Summary of knowledge points in the first volume of eighth grade geography

1, hemisphere position: Eastern hemisphere, Northern hemisphere

2. Land and sea location: East Asia, west coast of the Pacific Ocean.

3. Latitude and longitude position: 4° N-53° N；; 73 e-135 e, the longitude of east-west span is over 60 degrees (spanning 5 time zones, with a difference of 4 hours), and the latitude of north-south span is nearly 50 degrees. Most of them are in the north temperate zone, a few are in the tropics, and there is no frigid zone.

4. Four ends in China: northernmost: Heilongjiang main channel center north of Mohe Town; Southernmost tip: Zengmu shoal

To the west: Pamirs; Eastmost: the confluence of Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers.

5. Land area: 9.6 million square kilometers. Ranked third. Land border: more than 20,000 kilometers.

6. Endangered oceans: from north to south, they are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea and Pacific Ocean. Coastline length 18000 km. There are Bohai Sea and Qiongzhou Strait in the inland sea.

Land neighbors: 14: North Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam.

9. Countries across the sea: Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia.

10, three-level administrative divisions: three-level geographical knowledge points of provinces, counties and townships and eight-level special administrative regions.

1 1, 34 provincial administrative units: 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xizang Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), 4 municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing) and 2 special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macao).

12, abbreviated as provincial administrative regions and administrative centers: p8.

13, the population ranks first in the world: it reached12.95 million in 2000; It accounts for 2 1.2% of the world. Distribution of provinces and regions: most: Henan Province; At least: Macau.

15. The main reason for the rapid population growth since the founding of New China is (1) the improvement of people's living standards and medical and health conditions. (2) The mortality rate drops and the birth rate rises.

16, geographical distribution characteristics: the eastern part has a high population density and a large population; The population density in the west is small and the population is small. (coastal rivers and lakes, plains,

There are many people in the areas with developed transportation and economy in the basin)

17. The reason for the continuous growth of China's total population is the large population base and the high proportion of teenagers.

18. The basic national policy of China population is to implement family planning, control the population and improve the quality of the population.

19, a unified multi-ethnic country with 92% Han population and 8% ethnic minorities. There are 56 nationalities and ethnic minorities with different populations: Zhuang has the largest population.

2 1. Distribution characteristics of ethnic groups in China: large mixed communities and small settlements. The Han nationality is mainly distributed in the middle east, and the ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast.

22. Unique ethnic customs: Yi-Torch Festival Bai-March 3rd Song Festival Tibetan-Sun Buddha Festival Dai-Water Splashing Festival Hui-Eid al-Adha.

Mongolian-Nadam Congress Han-Dragon Boat Race Korean-Springboard Jumping Miao and Dong-Lusheng Festival

23. The outstanding feature of China's topography is that it is high in the west and low in the east, showing a three-stage distribution.

Step Name Average Height Topographic Type Demarcation Line

The first level is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Kunlun Mountain-Qilian Mountain-Hengduan Mountain in Qaidam Basin, with an altitude above 4,000 m;

Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain

The second level is1000-2000m, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau, Tarim Basin,

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Junggar Basin in Sichuan Basin

The northeast plain, the north China plain, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the third step below Sanshan Mountain are 500 meters.

24, high in the west and low in the east of the terrain on climate, rivers, transportation, economy, water:

(1) For climate: make warm and humid air flow into the room from east to west to form precipitation;

(2) For rivers: many big rivers flow into the sea from west to east;

(3) For traffic: the east-west river connects the east-west traffic;

(4) For the economy, it is beneficial to the connection between coastal and inland areas;

(5) Water energy: At the joint of steps, there is a big drop and abundant water energy, which is beneficial to power generation.

25. Terrain areas on both sides of the mountain range.

① Northeast Plain of Inner Mongolia Plateau west of Daxing 'anling Mountains; North China Plain on the Loess Plateau west of Taihang Mountain; The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River west of Wushan; Sichuan basin to the east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau or the Hengduan Mountains to the east of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau; Tarim basin south of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and north of Kunlun Mountain; Tianshan Mountains in the north of Junggar Basin to the south of Tarim Basin.

26. Main mountain ranges: (1) East-west three rows: (north) Tianshan Mountain, Yinshan Mountain, (middle) Kunlun Mountain, Qinling Mountain and (south) Nanling Mountain.

