What are the natural conditions for crop growth?

There are obvious regional differences in agricultural production in China. In order to implement the rational distribution of agricultural production according to local conditions, we must fully understand the characteristics of natural and economic conditions in various regions and grasp the objective laws of regional differentiation of agricultural production.

Agricultural natural conditions and natural resources The main characteristics of agricultural natural conditions in China are:

① The light and heat conditions are superior, and the zonality difference is significant. There are eight temperature zones on the land in China, and the temperature conditions in different zones are different, so the types of crops and mature systems suitable for planting are also very different. However, except for the extremely cold climate (most of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau), the temperature conditions in 76.5% areas are superior. In summer, all kinds of warm crops can be planted in most areas. The northern boundary of rice and cotton cultivation is the northernmost in the world. Crops in warm temperate zones and southern regions can be replanted (see climate in China and land resources in China).

② Abundant water resources and extremely unbalanced regional distribution, especially the imbalance of water and soil resources, have great influence on agriculture. The humid and semi-humid areas in the southeast and the semi-arid and arid areas in the northwest each account for about half of the land area. The southeast region is abundant in rainfall, with the same period of rain and heat, which is very conducive to plant growth. More than 90% of the country's arable land and forests are distributed in the southeast. There is insufficient precipitation in northwest China, so agriculture must rely on irrigation. This has restricted the development of agriculture and forestry, most of which are grasslands and deserts, and become natural animal husbandry areas. River runoff in the Yangtze River basin and its south area accounts for 82.4% of the country, while cultivated land accounts for only 38% of the country. The cultivated land in the North-Huang-Huai-Hai Valley accounts for 37% of the whole country, while the river runoff only accounts for 6.6% of the whole country.

③ There are more mountains than plains. The mountainous area accounts for 2/3 of the total land area in China, and the flat land only accounts for 1/3. The diversity of natural conditions in mountainous areas requires various utilization methods according to local conditions, so as to give full play to its production potential. In particular, the subtropical and tropical hilly areas in southeastern China are located in rainy and humid areas, which is rare in the world and has the potential to develop forest products and other economies (see hilly areas in the south of the Yangtze River and hilly areas in the southeast coast).

④ It is prone to all kinds of natural disasters. In monsoon climate, the seasonal distribution of precipitation is uneven, especially the interannual variation. The threats of drought and flood alternate. The cold wave cooling in winter can affect Hainan Island. The low temperature in spring and autumn also affects most parts of the country. In addition, hail, dry-hot wind and typhoon in coastal areas also have great influence on agriculture in some areas (see China cold wave, China typhoon, China dry-hot wind and China hail).

⑤ The coordination of agricultural natural conditions in different regions is not very harmonious, and each region has its own advantages and disadvantages. The northeast plain has a large area and high soil fertility, and the climate is not very dry, but the temperature is low, the growth period is short, and it is vulnerable to cold damage. North China Plain is vast, hot in summer and cold in winter, with insufficient water resources, large area of drought, flood and alkali, and great changes. The southern region has good temperature conditions, abundant water resources and rapid plant growth and development, but it is prone to floods due to the large proportion of hills and mountains, less arable land and large variability of precipitation. Northwest China has a vast land area, strong solar radiation, rich light energy resources and high temperature in summer, but it is seriously dry and short of water, and deserts, Gobi and saline-alkali land are widely distributed. The Qinghai-Tibet region has high terrain and the highest solar radiation intensity in China, but the climate is cold and the growth period is short.

