Who can give me a complete article about orchid identification methods?

Please refer to the following references and drawings.

[Edit this paragraph] Basic information

name

Latin scientific name: orchid

English name: boat orchid

Alias: bluegrass (different varieties have different aliases)

Family and genus

Field: the plant kingdom in the plant kingdom

Door: angiosperm magnolia door

Class: monocotyledonous Liliaceae

Uses: Asparagus of Orchidaceae/Asparagus of Orchidaceae.

Group: Ranko

Subsubfamily: Epidermal Pteridaceae of Orchidaceae.

Family: Orchidaceae.

Subgroup: Cyrtopodiinae, a subgroup.

Group: Cymbidium hybridum

Genus: Orchid

[Edit this paragraph] originated in China.

biographical notes

Because most species of ground orchids are native to China, ground orchids are also called China orchids and listed as the top ten flowers in China. Orchids in China are mainly divided into five categories: Cymbidium hybridum, Cymbidium hybridum, Cymbidium hybridum and Cymbidium hybridum, and there are thousands of horticultural varieties. An orchid

National treasure orchid

Cymbidium hybridum, alias China Orchid, Jiuhua Orchid, Jiuzi Orchid, Xia Lan Orchid, Jiujie Orchid and Jiuhua Orchid, is one of the longest cultivated and most popular orchids in China. Often called "Hui" in ancient times, it is the "heart of Hui" of orchids in China and is deeply loved by orchid lovers. "Hui" refers to China, and "Hui" means: China's vanilla, and "Zhi" is the people's vanilla. "Huizhi" is the fragrance of the country. "Hui" is often called "Hui Zhi" together with Angelica dahurica. Cymbidium hybridum is a rare species in China and a national second-class protected wild species. Orchids are native to the south of Qinling Mountains, the north of Nanling Mountains and the vast areas in southwest China, and are one of the more cold-resistant orchid varieties.

Its characteristics, geographical distribution and metaphor can be appreciated from the poem: "The green leaves are fragrant, and the courtyard in the mountains is fragrant. You can't bear to leave the water, why not moisten your heart with dew? Who tread lightly on the path, a few glasses of residual wine pour three rivers. Flowering flowers still need to understand flower language, and flower soul poems are passed on to Xiaoxiang. " ("Lan Ci" Zhou Tianhou)

[Edit this paragraph] Morphological characteristics

There are more than 35,000 species in 750 genera of Orchidaceae, and more than 70 species of Orchidaceae. Common cultivated varieties in China are:

Chunlan, a famous flower of the four seasons:

Also known as grass orchid, mountain orchid and fragrant flower. One stem 1 ~2 flowers, fragrant. The flowering period is from February to March. Mainly distributed in the Yangtze River basin and southwest China. Traditional rare species include Song Mei and Huilong. This variety is arbor with thin leaves, dark green flowers and no fragrance or light fragrance.

National treasure C.faberi:

There are also wine orchids and Xia Lan. One stem has many flowers, often 6 ~ 12, and the fragrance is overflowing. The flowering period is from March to May. The distribution area is similar to Chunlan. Traditional famous varieties include Shanghai Mei, Xie Peimei and Jin.

Ecological characteristics

Perennial herbs. The root is fleshy and hairy, with * * * bacteria. Pseudobulb, commonly known as Reuters, is covered with leaf sheaths. Many pseudobulb are often connected and exist in rows at the same time. Leaves are linear or sword-shaped, leathery, erect or drooping, flowers are solitary or in racemes, and many bracts are attached to pedicels. Flowers are bisexual and fragrant. Corolla consists of 3 sepals, 3 petals and pistil. 1 The middle sepal is called the main petal. The next two pieces are attached valves, and the extension of the attached valves is called home. The upper two petals are upright, fleshy and curled inward at the top, commonly known as hugs. The lower part 1 is a big lip, commonly known as Sun Lan. When mature, it is brown, and the seeds are fine and powdery.

Cymbidium hybridum and Cymbidium hybridum can be divided into plum petals, daffodil petals, lotus petals, butterfly petals, exotic flowers and herbs and vegetarian hearts according to their different shapes and textures. The sepals of plum blossom petals are short and round, with thick pulp, slightly bent inward, narrow base, fleshy and plump petals, short and hard lips and slightly upward flowers. The famous varieties are Song Mei, XiShen and America. Narcissus petals are sepals slightly longer than plum petals, with tapered tips, thick petals, pocket-shaped tips and slightly drooping lips or rolled back. Famous species include Wang Zi and Cui Yipin. Tea petals are wide sepals, thick, narrow at the base and wide and sharp at the top. Put the petals in your pocket and your lips are moist and slightly curly. Famous varieties include Dafugui and Cuigaihua. Butterfly petals are the inside of two downward sepals, which become thick and wavy with red patches. Sometimes, the number of whole sepals or petals suddenly increases (such as Lv Yun, the corolla is usually around 8), or the flower shape has special changes. Su Xin is the same color as perianth, stem and bud, pure green, yellow-green and so on. , no mottled green, yellow-green and so on. No mottled markings. Precious varieties are Zhang and Lao Wentuan Su.

Blue prefers shade, avoids direct sunlight, prefers wetness and dryness, and prefers fertile sandy loam with rich humus, good drainage and slight acidity, which is suitable for air circulation.

[Edit this paragraph] Category introduction

Orchids are precious ornamental plants. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 700 genera and 20,000 species in the world, and many new varieties are discovered and cultivated every year.

Chunlan: Chunlan is also known as grass orchid and mountain orchid. Orchids are widely distributed and rich in resources. The flowering period is from February to March of a year, and the time can last about 1 month. The flowers are rich and pure. Precious varieties include petals of lotus, plum blossom, narcissus and butterfly. In terms of valve modeling, Jiangsu and Zhejiang famous products are the most typical.

Cymbidium hybridum: Cymbidium hybridum has thick and long roots, narrow and striped leaves, rough and hard texture, light green, obvious serrated leaves and obvious midvein. The flowers are fragrant and persistent, and the color is yellow. White, green, reddish and multicolored, mostly colored flowers, but also plain flowers and irises.

Orchids: Also known as Four Seasons Orchids, including Xia Lan and Qiu Lan, bloom in summer. Four seasons orchids are strong and tall, with beautiful green leaves and flowers. They are not afraid of the heat and cold, have strong vitality and are easy to cultivate. Different varieties have different flowering periods, and flowers can be seen from May to1February.

Hanlan: Hanlan is distributed in Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong and Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan in the southwest. The leaves of Hanlan are longer than those of Sijilan, especially the leaf base is thinner, the leaves are elegant and elegant, green and delicate, with large, medium and thin leaves and edging. Rich in design and color, there are yellow, green, purple, deep purple and other colors, generally mottled veins and spots, but also clean and flawless plain flowers. Sepals and petals are narrow and thin, unique, delicate and lovely, with attractive aroma.

Cymbidium hybridum: Cymbidium hybridum, also known as Cymbidium hybridum and Cymbidium hybridum, is native to Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan, Taiwan Province and Hainan. Lannong in southern China, especially in Guangdong and Yunnan, likes to cultivate and watch.

Spring sword: Spring sword is often called authentic Chuanlan. Although Yunguichuan has a famous production, Chuanlan is the most precious. The colors are red, yellow, white, green, purple, black and other colors, which are gorgeous, graceful, elegant and pure in fragrance, and are often regarded as the first choice by orchid growers.

Variety identification:

Variety identification is the comprehensive quality identification of orchids, and it is the knowledge that can best show Yilan's skill. Therefore, Yilan people in past dynasties were particularly cautious about this, never jumping to conclusions and always following the principle of "three views". A look at the leaf shape "flowers for a while, leaves for a year".