(2) Three northeast-southwest lines: (west) Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain, (middle) Changbai Mountain, Wuyishan Mountain and (east) Taiwan Province Mountain; (3) north-south lines: Helan Mountain, Liupanshan Mountain and Hengduan Mountain; (4) northwest-southeast lines: Altai Mountain and Qilian Mountain; (5) arc mountains.

27. Five Mountains in China: Mount Taishan in Dongyue, Huashan in Xiyue, Hengshan in Nanyue, Hengshan in Beiyue and Songshan in Zhongyue.

28. Topographic features of China: It is complex and diverse, with five types of topography complete (plateau, plain, mountain, hill and basin) and a vast mountainous area.

29. Four plateaus: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau-the roof of the world, continuous snow-capped mountains and vast glaciers, the birthplace of great rivers; Inner Mongolia Plateau-the surface is open and endless.

Loess Plateau-there are thousands of valleys, and loess is widely distributed; Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau-limestone is widely distributed and the surface is rugged.

30. Four great basin: Tarim Basin-; China's Taklimakan desert and rich oil and gas resources; Junggar basin, oasis and reclamation area are affected by the humid air flow in the Atlantic Ocean. Qaidam basin-inland plateau basin, Sichuan basin-purple basin, and Chengdu plain (land of abundance)

3 1, Three Mountains: Liaodong Mountain, Shandong Mountain and Southeast Mountain.

32. Three plains: Northeast Plain, where black soil is widely distributed; North China Plain-Huanghuaihai Plain, with low terrain; The Plain in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River —— Land of Fish and Rice

33. The main features of China's climate are: (1) complex and diverse climate, (2) remarkable monsoon climate, (3) special weather and (4) frequent droughts and floods.

34. The winter temperature distribution in China is characterized by large temperature difference between north and south. Reason: Latitude position

35. Characteristics of summer temperature distribution in China: High temperature prevails in the north and south. Reason: Latitude position

36. China's temperature zones: cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone, tropical zone and plateau climate zone.

37. Spatial distribution means geographical distribution: decreasing from the southeast coast to the western inland. Reason: Affected by the summer monsoon.

38. The temporal distribution is seasonal variation and interannual variation: precipitation is concentrated in summer and autumn, and the interannual variation of precipitation is great.

39. Climate types in China: temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, tropical monsoon climate, temperate continental climate and alpine plateau climate.

40. Causes of floods in China: (1) The "disorder" of summer monsoon and rain belt often leads to droughts and floods. If the summer monsoon advances slowly and lingers in the south for a long time, it will lead to "flooding in the south and drought in the north"; (2) If the summer monsoon advances rapidly and stays in the north for a long time, it is easy to have "northern waterlogging and southern drought".

4 1. Division of monsoon area and non-monsoon area: Daxing 'anling-Yinshan-Gangdise Mountain is the boundary.

42. The reason for the remarkable monsoon climate is that it is located between the southeast of Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean, and there is a great difference in thermal power between land and sea.

43. Special weather in China: cold wave, plum rain, typhoon, sandstorm, etc. 44. The dividing line between internal and external flow areas: it is roughly Daxinganling-Yinshan-Gangdise Mountain.

45. It mainly flows out of rivers and into the sea.

Into the Pacific Ocean: Heilongjiang, Wusuli, Liaohe, Haihe, Yellow, Huaihe, Yangtze, Minjiang, Pearl and Lancang rivers.

Entering the Indian Ocean: Yarlung Zangbo River and Nujiang River. Entering the Arctic Ocean: Irtysh River

46. Characteristics of outflow river: With the rain belt from south to north, the river flow suddenly increases and the water level rises, forming a flood season. With the winter wind ... dry season.

47. Hydrological characteristics of inland rivers: In summer, with the melting of ice and snow, the water volume of inland rivers increases; In winter and spring, the river flow is reduced or even cut off. Most inland rivers belong to seasonal rivers. (Note: Rivers in Northeast China have two flood seasons, namely spring flood season and summer flood season)

48. Major inland rivers: Tarim River: the longest inland river in China, located in the northern part of Tarim Basin.

49. Major lakes in China.

(1) Lake area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Qinghai Lake is the largest inland lake in China and also a lake in China.

(2) Eastern plain lakes: Poyang Lake (the largest freshwater lake), Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Hongze Lake and Chaohu Lake.

50. The source of the Yangtze River: Tanggula on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Tuotuo River. (Golden Waterway)

It flows through provinces and regions: Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shanghai (6300km, ranking first in China and third in the world). )

It flows through the main topographic areas: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Main tributaries: Yalong River, Dadu River, Minjiang River (Yibin), Jialing River (Chongqing), Hanjiang River (Wuhan), Wujiang River, Yuanjiang Xiangjiang River (Dongting Lake) and Ganjiang River (Poyang Lake).