Socioeconomic conditions

Due to the differences in social and economic conditions such as historical order of agricultural reclamation, national living habits, population density, distribution of industrial transportation cities and national economic demand in different periods, under the same or similar natural conditions, different agricultural characteristics often appear. In the central plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the history of farming has exceeded 3,000 years, while in the northeast and eastern Inner Mongolia, it is only one or two hundred years or even decades. There are significant differences in the degree of intensification of agricultural production between the two places. Tibetans, Mongolians, Kazakhs, Tajiks and other ethnic groups have long been engaged in animal husbandry, while Han, Uygur and Hui people have long been accustomed to agriculture. The different distribution areas of these ethnic groups are basically pastoral areas and agricultural areas. The Korean people are good at planting rice, and the rice distribution area in the northeast of China used to be the Korean distribution area. Population density affects the security degree of agricultural labor force and the demand degree of agricultural products, thus affecting the intensive degree of land use and crop distribution. The areas with the highest large-scale multiple cropping index in China are not located in tropical, sparsely populated and underdeveloped Hainan Island and Xishuangbanna, but in the Pearl River Delta, Chaoshan Plain and Yangtze River Delta with dense population and developed irrigation. The area with the highest grain yield in China is often the most densely populated area. This is related to the abundant labor force and intensive cultivation. The commodity rate of grain is not only related to the grain output per unit area, but more importantly, it is related to the per capita cultivated land area and the local food self-sufficiency demand. Therefore, Heilongjiang Province, with the largest arable land per capita, has the highest commodity rate of grain. As for the distribution of some crops that are not convenient for long-distance transportation, such as sugarcane, beets and vegetables, gardening, dairy farming, etc., it is directly related to the processing industry, traffic conditions and urban distribution.

Agricultural utilization and improvement of land

According to a rough estimate, about 74% of China's land resources have been or can be used for agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery production.

① cultivated land. The cultivated land in China is about 95.67 million hectares, and the reclamation index is 9.97%. The distribution of cultivated land is extremely uneven, and more than 90% of it is distributed in the east of Daxinganling through the Great Wall to the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The reclamation index of the Huanghuaihai Plain and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River can reach 50-60%, that of the Sichuan Basin is 40%, that of the Northeast Plain is 20-30%, and that of the hilly areas in the south of the Yangtze River is generally around 10-20%. There is little arable land in the western region, mainly concentrated in a small piece of Wozhou in the foothills plain, and there is little arable land in the vast plateau mountainous areas. The estimated wasteland resources suitable for agriculture is * * * 35.35 million hectares, of which only 0. 1 100 million hectares are of good quality, mainly distributed in Heilongjiang, eastern Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, and the rest are mostly land with poor quality and large reclamation investment, mostly suitable for grazing or woodland. Improper disposal can easily lead to contradictions between agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry.

From north to south, the level of cultivated land production varies greatly among different cropping systems. Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Gan Xin, Qinghai-Tibet and the western and northern parts of the Loess Plateau account for about 35% of the country's cultivated land area, which is basically harvested once a year, and some of them are still abandoned by rotation, and the multiple cropping index is lower than 100%. A two-year triple cropping system is implemented in most parts of North China, and the multiple cropping index is 120 ~ 150%. The multiple cropping index 180 ~ 250% is two or three crops a year in the Yangtze River basin and South China. In some areas, the population is sparse, the labor force is insufficient, and the degree of irrigation guarantee is not high. Although located in subtropical or tropical areas, the growing period is long, but the multiple cropping index is not high, and even there is still 1 piece of cultivated land every year. Therefore, there is great potential to improve the multiple cropping index of cultivated land in both the south and the north. However, there are also some areas with a large population and a small amount of organic fertilizer. One-sided emphasis on improving multiple cropping index will inevitably lead to the decline of soil fertility or the emergence of secondary potential fertility, which is actually robbing soil fertility. This situation needs to be improved urgently.

In China, the yield per unit area is often 50% or even more than 200% higher than that in dry land and ice irrigation areas. Therefore, building water conservancy and relieving the threat of drought and flood are the keys to improve the productivity of cultivated land and truly stabilize and yield high. Since 1950s, the irrigated area has increased from 0.10.53 billion hectares to 47.4 million hectares in10.990, accounting for 49.5% of all cultivated land, and the drought resistance has been greatly enhanced. The area of drought and flood protection accounts for about 1/6 of cultivated land. There are still 70% dry land without irrigation facilities (the southern dry land that generally does not need irrigation accounts for about 19%). Paddy fields account for 26.67% of cultivated land, of which about 90% are distributed in the south of Huaihe River, but some areas have no water conservancy facilities or have a low degree of water conservancy guarantee.

