has it that Chiyou was killed in Xiezhou, Yuncheng, Shanxi Province today.

The third argument, such as The Classic of Mountains and Seas, Huang Da North Classic from the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty, wrote: "Chiyou attacked the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor ordered Ying Long to attack the wild land of Jizhou. Livestock in Ying Long drink water. Chiyou asked Fengbo Rain God to make a big storm. Emperor Huangdi said that when the rain stopped, he killed Chiyou. Fengbo Rain Master is a wizard who is good at farming and meteorology of Chiyou tribe. Later, he became an agricultural meteorological god, and he set up a temple. He/kloc-gave a speech at the age of 0/8. " Han Feizi's Ten Years of Han Feizi said: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor put ghosts and gods on Mount Tai ... Chiyou was in front, Fengbo swept in, and the rain teacher sprinkled the road", which reflected the close relationship between the rain teacher in Fengbo and the Chiyou tribe, because the harvest department of agricultural tribes could not be separated from good weather.

It is impossible and unnecessary to examine right and wrong. For this prehistoric legend, which was circulated in Shanghai for thousands of years before it was recorded in books, historians pay attention to the historical shadow revealed in it; Ethnologists are concerned about the ethnic types, cultural characteristics and the formation and evolution of ethnic groups reflected in legends. [Edit this paragraph] surname, later renamed Jiang.

Shanshi Lie.

[1] Name: Stone Year

Yan Di's birthday: April 26th of the lunar calendar [edit this paragraph] Yan Di's life profile Yan Di is the leader of the tribe named Jiang in ancient legend, also known as "Shen Nong" (or descendants of Shen Nong). According to legend, her mother's name is Deng and she traveled to Huayang one day. Surrounded by dragons, she became pregnant and gave birth to Emperor Yan. Legend has it that Emperor Yan had a bull's head with horns on his head. Emperor Yan was born in a stone room in a mountain and grew up in Jiang Shui. He was virtuous and respected by fire, so he was named Emperor Yan. Emperor Yan is few and wise. He can talk for three days, walk for five days and understand crops for three years. He has done many good things for the people in his life: teaching people to farm and making them well fed; In order to protect people from getting sick, he tasted all kinds of medicinal materials, so that he was poisoned 70 times a day. He also made musical instruments to make people understand etiquette, which was praised by later generations. His initial activity area was in the south of Shaanxi today, and later he developed eastward along the Yellow River, which clashed with the Yellow Emperor. In the Battle of Hanquan, Yan Di was defeated by the Yellow Emperor, and the Yan Di tribe and the Yellow Emperor tribe merged to form the Huaxia tribe, so today China people call themselves "descendants of the Yellow Emperor". At present, historians also support another view, that is, the Yellow Emperor moved to the lower reaches of the Yellow River, west of Mount Tai, and Yan Di moved to the lower reaches of the Yellow River and east of Mount Tai. In order to compete for sovereignty, the two tribes fought a decisive battle in Hanquan, namely Zhuolu (both located in Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province). The Yellow Emperor defeated and exiled Yan Di to the south (later recalled), creating a unified situation in China.

He is the leader of the ancient Jiang tribe in China. The name of this tribe is or Lishan, which is located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and Weihe River. According to historical records and other ancient books, Emperor Yan's surname is "Yi Jian" and his name is Stone Mill. Mother is Gillian's daughter, named Japanese female Deng, a young princess. Give birth to Emperor Yan. Than long, it is called' Jiang'. According to the "Outline" and other records: "Emperor Yan ruled the world with fire virtue instead of Fuxi, whose vulgarity is more important than the end, rich but not contending, obedient to the people but not ordering, strong but not killing, frugal but not annoying, so it is from the toes in the south, to the secluded capital in the north, to the intestines valley in the east and to the three dangers in the west." "Yue Jue Shu" said: "In the past, Shennong ruled the world, and it has benefited, so I don't want to report it; Not greedy for the wealth of the world, but the wealth of the world; Don't pretend to be smart, but the world respects it. " [Edit this paragraph] Legend of Emperor Yan