In the flower-free season, the main basis for people to identify famous orchids is to look at the leaf shape, including leaf bud and plant shape. The color of orchid buds when unearthed has a certain reference function for the appreciation of orchid varieties, and the bud stage needs careful observation. Generally speaking, where the new buds are white, white-green and green, cymbidium is generally a vegetarian variety, and cymbidium is mostly vegetarian or green; If there is a "white peak" in the shape of white rice at the bud tip, it may produce beautiful flowers. Most of the traditional famous orchids are relatively stable, and the leaf shape has certain regularity. Orchid artists, after long-term practice, can generally identify the varieties with obvious leaf shapes by naked eyes, such as Wang Zi, Tai Su and Lao Jipin with erect leaves, Song Mei and Dayipin with drooping leaves, and Lv Yun with plump and twisted leaves. However, the leaves of orchids are different every year because of different planting environments, so orchid artists often identify varieties by looking at buds and leaves. Second, look at the traditional famous orchids with buds. Not only do the leaves have their own characteristics, but the buds are also full of characteristics. Therefore, people should not only look at the leaf shape, but also look at the bud when identifying. As for the identification of flower buds, predecessors summarized Whelan's "Nine Shapes and Eight Shapes" head shape and Hua Hui Xiao Pailing's "Five Doors and Eight Shapes" head shape. These valuable experiences are of great benefit to our identification of varieties and deserve our good digestion and absorption.

Everything is developing and changing. In the practice of orchid art, it is found that even the same potted orchid sometimes has different bud colors in different years or even the same year. I know something about this. After years of observation, the buds of the famous Cymbidium hybridum cultivated by me are sometimes different in different years. Some years have darker buds and some years have lighter colors. According to Mr. Chen Yaoming of Wuxi, the flower scape he cultivated is sometimes "crimson" and sometimes "green with purple". One year, he pulled out five flower beds from a big pot of rice, three of which were red and two were purple in green.

It can be seen that it is limited to identify varieties only from the color and shape of flower buds, and it is also necessary to look at their flowers. Third, the most direct and effective way to identify Whelan varieties is to look at its open products, which is also the main reason why imported varieties should be introduced. Generally speaking, as long as the product is in place, you can tell what flower it is when you see it. However, everything has its particularity. The flowers of the same orchid are sometimes different because of different planting methods. For example, Song Mei can produce four or five flower shapes, and Lv Yun and Shen Xi can also produce several different flower shapes, but we can't conclude that they are different varieties just because their flowers are different. Therefore, Wu Enyuan, a master of orchid art, said: "Because of the good or bad planting methods, the products are high or low." That's the truth. Variety identification is a science. The identification of orchid varieties should be viewed dialectically and comprehensively, and we should not turn a blind eye and jump to conclusions. The correct way is to look at the leaf shape, bud and flower bud.

[Edit this paragraph] World Orchid Family

Orchids are world-famous flowers. There are more than 15000 species of orchids. China orchids in Asia are Cymbidium hybridum, and most of them in Oceania and Africa are Pterocarya stenoptera, Bandaran in Singapore, Lily of the Valley in Finland, Lily of the Valley in Yugoslavia, Seychelles-Anchovies and Zimbabwe-THE TEMPLE OF JIALAN. The orchids in South American countries are named as: Cartland in Brazil and Cartland in Costa Rica. Ecuador and Guatemala are orchids of Licatlan, Colombian Catland and Ecuador.

Orchid in China usually refers to a part of terrestrial species of Orchid. Pseudobulb is small with linear leaves and fleshy roots; Cymbidium hybridum with erect stems and many 1 ~ 10 flowers. Flowers are small and fragrant, usually light green with purple spots. The morphology and flowering period of leaves and flowers of different species are very different. South and southwest of Qinling Mountains. It has a long cultivation history of at least 1000 years and is one of the top ten traditional famous flowers in China. Since ancient times, people have regarded orchids as a symbol of nobility, elegance, patriotism and unyielding. Form a blue culture with strong national characteristics of China. Propagation by rameting, sowing or tissue culture. Humus soil potted plants require good ventilation and drainage; Like semi-cloudy and semi-humid environment, the overwintering temperature of Chinese cymbidium and Chinese cymbidium is about 65438 00℃, and the rest is about 5℃.

Today's China orchids were called "Hui" in ancient times. Just as Huang Tingjian (1045~ 1 105) described orchids in Youfangge: "Those who are full of flowers are orchids, and those who are full of flowers are not fragrant enough."