About13 of the existing cultivated land is low-yield cultivated land, of which about 50% is sloping cultivated land which is easy to cause soil erosion, 20% is waterlogged saline-alkali land, 23% is sandy land and arid cultivated land, and 7% is low-yield paddy field.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, with the development of national capital construction, urban and rural settlements, transportation and water conservancy, the phenomenon of occupying cultivated land is quite serious. The average annual occupation of cultivated land is about 833,000 hectares, which has accumulated to 0.3/kloc-0.0 billion hectares for many years, while the area of cultivated land expanded by reclamation in the same period is about 320 million hectares, which is roughly equivalent. The total area of cultivated land in China is slightly higher than that in the early 1950s.

② Grassland. Grassland suitable for grazing accounts for more than 1/3 of the national territory. Although the grassland area is wide, there are many kinds, and the yield and quality of grass vary greatly. The natural grasslands in the north and west are the main animal husbandry bases in China. However, for a long time, the area of artificial grassland and improved grassland only accounts for 1.5% of the available natural grassland, and most of them rely on the weather to raise livestock. The interannual and seasonal changes of grassland yield directly affect animal husbandry production, which makes livestock in pastoral areas in a state of "full in summer, fat in autumn, thin in winter and dead in spring" for a long time. Over the years, the growth of livestock has far exceeded the carrying capacity of grassland, and most pastures are overloaded with grazing. In some areas, grass has been destroyed due to over-cultivation, firewood and medicinal materials, leading to grassland degradation and desertification. It is estimated that the degraded grassland in the northern and western pastoral areas accounts for 23% of the available grassland area, the average grass yield decreases by 30-50%, and the quality deteriorates, the proportion of edible grass decreases and poisonous grass increases. Therefore, we must vigorously improve the utilization rate of natural grassland and strengthen grassland construction. Grass slopes in central and southern China are characterized by high yield, poor quality, high crude fiber content, scattered grassland, large slope and thin soil, which are easy to cause strong soil erosion (see Grassland Resources in China).

③ Woodland. China's forest area124.65 million hectares and forest coverage 12.98% are far from the world average of 22%. The regional distribution is extremely uneven. Daxinganling and Changbai Mountains in the northeast are the largest forest areas in China, followed by western Sichuan, southeastern Tibet, northwestern Yunnan and other mountainous areas in the southwest. In eastern Inner Mongolia, three northeastern provinces and southern provinces, the forest coverage rate is above 25-30%, and there are no forests in the vast agricultural and pastoral areas and even Shaolin. The coverage rate of North China Plain is less than 10%, and that of Northwest China is less than 1%. Among the forestland area, timber forest accounts for 73.2%, followed by economic forest, shelter forest, firewood forest and bamboo forest. In the use of existing forest land, there are widespread phenomena of heavy mining and light construction, over-exploitation and deforestation in forest areas with convenient transportation, and the renewal can not keep up with logging, and the forest resources are decreasing day by day; Remote forest areas with inconvenient transportation are not developed and utilized, with a large proportion of over-mature forests, many natural diseases and great rot losses; Forest fires are also very serious. Artificial afforestation is generally of low quality, low survival rate and small forest area. In addition to the existing forest land, there are sparse forest land, shrub land, uncultivated forest land, nursery land and various barren hills and wasteland suitable for forest, accounting for about 15.8% of the land area (see China's forest resources).

④ Inland waters. China's inland waters are about 26.6 million hectares, accounting for 2.8% of the country's land area, which is the main place to develop freshwater aquatic products. Among them, rivers1260,000 hectares, lakes 0.8 million hectares, ponds and reservoirs 0.6 million hectares. About 92% of them are distributed in the southeast of Aihui-Lanzhou-Tengchong, and natural conditions are very favorable for freshwater aquaculture. However, over the years, fishing has been valued over agriculture, accounting for 73% of the cultivated land, while lakes only account for 25%. Unreasonable reclamation has greatly reduced the area of lakes and ponds, polluted the water area, cut off water conservancy facilities and destroyed the ecological environment of fish. Judging from the present situation of agricultural land utilization in China, suitable grassland and woodland are far wider than suitable farmland (cultivated land and wasteland). But for a long time, China's agriculture often only pays attention to the utilization and improvement of cultivated land; On the contrary, for the vast grasslands, woodlands and inland waters, it is to make more use of less improvement, or to engage in predatory overgrazing, deforestation and overfishing, or to leave them desolate, or to destroy forests, grasslands and water surfaces, thus destroying the resource base of forests, animal husbandry and fisheries. To develop agriculture in China, we must focus on the vast land of 9.6 million square kilometers, adjust measures to local conditions, make comprehensive and rational use, and tap the huge land production potential.

Agricultural production structure

1990 China's total agricultural output value is 766.209 billion yuan, of which planting accounts for 58.49%, forestry for 4.3 1%, animal husbandry for 25.63%, sideline for 6.2 1% and fishery for 5.36%. Except Tibet, Qinghai and Inner Mongolia, the proportion of animal husbandry is slightly higher. This is the result of a long historical process, which is related to China's large population and particularly large food demand, and it is also the result of neglecting the development of diversified business for many years.

The main disadvantages of this structure are:

① The singleness of agricultural production structure is incompatible with the diversity of natural resources, and natural resources have not been fully and reasonably utilized.

② Low economic benefit, high agricultural cost and small proportion of net income.

③ The agricultural economy, which is dominated by field crops, cannot stand the test of natural disasters (especially floods and droughts) and has great vulnerability. After 1978, the agricultural structure has been initially adjusted, and the rural economy is turning to multi-sector comprehensive management. The total rural social output value increased from 203.754 billion yuan in 1978 to 16 192 1 100 million yuan. The total output value of agriculture decreased from 68.6% in 1978 to 46. 1%, and the total output value of rural industry, construction, transportation, commerce and catering increased from 3 1.4% in 1978 to 53.9%. The single rural agricultural structure in China is undergoing fundamental changes.

The layout of agricultural production can be divided into the following five aspects:

① Distribution of grain production. Grain production is the main component of agricultural production (see Geography of Grain Crops in China). Each county and city in China has its own combination characteristics: First, in the south of Huaihe River, south of Qinling Mountain and east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, rice accounts for 70% or even more than 90% of the total grain output. There are more double-cropping rice in the plain area, and corn and sweet potato are the main crops in the dry land, but the proportion is not large. In hilly and mountainous areas, especially in southwest China, the proportion of corn and sweet potato is also very large. 2. North of the Huaihe River Qinling Mountains, east of Liupan Mountain and south of the Great Wall, winter wheat and corn are the main crops, followed by sorghum, sweet potatoes, soybeans and millet. Third, corn, soybean, spring wheat, sorghum and millet are the main crops in Northeast China. After 1960s, corn expanded rapidly, while soybean, sorghum and millet decreased a lot. Fourthly, in Inner Mongolia and along the Great Wall, there are many kinds of food crops, mainly including spring wheat, corn, millet, naked oats, potatoes, millet, sorghum and soybeans. Fifthly, spring wheat is the main crop in the irrigated farmland in northwest Wazhou, followed by millet and millet. South Xinjiang and other places are dominated by winter wheat and corn. Sixth, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is dominated by highland barley and spring wheat.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's grain production has developed rapidly. The grain output of 1990 is 3.9 times that of 1949. Among them, 1953 ~ 1990 increased by 2.7% on average, and 198 1 ~ 1990 increased by 3.4% on average, but it was very unstable from year to year, with fluctuations in good years and bad years, and the national grain yield was/kloc.

1990, the national per capita social possession of grain was 393. 1 kg, and the commodity rate of grain was 36.6%. In order to meet the needs of national commodity grain and improve the commodity rate of grain, while generally increasing the grain output in various regions, we should focus on selecting and building several national commodity grain production bases (see Geography of Grain Crops in China).