Emperor Yan surnamed Jiang. According to legend, he is a bull's head, probably a clan leader with a totem of cattle. This clan was active in the Weihe River basin at first, in other words, in the Surabaya River basin (the lower reaches of the Yellow River). Later, it entered the middle reaches of the Yellow River and clashed with the Jiuli nationality for a long time. The leader of the Jiuli nationality is Chiyou, a beast with a human face and a beast's heart, a bronze head, an iron neck, horns on its head, hair on its ears as hard as a halberd, and capable of eating sand and stones. It may be a clan with some kind of beast as its totem. He has eighty-one brothers, that is, eighty-one clans, and he is a powerful clan tribe that is brave and good at fighting. Chiyou expelled Yandi to Zhuolu (now the Sanggan River basin in northwest Hebei, or Taishan area in Shandong). Emperor Yan asked the Yellow Emperor for help, and the two sides fought in Zhuolu. Chiyou invited the Rain God from Fengbo to make trouble, which created a fog and made the soldiers of the Yellow Emperor lose their way. The Yellow Emperor invited Nu Wa, the god of drought, to clear up and built a "south guide car" to tell the direction. The result of this fierce battle was that Chiyou failed and was killed. The Yellow Emperor won the victory and was elected as the "son of heaven".

Historians are increasingly supporting another view. Yan Di is a kind place like the Yellow Emperor. The Yan Di family lived in the lower reaches of the Yellow River for generations. In the later period, Shennong tribe was in charge of Yan Di, and Gongsun tribe of Huangdi rose to the west of Mount Tai. At this time, the Shennong tribe was unable to conquer the world, and the Yellow Emperor began to conquer the princes and accumulate strength. In Hanquan (near Mount Tai), Yan Di Shennong and Yan Di fought a decisive battle. Huangdi was able to order the princes of the world to exile Emperor Shennong in southern Chu, but the southern Chiyou tribe, which did not obey the orders of Huangdi, was originally a subordinate of Emperor Shennong, threatening to avenge Emperor Yandi, calling the people to fight against Huangdi, defeating him several times, and finally being defeated and killed by Huangdi with tricks. Later, the Yellow Emperor put down the rebellion of Tianxing, the rest of Chiyou, and finally unified the whole country, taking into account the reputation of Emperor Yan. ...

Another way of saying it is that Yan Di lived in the lower reaches of the Yellow River for generations. In the later period, Emperor Shennong was in power. The last generation of Emperor Shennong was Chiyou, Jiang, and Hanquan (the most popular family in the East, mostly gathered in Linzi, Shandong Province, and Jiang Ziya in the East China Sea was one of its descendants). At that time, the world was in chaos, and the princes rose up, so it was difficult for Shennong to continue to control the world. The Yellow Emperor rose up for the throne. Tribes supporting the traditional Yan Emperor's rule and tribes supporting the emerging Yellow Emperor's rule fought a decisive battle in Hanquan (that is, fighting for deer). Hanquan is also the last base of Emperor Yan, and the last generation of Emperor Shen Nong Yan fought bravely. Although Emperor Yan won many battles under the leadership of Chiyou, he was finally defeated by the Yellow Emperor around Mount Tai. This is a fierce battle that is rare in ancient history. Chiyou was later regarded as the god of war. ...

Legend has it that he was an ancient tribal leader and the Yellow Emperor was the ancestor of the Chinese nation. "Guoyu. "Today" contains: "In the past, the Shaodian family married the Insect Qiao family and gave birth to the Yellow Emperor and. The Yellow Emperor became a water-catcher, and Yan Di became a Jiang Shui. The History of Road and Country Names in the Song Dynasty records: "After Emperor Yan, the country name was Jiang, and now Baoji has Jiang City and the south has it." The legend of Emperor Yan has been circulating in Baoji for a long time. There are Yan Di Temple and Yandi Mausoleum in Baoji City, and Yangshan Mountain in the southern suburbs. Chinese people at home and abroad hold grand sacrificial ceremonies in Tomb-Sweeping Day and the seventh day of the seventh lunar month every year.

Jiang surname is a branch of Xirong (or Dongyi), originally a nomadic people (or farming tribe), and entered the Central Plains from the west very early. At that time, at the junction of Shaanxi and Henan, there lived the Jiuli nationality headed by Chiyou (an independent Miao nationality). Because of the long-term conflict between the two sides, Emperor Yan retreated to Hebei. According to legend, because Emperor Yan wanted to invade the princes, he fought three fierce battles with the Yellow Emperor, the surname of Xuanyuan, which was considered to be the first large-scale war of the Chinese nation. It was called the Battle of Hanquan in history (Hanquan, now Hanquan Village in Yanqing, a suburb of Beijing). Facing the commander-in-chief, bear, tiger, raccoon, Tiger is a powerful rival of totem tribe, but Emperor Yan was defeated, allied with it and surrendered to it, and Huangdi ended the war with victory.