[Edit this paragraph] The people of China represent Fran themselves.

We in China appreciate and cultivate orchids much earlier than in the West. As early as 2400 years ago in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius, a former culture teacher in China, once said, "Lan Zhi lived in a secluded valley, and he was not indifferent to anyone. Xiu De, a gentleman, did not change his teaching for poverty. " He also called Fran (Fran: Cymbidium hybridum and Angelica dahurica) a pair, and called it "the fragrance of kings", which has been passed down to this day, enough to prove the historical and cultural status of China orchids and Angelica dahurica of Umbelliferae.

Orchid, vanilla also. -Shuo Wen

If the bar is straight. -Han Shu? Biography of Sima Xiangru

Lan Huaigen is a branch. -Xunzi? Persuasive learning

The root of China orchid is Angelica dahurica, which symbolizes the people. Wisdom is the essence of the traditional virtues of benevolent people since ancient times. Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote: "The fragrance of the orchid is far away, and the fragrance of the grass." Orchid root people.

[Edit this paragraph] The history of orchids and orchid art in China.

China orchid

Lan Zhi, Confucius's "Confucius' Family Language", was born in the mountains and forests. He is not ignorant of everyone; Xiu De, a gentleman, didn't change his faith because he was poor. The Song Dynasty is the heyday in the history of orchid art in China, and there are many books and descriptions about orchid art. For example, in Er Ya Yi written by Luo Yuan in the Song Dynasty, the leaves of orchids are like sand, which originated in early spring. The flowers are very fragrant, probably from the forest. When the breeze passes by, their fragrance spreads to the outside, so they are called Lan Zhi. Orchids in Jiangnan only work in spring, and orchids in Jingchu and Fujian are fragrant in autumn and summer. Zhang Jin Lan Pu, written by Zhao Shigeng in the Southern Song Dynasty on 1233, can be said to be the earliest existing orchid monograph in China and the first one in the world. This book is divided into three volumes and five parts. The morphological characteristics of more than 30 varieties of Chinese cymbidium (mainly Chinese cymbidium) and Chinese cymbidium (Jimo cymbidium) are briefly described, and the taste of orchids is discussed. Following Zhang Jin's Orchid Spectrum, Wang Gui wrote Wang Shi's Orchid Spectrum on 1247, in which more than 30 orchid varieties were described in detail. In addition, there is a book Lanpu Aofa in Song Dynasty, which mainly describes the cultivation methods, which are divided into seven parts: seed-dividing method, flower planting method, sedimentation irrigation method, watering method, flower planting method, ant lice removal method and miscellaneous method. As for Wu Zan's book Necessary for Planting Art, it also introduces the cultivation of orchids. 1256, Chen Jingyi wrote The Northern Ancestor of Fang Quan, which described orchids in detail. The whole book is collected in the Japanese Imperial Palace Library, and the photocopy was returned to China on 1979. The painting "Chunlan" with the theme of orchids in the Song Dynasty entered Chinese painting, such as Zhao's painting, which has been considered as the earliest existing famous orchid painting and is now treasured in the Palace Museum in Beijing.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Lanyi once again entered a period of prosperity. With more and more varieties of orchids and more rich cultivation experience, orchid cultivation has become something that the public appreciates. At this time, there have been many books describing orchids, orchids atlas, poems and orchids patterns printed on porcelain, and some handicrafts, such as Orchid Spectrum in Luolizhai written by Zhang Yingmin in Ming Dynasty and Eight Notes on Respect for Life written by Gao Lian. The book Compendium of Materia Medica by Li Shizhen, a pharmacologist in the Ming Dynasty, also has a relatively complete discussion on the explanation, classification and use of orchids. There were also many monographs on orchids in the Qing Dynasty, such as Hui Lan Tong Xin Lu (1805) written by Xu Shi, a native of Jiaxing, Zhejiang. He loves orchids, is good at drawing orchids and has rich experience in orchids. This book is divided into two volumes. The first volume tells the knowledge of orchid cultivation, and the second volume tells the identification and classification methods of orchid varieties. There are 57 species recorded in the book, and sketches drawn by him are attached. Others include Lan Yan Shu lue of Yuan Dynasty, Du Fu's Four Theories, Mao Xiang's Lan Yan, Yi Xiang Jian, Tu Yongning's Jing, Lan Xing Shu lue, Yue Liang's Yang Lan Shu, Wang Hao's Guang Fang Qun Shu and Wu.

Lan yi

Lan Yi has developed into modern times, and a Brief History of Whelan published by 1923 was written by Wu Enyuan, a native of Hangzhou County, Zhejiang Province. Based on "Hui Lan Tong Xin Lu", he introduced the varieties and cultivation methods of orchids in three volumes. The book * * * describes 16 1 a famous product of Zhejiang Huilan, and is accompanied by many photos and illustrations, which are fascinating. In addition 1930 orchid planting method written by Xia Zhibin; 1950 Orchid edited by Yao and Zhu Youren in Hangzhou; Sichuan Huilan1963 compiled by Chengdu Bureau of Landscape Architecture; 1964 "Xiamen Lanpu" edited by Yan Chujiang, Fujian; Two books, Orchids of Wu 1980 and Orchids of China199/0/year, as well as books and magazines published in Hong Kong and Taiwan introducing orchids in China, can be said to be a great achievement in the study of modern orchid art in China.

Orchid art originated in China and spread to Japanese and Korean. Nowadays, Japanese people are very interested in China orchids, and its historical origin also began in China. Today, Japanese orchid cultivation has developed into a self-contained system, and it has developed into a base called "Oriental Orchid". As for North Korea, orchid art has also become an indispensable thing admired by the Korean people, and orchids have also become elegant flowers of the Korean people today, displayed in rooms, apartments and lobbies. What's more commendable is that they give orchids as a high-level gift.

Man is the soul of the universe. Lan is the English of all flowers. May nature enter the world in people's minds, and may * * * carry forward the traditional Chinese national quintessence Lanyi, make friends with Lanyi and make progress with * * *.

Cultivation techniques and diseases and insect pests of cymbidium sinense

1。 In vitro culture:

With the continuous development of orchid tissue culture technology and aseptic seeding technology, the phenomenon of orchid in vitro flowering has attracted more and more attention. This phenomenon has attracted the attention of breeders, mainly because the artificial hybrid new varieties that used to need conventional cultivation for many years can now artificially promote flowering in test tubes through 1~2 culture cycles, so that individuals with good traits can be selected purposefully according to the flowering situation and relatively poor individuals can be eliminated, thus shortening the whole breeding cycle, greatly reducing the workload of cultivating a large number of non-flowering varieties and making the breeding work more targeted.

Because we have long been engaged in the development and research of several conventionally cultivated orchids, the orchids mentioned below all refer to these orchids, including cymbidium, cymbidium, spring sword, lotus petals, cymbidium and cymbidium.

According to the current observation results, the ways of orchid flowering in vitro can be roughly divided into three types. The first is that the axillary buds of orchid seedlings develop into flower buds, which is the same as that of orchids in conventional cultivation, except that conventional cultivation is a cluster of seedlings, and only one seedling blooms in test tubes. This situation is more common in Cymbidium hybridum, but it is rare in Chunlan Chunjian and other varieties. The second is that the terminal bud of the orchid grows into a flower bud, similar to the arrow in the grass (the arrow in the heart of the grass), and the flower grows from the center of the orchid. This happens in all orchid varieties, especially in Chunlan. The third is that the flower buds are directly differentiated from the top of protocorm, which is completely controlled by the hormone level in the culture medium, and the flowering is rapid and orderly, with high differentiation frequency, which is the main method to induce flowering at present.