② Distribution of cash crops. The proportion of cash crops in the total sown area of crops increased year by year, reaching 14.4% in 190, mainly cotton (accounting for 26% of cash crops) and oil crops (accounting for 50.90% of cash crops, mainly including rape, peanut, sesame, sunflower and flax), followed by sugar crops (sugarcane and beet). In addition, it also includes woody cash crops such as tea, mulberry, fruit and gum that are not included in the crop planting area. Although the planting area of cash crops is much smaller than that of grain, the output value and commodity rate are very high, which plays an important role in meeting people's various needs, increasing farmers' income, providing light industrial raw materials and export commodities. Most cash crops have their own concentrated distribution areas. In the early 1950s, most cash crops were planted in a large area, and the output increased steadily. Since the late 1950s, the area of cash crops has been reduced, the planting has been scattered, the management has been extensive, the output has been reduced, the commodity rate has declined, and cotton, oil and sugar cannot be self-sufficient. Since the end of 1970s, due to the correction of neglecting cash crops, the area of cash crops has expanded, and the output of most cash crops such as cotton, peanut, rape, sunflower, sugarcane, beet, flue-cured tobacco, tea, cocoon and fruit has reached the highest level in history (see Geography of Cash Crops in China).

③ Production layout of animal husbandry. Since 1949, the national animal husbandry has developed greatly. By 1990, the number of large livestock reached 1302 1 10,000. 362.408 million pigs; 2 1002438+0 million sheep; The total number of large and small livestock reached 702.649 million, 3.39 times that of 1949. However, animal husbandry is still the weak link of agricultural economy, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, the proportion of output value of animal husbandry is low, and the per capita livestock products are few. 1990, animal husbandry only accounts for 25.63% of the total agricultural output value, and the average annual output of meat per capita is 22. 1 kg, and the annual output of eggs is 6.95 kg, which is close to or exceeds the world average. The annual milk output is only 3.64 kg, far below the world average. Second, there are many livestock and the output rate is very low. 1990, the slaughter rate of pigs was only 87.84%, and the slaughter rate of cattle was even lower. Third, the growth of livestock is very unstable, and the vast pastoral areas basically "rely on the sky to raise livestock", and their ability to resist disasters is weak, and the annual mortality rate of livestock exceeds 5%.

In order to accelerate the development of animal husbandry, agricultural areas should expand the planting of feed crops, develop feed industry, improve the slaughter rate and meat production of pigs, improve the structure of livestock and poultry, and increase the proportion of animal husbandry in agricultural economy; Semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas should gradually transition to animal husbandry and combine agriculture and animal husbandry; Pastoral areas should vigorously strengthen grassland management and construction, improve the structure of herds and speed up the turnover of herds. Urban suburbs and industrial and mining areas should establish and develop modern animal husbandry and increase the supply of meat, milk, eggs and poultry products. At the same time, according to the conditions in different regions, we should gradually build a number of modern stable, high-quality and high-yield animal husbandry production bases of different types (see "Animal Husbandry Geography of China").

④ Forestry layout. Since 1949, the accumulated afforestation and preservation area over the years is 28 million hectares, and 32.6 million hectares have been closed for afforestation by natural regeneration. The annual output of wood increased from more than 5 million cubic meters in the early 1950s to more than 50 million cubic meters, an increase of more than nine times. Output value of forest products increased by 17 times. However, neither wood nor forest products can meet the needs of production, construction and people's lives. Forestry is still a very weak sector in China's agricultural economy. There are many problems in afforestation, afforestation, forest protection and timber production that need to be solved step by step (see China's Forest Resources).

To further develop forestry production, it is necessary to bring the whole forestry into the track based on silviculture, focusing on the construction of two major forest areas in northeast and southwest China; Strengthen afforestation in the vast agricultural areas; Give full play to the potential of forestry production in subtropical and tropical hilly areas in the south; Construction of economic forest and lint production base with woody oil as the main material; Vigorously develop soil and water conservation and windbreak and sand fixation forests in the loess plateau and the arid areas in the north.