With the expansion of the Yanhuang alliance, more and more tribes submitted to it, but Chiyou refused to accept it all the time, and a big war was inevitable. Chiyou led Jiu Li to fight against the alliance in Zhuolu (now Zhuolu Village, Hebei Province). This was the second war in the legendary era, which was called the Battle of Zhuolu, and the so-called Zhuolu Central Plains also originated from this. Finally, Chiyou was defeated. Since then, the surname Jiang and the Yellow Emperor have settled in the Central Plains. The word "descendants of the Yellow Emperor" refers to people's tracing and respect for the ancestors of Chinese civilization, Emperor Yan and Yellow Emperor.

Emperor Yan is also a tribal alliance. Taoist history says that the seventieth generation (the seventeenth generation) won the world. The Preface to the Annals of the Spring and Autumn Annals says that the eighth generation spread in 520 or 522, or in Lan Tu, Wei Ji, in 540, and the name of the eighth generation began with Shennong in The Classic of Mountains and Seas, the Emperor's Century. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was the Red Land Ruzi State. King Wu sealed Shennong and Yujiao. Vietnam15th century, Pang Hongchuan written by Lingnan Yamato and the official history book "Da Shi Yue Ji Quan Shu"? 6? Volume 1 of Waiji records that Shennong's third grandson swam to Wuling in the south, met an immortal, gave birth to Lu Xu, and was named King Jingyang to rule the south, named Red Ghost Country (including Yue State today). King Jingyang and the daughter of Dongting Jun gave birth to a son named Chonglan, who was named Long Jun, the ancestor of Baiyue, and was called Ou Guiguo, the earliest dynasty in the history of Yue. The chief of the ancient Jiuli tribe was the god of war in China mythology. Originally a vassal of Yandi, after Yandi was defeated by Huangdi, Chiyou led 8 1 brothers, dispatched troops to compete with Huangdi for heaven, and launched a fierce battle in Zhuolu. Legend has it that Chiyou has eight legs, three heads and six arms, a bronze head and an iron forehead, and is invulnerable. Good at using knives, axes and knives, very brave. The Yellow Emperor was unable to defeat the enemy, so he asked the gods to help him break it. It was dark and bloody. Chiyou was killed by the Yellow Emperor, beheaded and buried, and his head turned into a blood maple forest. After the Yellow Emperor, Chiyou was honored as the "Lord of Soldiers", that is, the God of War. His brave image is still frightening. The Yellow Emperor painted his image on the military flag to encourage his army to fight bravely. When the ministers saw Chiyou, they surrendered without fighting. Legend has it that Chiyou is generous, upright and brave, full of masculine beauty of military commanders and emperors, not a generation of heroes. Later, in order to praise the Yellow Emperor, people vilified Chiyou and regarded him as a demon and an evil god.

The image of Chiyou: The Book of Beginners (Volume 9) quotes "Returning to Tibet?" 6? 1 kai "cloud: Chiyou came from the amniotic fluid, with eight arms and eight toes, climbed to the ninth brain to cut the empty mulberry, and the Yellow Emperor killed him in the clear autumn. Later, the Dragon Fish River Map (quoted from Taiping Yulan, Volume 78) said: "Eighty-one Chiyou brothers, animal bodies and human language, bronze head and iron forehead, eat sand and stones", and Different Syria said: Chiyou eats iron stones, and "human body has hooves, four eyes and six hands, and ears are like swords and halberds. There is another cloud: "Eighty Brothers Chiyou" ("Dragon Fish River Map") or seventy-two people ("Alien Tale"), then God Chiyou is like a giant tribe on the earth. And "Huang Lan? 6? 1 Tomb-robbing Notes "Fuyun": "The seven-foot-high tomb of Chiyou in Kanxiang Town, Shouxian County, Dongping is often worshipped by the people in October. There is crimson and silky air, which people call Chiyou Banner. Shoulder and spleen buried together, reunited in Juye county, Yangshan, the size is the same as the burial. It is rumored that the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou fought in the wild of Zhuolu, and the Yellow Emperor killed it and did not bury it. " ; "Enchanting Zen Sutra" records the worship of Ba Shen, saying that "three times, soldiers are teachers and worship Chiyou". Chiyou finally went down in history as a god of war.