The basic characteristics of orchids in test tubes will not change, for example, vegetarian varieties will never produce colorful flowers. All fragrant varieties, flowers in test tubes are also fragrant, and the fragrance is as rich as potted orchids, which may be unexpected by many people. Due to the temperature and other environmental conditions in the test tube, the flowering period is usually only a few days, unlike potted orchids. At low temperature, the flowering period can be greatly prolonged. The proportion of abnormal flowers in test tubes of orchids is high, and some varieties can reach 10~20%. Generally speaking, these deformed flowers are usually caused by physiological reasons and external culture conditions, such as hormone levels, inorganic salts and other physical and chemical factors, rather than genetic changes, so the appearance of these deformed flowers is meaningless in genetic breeding. We followed and observed many exotic flower strains, hoping to select new fine varieties from them. As a result, most of them developed normally and blossomed, and few of them were really stable.

A very useful phenomenon for orchid breeders is that in most cases, the flowers in test tubes can develop normally and have normal pollination and fruiting ability. We observed the development process of microspores under the microscope and found that the process of meiosis and the formation of pollen grains were basically normal. Especially for flowers that bloom in the form of axillary buds, the fruits produced after pollination are easy to develop normally until the seeds are mature. The seeds produced in these test tubes have certain germination ability, although the germination rate is lower than that of potted orchids, it is enough for breeders.

With the continuous improvement of technical level, people's ability to control the flowering of test-tube orchids is getting stronger and stronger, which will undoubtedly have a positive and far-reaching impact on orchid hybrid breeding. Because the main appreciation point of orchids is floral art, it is difficult to judge an unknown variety from its leaves before flowering, so breeders should not only choose suitable excellent parents to cross and cultivate seedlings, but also plant these seedlings in the greenhouse, whether good or bad, and wait for several years until flowering, and select excellent individual plants from them. The workload of this process is very heavy. Even if excellent plants are obtained, unfortunately, the number of each plant is very small, usually only a few seedlings, which can not meet the market demand at all. It is necessary to take this excellent single plant as explant and carry out tissue culture from scratch. From the beginning of hybridization to the final supply of commercial seedlings to the market, this process goes through two tissue culture cycles, and the two culture cycles from bottle seedlings to flowering usually take more than ten years. With the improvement of in vitro flowering technology, we can screen out excellent strains in vitro without going through the culture process. Once selected, we can directly carry out rapid propagation without the induction process of protocorms, and the whole propagation cycle is nearly doubled.

Another convenience brought by the flowering of test-tube orchids is that orchids in bottles can be hybridized, which is a brand-new application research field. In some breeding work, it is necessary to cross, backcross and self-cross repeatedly to achieve the purpose of breeding and select excellent new varieties. For example, if Suxin variety crosses plum blossom petal variety, the first generation is usually plum blossom petal but definitely not Suxin, which requires the first generation to backcross with Suxin's parents once, or the first generation to self-cross once, and then choose Suxin plum flower petal from the second generation. Using conventional methods, this process will definitely take more than ten years. Now there is a method to promote orchid flowering in vitro, which can make offspring bloom in vitro, self-pollinate or cross-pollinate in vitro and cultivate seeds. Sow these seeds directly on the culture medium without disinfection to obtain the second generation, and then induce flowering, so that the required varieties can be selected from the second generation. Compared with conventional methods, this method can save at least two culture cycles from bottle seedling to flowering.

In addition, because the flowering in the test tube is not limited by seasons, it can be induced at any time, which provides great convenience for the hybridization of orchid varieties that bloom in different seasons or those that do not meet the flowering time. In other words, orchids that bloom in test tubes provide a stable source of pollen for cross breeding. According to this idea, we got rid of the limitation of flowering season and the number of provenances to a great extent (some varieties with a small number may have to wait for many years to see a flower, or there may be no suitable other parent materials to bloom at the same time), and successfully achieved the hybridization between orchid varieties that bloom in different seasons.

At present, the research work on orchids is still in its infancy, and there are still many unsatisfactory places. Not every variety can induce flowering, not every variety can achieve the required flowering rate, and there is no ready-made program for all varieties to blossom. Each variety needs a lot of experiments and exploration. But these are basically technical problems. It is believed that with the progress of technology and more people of insight participating in the research and development in this field, these problems will be gradually solved.

2。 Breeding method:

Orchids are often divided into plants and propagated by tissue culture and sowing.