⑤ Layout of aquaculture. 1990, the total amount of aquatic products in China reached12.37 million tons, which was 26.5 times that of 1949, but the total amount of aquatic products per capita was only 10.8 kg. Marine aquatic products account for 57.7%, with fishing output as the main factor (77.28%), and aquaculture output is relatively small (22.72%). Among freshwater aquatic products, aquaculture production accounts for 84.92%, and fishing production accounts for 15.08%. The Yangtze River and Huaihe River basins have the largest freshwater lakes and the densest water network in China, and the output of freshwater aquatic products accounts for more than 60% of the country, followed by the Pearl River basin. The further development of aquatic production mainly lies in the protection and rational utilization of aquatic resources, the development of artificial breeding and resource proliferation, and the construction of a number of seawater and freshwater breeding bases (see China Aquatic Resources).

Overview of agricultural regionalization

China can be divided into the following 10 agricultural areas:

① Northeast agriculture and forestry area. Including Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces and Daxinganling area in northeast Inner Mongolia. Agricultural reclamation has a short history, a wide reclamation area and rich forest resources. It is the main commodity grain base and timber supply base in China, and also the key reclamation area. Soybean, beet, flax and temperate fruits occupy an important position in China. To develop agricultural production in this area, we must overcome the threat of natural disasters, especially the chilling injury, change the extensive planting habits and vigorously increase the unit output. At the same time, rationally reclaim wasteland and build a commodity grain base with high and stable yield; Rational development and utilization of forest resources, pay equal attention to harvesting and cultivation, and build a sustainable logging base.

(2) Animal husbandry, agriculture and forestry areas in Inner Mongolia and along the Great Wall. Including the area east of Baotou in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the area along the Great Wall from Liaoning to Ningxia. The grassland is vast, and agriculture and animal husbandry run concurrently, which occupies an important position in the national animal husbandry production. To develop production in this area, we must adjust the agricultural production structure according to local conditions, and adhere to the policy of giving priority to animal husbandry and combining animal husbandry with agriculture and forestry; Rational use and construction of grasslands, and gradually get rid of the state of relying on the sky to raise livestock; Determine livestock by grass to prevent grassland from continuing degradation and desertification; Stabilize cultivated land in agricultural areas, focus on increasing unit yield, and gradually implement grain-grass rotation; Create a windbreak and sand-fixing forest.

③ Huanghuaihai Agricultural Zone. Including the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain south of the Great Wall, the North of Huaihe River, Taihang Mountain and hilly areas of Shandong Province, it is the main producing area of dry crops such as wheat, sorghum and millet in China and the concentrated producing area of cash crops such as cotton, peanuts, sesame and flue-cured tobacco. The key to agricultural development in this area is comprehensive control of drought, flood and alkali, realization of water conservancy, improvement of low-yield soil, great exploitation of yield-increasing potential, and realization of stable and high yield. Construction of commodity production bases for grain and cash crops according to local conditions; Change the situation that the agricultural structure is too single, and vigorously develop animal husbandry and forest and fruit fishery production.

④ Farming and pastoral areas in the Loess Plateau. Including the west of Taihang Mountain, the east of Sun Moon Mountain in Qinghai, the south of the Great Wall and the north of Qinling Mountain, it is an important dry miscellaneous grain producing area, but the soil erosion is extremely serious, and it is a prominent low-yield poverty-stricken area in China. The key to developing agriculture is to combine rational land use with measures to control soil erosion; Build a stable and high-yield agricultural production base by using Sichuan, Pingyuan and tableland; Gradually returning farmland to grassland for afforestation, expanding the proportion of grassland and woodland as soon as possible, and implementing comprehensive development of agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry; Comprehensive management of soil and water conservation should be carried out on a watershed basis.