[Edit this paragraph] Chiyou is the official history of the name of the agricultural tribe Chiyou, which is contained in the Huangdi Ji in the Historical Records of the Five Emperors. It is famous for its failure in the war with the Yellow Emperor.

Historians of all ages have made notes on it. Pei Zhi's Collection of Historical Records quoted Ying Shao as saying: "Chiyou, the emperor of ancient times"; He also conveyed a cloud quoted from Hanshu Three Generations of Confucius: "Chiyou is a greedy person". Two different versions are listed.

After the God of War, Sima Zhen wrote Historical Records, questioning the two theories of Tian Zi and Shu Ren. First of all, I quote Tai Shigong's original text, "Governors invade each other, and Chiyou is the strongest." Analyzing its meaning, Chiyou is not the son of heaven. In Guan Shu Pian, "Chiyou became five soldiers because of the gold of Lushan Mountain" is quoted, which shows that Chiyou is not. Then put forward the theory of "Chiyou Gai Feng Chen".

However, Zhang Shoujie wrote "Justice in Historical Records" and quoted "The Dragon Fish Map" as saying: "The Yellow Emperor was the regent, and eighty-one Chiyou brothers talked with animals and people, ate sand and stones, and built a crossbow to fight with swords and halberds, which shocked the world and killed them without forgiveness. Everyone wants the Yellow Emperor to do the right thing. Huangdi can't forbid Chiyou with benevolence and righteousness, but he can only sigh. Xuan Nv was sent by heaven to give the soldiers of the Yellow Emperor faith in the charm and subdue Chiyou. The emperor made it the main soldier to control all directions. After the death of Chiyou, the world will be in chaos. The Yellow Emperor then painted the image of Chiyou to dominate the world. The power of the world means that Chiyou will not die, and all countries in all directions will take it. "

Quoting this myth-mixed folklore is obviously a denial of "princes", "emperors" and "Shu Ren". Because, just a portrait is enough to make "all ethnic groups in all directions are slaves", and its prestige is far from the general governor, nor is it comparable to Shu Ren. However, another day, Xuan Nv was sent to help the Yellow Emperor instead of Chiyou, which shows that Chiyou has nothing to do with the "son of heaven".

The reason why scholars add the concepts of "Tian Zi", "Shu Ren" and "vassal" to Chiyou is obviously confined to the cognitive framework of the feudal social structure model of Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and it is impossible to correctly interpret Chiyou's identity at the end of primitive society and the social and historical connotation of this concept.

According to Records of the Five Emperors, the era of Chiyou's life coincided with the decline of Shennong.

Shennong is a clan whose agricultural production tools were abandoned in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the history of the Chinese nation. "Yi copula" note: "Shennong's work, wood for the coffin, wood for the thunder. The advantage of squatting is to teach the world. " Since then, in the land of China, many ethnic groups whose main lifestyle is hunting and gathering have turned to agriculture as their main mode of production. For example, "White Tiger Yi Tong" records: "People in ancient times all ate animal meat. As for Shennong, there are many people and not enough livestock, so Shennong teaches people to farm because of its time and place. God makes it suitable for the people, so it is called Shennong. " This is a memory of the history of carnivorous hunting groups turning to agricultural production. Another example is "Huai Nan Zi Xiu Wu Xun": "In ancient times, people drank the water of grass, gathered the fruits of vegetation and ate the meat of snails and mussels, and were often infected with diseases. So Shennong began to teach the people to sow grain. " This is also the historical memory of people collecting and storing fruits and snail meat as staple food and turning to agricultural production.

Lei Lei's invention was a great leap forward in the productivity of primitive society in China, which laid the foundation of primitive agriculture in China and led to the emergence of a new historical era, namely "Shennong World". Shennong is honored as the "agricultural emperor", also known as "Dihuang". "Book of History, Volume 4" said: "Shennong is also an agricultural emperor. ..... Shennong, based on the discipline of the land, knows the fertility of the land and the sparseness of the valley, so he entrusted the agricultural emperor to the land. " It means that the essence of his merits lies in exerting soil fertility, which is commonly known as "rehmannia glutinosa".