A. Plant division: it can be carried out in spring and autumn, usually once every three years. All plants with vigorous growth and dense pseudobulb can be divided into plants, and at least 5 connected pseudobulb should be reserved in each cluster after division. Reduce irrigation before branching, so that the soil in the basin is smaller than that in the basin. When plants are planted in a pot, first cover the hole at the bottom of the pot with broken tiles, then spread coarse stones with a depth of 1/5 ~ 1/4, then put coarse soil and a small amount of fine soil, and then plant sandy loam rich in humus. The planting depth should be such that pseudobulb is just buried in the soil. Leave 2cm along the edge of the basin, spread Cuiyuncao or fine stones, and finally water it. Leave it in the shade for 10 ~ 15 days, keep the soil moist, gradually reduce watering, and carry out normal maintenance.

B. sowing and propagation: orchid seeds are very fine, and there is only one young embryo in the seeds, so the germination ability is very low. In addition, the seed coat is not easy to absorb water, so it can not germinate by conventional sowing methods. Before germination, orchids or artificial culture medium should be used to supplement nutrients. It is best to choose fruits that have not cracked yet for sowing. After the surface was disinfected with 75% alcohol, the seeds were taken out, soaked in 10% sodium hypochlorite for 5- 10 minutes, washed with sterile water for three times after taking out, then seeded in a culture bottle with culture medium, put in a dark culture room, kept at about 25℃, and moved to light after germination to form protocorms. It takes six months to a year from sowing to transplanting. Tissue culture has been successful, and this method can be used in places where conditions permit.

3。 Replication technology

A. Site selection: it is required that the surroundings are open, well ventilated, close to the water surface, with moist air and no soot pollution. Evergreen broad-leaved trees can be planted in the southwest of the site, and the canopy density should be about 0.7, which can reduce afternoon sunshine and adjust humidity and temperature.

B. water: rain or spring water is suitable, but saline-alkali water is not suitable. If tap water is used, it will be used for a few days. Water depends on temperature, with less water in spring and more in summer. The rainy season is when orchids grow leaves, and the soil in the basin should be slightly dry; When the weather turns cold after autumn, reduce the amount of water and keep it moist. Dry indoors in winter, reduce the number of watering, and water at noon. Orchids can get wet with light rain, but continuous rain or heavy rain is easy to rot the heart and leaves, so it is necessary to pay attention to rain protection.

C, fertilizing: 4 parts of plant ash, 4 parts of bean cake 10 and 4 parts of bone meal 10 are evenly mixed and stirred, put into a jar, and added with water several times until the bean cake absorbs water, then sealed, decomposed for one year, and then made into dry granules. When in use, it can be placed on the basin surface. If whole manure is used, it should be decomposed for one year, diluted with water and then used as filter residue. Generally, fertilization starts in May and stops in early autumn, so as to apply more thin fertilizer. Fertilization should be carried out at night, and 1 times water should be poured the next morning.

D shading and cold protection: except in early spring and winter, it should be placed under an open-air shed. Shade shed needs good ventilation. Orchids can get more sunshine when they just leave home in March and April, and then the shading time will gradually increase. In winter, orchids should be moved indoors for cold protection, and the room temperature should be kept at 1C ~ 2C. In addition, orchids should also pay attention to frost prevention after leaving the house in spring and before entering the house in autumn.

4. Pest control

A. Common methods:

The main diseases and insect pests of orchids are:

(1) white silk disease: mostly occurs in rainy season. Attention should be paid to ventilation and light transmission, and the basin soil should be well drained to prevent it. After the onset, the basin soil with bacteria can be removed and sprinkled with pentachloronitrobenzene powder or lime.

(2) Anthrax: It occurs all year round, especially in the hot and rainy season. In addition to improving the environmental conditions, the control method can be to spray 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 800 ~ 1500 times every 7 ~ 1 day 1 time, and then supplement L% bordeaux solution with the same amount every half month1time.

(3) Scale insects: They reproduce fastest under the conditions of high temperature, high humidity and poor airflow. Prevention and treatment with conventional methods.