⑤ Agricultural and forestry areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Including the vast areas south of Waike-Funiu Mountain, north of Fuzhou-Yingde-Wuzhou, and east of Hubei Mountain-Xuefeng Mountain. It is the main commodity base or concentrated production area of rice, cotton, camellia seed, hemp, tea, silk, woody oil, live pigs, fresh water and aquatic products in China, with intensive agricultural management and the multiple cropping index and grain and cotton output ranking first in all regions. The key to developing agriculture lies in strengthening water conservancy construction, overcoming the threat of floods and droughts, improving farming system, rationally utilizing hilly and mountainous areas and fresh water areas, and vigorously developing subtropical economic forests, timber forests, livestock and poultry and aquaculture.

⑥ Southwest agricultural and forestry areas. Located at the southern foot of Qinling Mountains, north of Baise-Xinping-Yingjiang Line, west of Yichang-Xupu Line and east of Sichuan Plateau, it includes most areas of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, southern Shaanxi and western Hunan and Hubei. It is an important grain producing area and production base of rape, flue-cured tobacco, sugarcane, pig, economic forest and timber forest in China. However, the level of agricultural production in most areas is not high and there is great potential for increasing production. The key to developing agriculture lies in vigorously developing water conservancy in hilly areas, transforming low-yield fields and increasing unit yield; Make full and reasonable use of natural conditions and resources in hilly areas, build timber forests and economic forest bases, and develop diversified management.

⑦ Agricultural, Forestry and Hot Agricultural Areas in South China. Located in the south of Fuzhou-Dabu-Yingde-Baise-Yingjiang line, it includes southern Fujian, the two major parts, southern Yunnan and Taiwan Province Province. Agricultural management is intensive, and most of the grain output is high. It is the main producing area of sucrose and tropical and subtropical fruits in China, and the only producing area of tropical cash crops such as rubber, coconut, sisal and oil palm. The key to the development of agriculture in this area is to give full play to the natural advantages of this area and build a rubber-based thermal processing base, a sugar production base and a tropical fruit, economic forest and timber forest production base; Daxing water conservancy, overcome floods and droughts, improve multiple cropping index and improve the level of food self-sufficiency.

(8) Farming and pastoral areas in Gan Xin. Located in the west of Baotou-Yanchi-Tianzhu line and north of Qilian Mountain-Altun Mountain. Agriculture basically depends entirely on irrigation, and the agricultural area is small and scattered. Desert and mountain pastures are used for seasonal nomadism, and beet, melon and fruit, long-staple cotton and animal husbandry production occupy an important position in the country. The key to agricultural development in this area lies in the rational development and utilization of limited water resources in this area and the improvement of saline-alkali land; Adjust seasonal grassland, strengthen grassland construction, and implement the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry; Afforestation and grass planting, windbreak and sand fixation.

Pet-name ruby Qinghai-Tibet Plateau agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry and agricultural area. It is the largest pastoral area in China, with the largest number of large livestock and sheep and the largest number of livestock per capita. The south and southeast have the second largest forest area in China, and agriculture is mainly limited to the valley lowlands in the east and south. The main livestock, crops and tree species all have the characteristics of alpine regions. The land is vast and sparsely populated, the farming and animal husbandry operations are extensive, and the production level is generally low. To further develop the production in this area, we must speed up the construction of a solid forage production base and get rid of the state of relying on the sky to raise livestock; Improve the quality of livestock and adjust the herd structure; Rational utilization and protection of forest resources, speeding up forestry production and construction; Increase crop yield and establish grain bases in this area.

Attending the origin of seawater. Including the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea and the western Pacific Ocean east of Taiwan Province Province, there are many kinds of fish, shrimp, shellfish and algae in each sea area, which are rich in resources. To develop mariculture, it is necessary to make unified planning and rational distribution, adjust or reduce the intensity of coastal and offshore fishing, protect and proliferate mariculture, vigorously develop mariculture, build mariculture bases, and actively develop offshore and offshore fishing according to the law of proliferation and change of mariculture resources.