In the ancient legends of China, the meaning of "emperor" has two layers: one is the person who made great inventions and won the praise of the world, "emperor, monarch, beauty and greatness" [1], for example, Suiren was honored as "Huang Sui" because of his invention of drilling for fire [2]; Fu tied a rope, made a net, used to catch animals and fish, and made a wedding ceremony, which made human reproduction enter a healthy and orderly track, so he was honored as "Huang Xi" [3]. Second, it refers to the early primitive society without public power. "Virtue is like the emperor, so it is called the emperor" [4], "The emperor doesn't bother women to work for the world. If you don't disturb a woman, you will be emperor "[5]. Its scene is as described in "Zhuangzi Stole Foot": "In the world of Shennong, lying is life, rising is Anemarrhena, and I don't know my father. You plow, eat, weave and dress with elk, and you have no intention of hurting each other. "

In the later period of Shennong, with farming gradually becoming the main mode of production, the primitive groups wandering around for food gradually settled down, gradually formed a clan society, and developed into a tribal organization, and a tribal alliance leader with influence beyond the tribe appeared, which was the "emperor". Interpretation of Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "The King of Emperor, Truth and World". "Truth" refers to "examining the truth", that is, the measures are meticulous and conform to objective laws. "White Tiger Yi Tong" said, "The person who combines virtue with heaven is the emperor" [6]. "King of the world" refers to the appeal beyond the scope of the tribe. The appearance of the title of "Emperor" marks the transformation of primitive society from the early tour group and clan society to the late tribal society. At this time, Shennong also began to be called "Yan Di".

The word "flame" in "Yan Di" has two meanings: first, fire, burning. Interpretation of Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Yan Shang Ye". Jade Piece explains: "Inflammation, heat and burning". This is related to the fact that primitive agriculture cannot be separated from "fire farming". The so-called "fire tillage" refers to a reclamation method of cutting weeds and shrubs on the burned wasteland and then planting them as needed. The second refers to the god of the south. Hanshu Volume 74: "Yan Di, the God of the South", which is from the geographical point of view of the Yellow River Basin. Shennong, which originated in Lishan, Hubei Province and was buried in Chaling, Hunan Province, is undoubtedly in the south.

It is a turning point in history from "the world of Shennong", which is honored as "the agricultural emperor", to "the decline of Shennong", which is called "the emperor of Yan".

Chiyou was active in the historical stage, that is, the period of "Shennong decline" and "Yan Di". At that time, there were many tribes, and each tribe relied on its own economic strength and force to fight against each other, and no longer obeyed the constraints of Shennong, the leader of the tribal alliance. The tribal alliance was naturally formed because of the merits of inventing Lei. "Shennong is in decline, the princes invade and oppress the people, and Shennong is able to levy ... Chiyou is the most violent" [7]. The "princes" mentioned here are not nobles who were awarded titles of public, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong under the social system of Zhou and Qin Dynasties, but chiefs of various tribes at the end of primitive society. Chiyou is one of them.

Guo is a derogatory term. Shuo Wen Jie Zi is interpreted as "insect leaf". Used as an article, if today's rhetoric is "little reptile" or something. "The Six Books are True and False" says: "Whoever doesn't know the name". "You" is a tribal name. Especially for agriculture. Yang Shen's "Dan Yin Lu" said: "From agriculture to agriculture". Han Shi Zhuan said: "East and west ploughing is horizontal, and north and south ploughing is horizontal". The example given in Lu Chunqiu Bugong is "Guan Zi went back to Huan Gong and said,' Reclaim the fields, plow the millet, and do all the soil. If the minister is not embarrassed, please take this as the truth' ". Note: "Big undertaking, big agriculture also". "Guanzi Provincial Officials" said: "When competing with each other, we should look at the fertile and barren land and observe the soil fertility. Farmers around the Ming Dynasty should always cultivate; Make sangma, grain, and its place, and the matter of the field is also. " The imperial edict period is the date of the so-called "the king's life is divided into plows" in the Book of Rites and the Moon Order. Farmland is farmland, also called agricultural officer. Qianpu Shennong's coin word "Nong" is "You". "You" is a tribal name recorded according to hearsay, which is homophonic with "You". Therefore, the "You" tribe is the "You" tribe and also an agricultural tribe. Derogation is called "Chiyou". In ancient China, the names of clans and tribes were often called by the names of their chiefs, clans and tribesmen indiscriminately. Therefore, "Chiyou" is not only the name of the tribe, but also the name of the tribal leader and members.