Boundary point of upper, middle and lower reaches: Yibin-Yichang-Hukou

5 1. The Yellow River originates in Bayan Kara, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and its source is Kariqu. It flows through provinces and regions: Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan and Shandong.

It flows through the main terrain areas: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Loess Plateau and North China Plain. Main tributaries: Datong River (Lanzhou), Huangshui River (Xining), Taohe River, Fenhe River, Luohe River (2), Jinghe River and Weihe River. The cut-off point of the upper, middle and lower reaches: the estuary-Old Jin Meng.

5 1, Causes, Harm and Treatment of "Dihe"

(1) Reason:? The loess plateau has loose soil and broken terrain? Summer precipitation in the middle reaches is concentrated, and the scouring effect is great? Poor vegetation in the middle reaches? The downstream area is plain, with gentle water flow and siltation. (2) Hazard: It lies in the diversion of downstream breach.

(3) Governance: strengthening soil and water conservation in the middle and upper reaches of the Loess Plateau: afforestation; Building terraces; Damming and silting; Downstream: reinforce Jiangfang dike; Flood diversion project construction; Construction of water conservancy projects.

52. What are natural resources? Natural resources are substances and energy that exist in nature and can provide welfare for human beings.

53. Main types: climate resources, water resources, land resources, biological resources, mineral resources and marine resources.

54. Characteristics of natural resources: (1) The concept of natural resources is not static.

(2) The natural resources are huge, but limited.

(3) The quality of natural resources in different regions is different.

(4) regularity and inhomogeneity of natural resources distribution.

(5) The situation of natural resources is constantly changing.

55. The characteristics of China's land resources are: a large population but little land, complete types and obvious regional differences.

56. "More people and less land" is also the basic national condition of China, which is not as good as the world's 1/3.

(1) All kinds of land resources are complete: cultivated land, woodland, grassland, etc. (2) Feed 22% of the world's population with 7% of the world's arable land. (65438+300 million hectares)

57. Cultivated land is distributed in plains and basins in the eastern monsoon region (Northeast Plain, North China Plain, Middle and Lower Yangtze River Plain, Sichuan Basin, etc.). ).

58. Woodlands are distributed in the northeast (primary forests), southwest (primary forests) and southeast mountainous areas (artificial forests and secondary forests).

59. Grassland is distributed in eastern Inner Mongolia, eastern and southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the foothills of Tianshan Mountain. Eighth grade geography knowledge point book 1

60. A large proportion of China's land is hard to use, which is distributed in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

6 1, cherish every inch of land

(1) cultivated land problem: less per capita, insufficient reserve land resources, occupation and indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land by industrial and mining construction land, which reduces the cultivated land area-countermeasures: improve the productivity of cultivated land, properly reclaim wasteland, and improve the utilization rate.

(2) Forest land problem: poor management, serious deforestation-countermeasures: afforestation, forest protection, combination of cutting and breeding, and sustainable utilization.

(3) Problems existing in grassland: overload and poor management lead to degradation-rotational grazing in zoning and disaster prevention.

62. The regional distribution of water resources in China is very different-less water in the east, less water in the south and less water in the north.

(1) The south accounts for about 40% of the country's total area, but it accounts for more than 80% of the country's total flow.

(2) The area of Huanghuaihai River Basin (North China Plain) accounts for 38% of China's cultivated land, but water resources only account for 6%.

63. Uneven time distribution and its influence on production.

(1) The seasons change greatly, with more in summer and autumn and less in winter and spring. (2) There are great annual changes. (3) Impact on production-it is easy to cause droughts and floods. (4) Measures taken: building reservoirs.

64. Uneven spatial distribution and its impact on production.

(1) Nanfeng is poor in the north. (2) Solution: Inter-basin water transfer.

65. The fundamental way to alleviate water shortage is to save water, use water scientifically, protect water resources and prevent water pollution.

66. Inter-basin water transfer: Diversion from Luanhe River to Tianjin and Yellow River to Qingdao.

67.( 1) West Line: Tongtian River, Yalong River, Dadu River-Yellow River. (2) Middle Line: Danjiangkou Reservoir in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River spans the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Haihe River-Beijing and Tianjin. (3) East Line: Yangzhou-Tianjin in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River along the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal.