What folk customs are there in Shanxi? Urgent! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Taboo is called taboo in Shanxi folk. It is forbidden to approach "sacred" or "illegal" things in order to avoid incurring punishment, that is, to be afraid of some mysterious force, which is a negative preventive measure. Different from laws and moral norms, taboos are based on people's common beliefs and folk beliefs about gods and witchcraft, which people use to regulate their own beliefs.

Taboos are generally spread among the people through oral inheritance and behavior demonstration for thousands of years.

Taboo items are varied and strange, so it can be said that there are all kinds of things. It permeates all aspects of people's production and life. According to the records of ancient books, some have passed away with the passage of time, while others still exist. In today's rural areas with underdeveloped culture and science, it still has a certain market in people's minds. Here, only the taboo customs widely circulated in Shanxi rural real life are listed as follows.

Residential taboo

Housing is the place where people settle down and live, and it is also the habitat of nearly half of their lives. Especially in rural areas, housing as a part of personal property, the number of houses, good or bad, the size of the courtyard, is a measure of a family's wealth, whether family members have the ability to sign. Therefore, building a house is a top priority for married young people and families.

Just like building a house in a city, building a house in a natural environment should also conform to the laws of nature. Of course, rural houses should also conform to the rules of traditional customs. As a part of the whole village, any house should be built in harmony with other people's houses. Therefore, residential buildings should not only deal with the relationship between man and nature, but also deal with the social relationship between good people and families. At the same time, it should conform to customs and beliefs. Harmony is the key to the problem. The people think that only in this way can the family business prosper and the children and grandchildren prosper. Otherwise, it is inevitable that the family business will decline, children and grandchildren will be childless, and disasters will arise. As a result, a series of folk taboos, rules and stresses have been formed in the long-term historical dust.

There are two main types of houses in rural Shanxi, one is cave dwelling, and the other is building houses. According to the building rules of China people, the site selection should conform to the natural terrain, with the north facing south, and the shelter and sun protection design should be carried out according to the geographical and climatic environment. It is a general rule to build a house with water on the mountain. It is forbidden to build a house in a dry and waterless place or in a cool and humid place. At the same time, it is also forbidden to choose places without vegetation and running water. Any place located in the valley, the city gate, outside the prison and at the mouth of the Baihe River is by no means a good place to build a house.

In short, on the one hand, the choice of homestead conforms to the natural requirements, that is, there is water and sunshine, on the other hand, it also reflects people's social psychology of seeking myth, avoiding ghosts and gods, avoiding war, seeking peace, avoiding disasters, having more children and being afraid of litigation.

Because the population density is sparse, perhaps influenced by the northern minorities, Shanxi people like to live in scattered communities, and Shanxi is a mountainous area with few plains, so the rule of sitting north facing south has also been revised in mountainous areas.

In the mountainous areas of northern Shanxi and Lvliang, the orientation of the main house depends on the land type, not necessarily facing south. For example, in Lingqiu, which side of the mountain is higher, east, west, north and south, which side is the direction of adobe houses, and the rest are houses, which may reflect people's lofty psychology. This is, of course, the choice in the case of being surrounded by mountains.

Some places, such as Linxian County, pay attention to the mountain instead of the ditch, that is, the back ditch faces the mountain to show good luck. However, this is not the case in some places. Many houses in mountainous areas are forbidden to have mountains and deep ditches in front of them, thinking that this is the devil's way and is not good for the owner.

In some places in the south of Shanxi, "leaning on the air" is forbidden. If the house has its back to a cliff, pit, pit, ditch, etc. , it will be "empty", even the well will be taboo. However, there are ways to solve this taboo. If we want to clear this phenomenon and build a road between the house and the taboo, we can turn the "emptiness" into reality, clear the disaster and avoid it. In many villages in Pinglu area, careful observation shows that the houses in the four corners of each village often change their orientation slightly, which is the result of this taboo and reflects people's mentality of seeking "reality" and "stability".

"Living near the city" is a folk custom in Shanxi and a tortuous reflection of the traditional mainstream values of China, which is ashamed of doing business. However, farmers are also afraid that the front of their yard is empty, which often gives people a sense of loneliness and thinness.

In Jinzhong area, we saw many interesting phenomena when we conducted field investigation. In some villages, in order to avoid facing the empty fields directly, they take the way of turning the courtyard gate to the village instead of the outside. If you can't open it to the outside, there is another remedy, that is, put a bottle on the top of the gate, called "Feng Shui Bottle", with the bottle mouth facing the empty door. According to the owner, this can leave the evil spirits blown from the wild in the bottle, so as not to affect the safety of the people in the house.

Today, interested people can find in many rural areas of Shanxi that public buildings such as shops and schools are often built on the outskirts of villages, with their backs on barren hills and fields. People built these buildings on the periphery of the village to enclose the courtyard that used to be on the edge of the village. The role of taboos is obvious here.

In rural Shanxi, buildings and houses are very particular about the pattern. Generally, four houses in one hospital are fixed, and the principal room, wing room, courtyard door and bathroom have their own positioning, which should not be confused, otherwise it will be unlucky. Among them, it is especially taboo to build the courtyard into the shape of a handle, and killing people without a knife will ruin the family.

When building a house, the setting of the door is a major event of "establishing a portal" and is very important in the building. Courtyard gate is regarded as the face of family and human beings. "Setting up a door" has even become synonymous with marriage and career, so it is also the most taboo.

Generally speaking, the gates in rural areas should avoid flushing rivers and wells for fear of being hit by water and causing disasters. The gate is also not allowed to the alley. The alley is a dirt arrow, which is unlucky to shoot at home. There is a saying in southern Shanxi that "the street gate does not take the northwest gate, and the northwest is high and the southeast is low, facing the northwest". You can't live in the southeast with money. It is not warm in winter and not cold in summer. "If you can't avoid it, you must put a mirror at the gate of the courtyard, which is the so-called' Eight Diagrams Mirror' and' Magic Mirror' to crack it. This phenomenon is extremely common in rural areas of southern Shanxi.

In addition, it is taboo for two families to face each other directly. If the gate of the courtyard faces the neighbor, avoid rushing straight and rushing small. It is generally believed that two doors are opposite and both sides are unlucky, especially the small one. So it is extremely rare for two doors to meet in the countryside. Even if there is opposition, it is only oblique.

For a courtyard, the door facing east is generally good, and the door facing west is called vulva. Unless the West Gate is generally closed, a barrier must be installed at the gate, or a stone tablet engraved with the words "Mount Tai Shi Gandang" should be erected on the wall opposite the alley mouth to avoid the harassment of evil spirits.

It is also necessary to avoid the courtyard door directly facing the door and window. Hit the right threshold window and install a mirror to crack it. In addition, there must be a broken wall in the courtyard of the general farmhouse. In Luliang area, after the completion of the city gate, peach and plum bows and willow arrows will be hung to ward off evil spirits.

In short, this taboo about the opening direction and orientation of doors in buildings and hospitals is related to the popular concept of "unlucky to open doors" on the one hand, and the concept of "doors are used for home defense" on the other hand, all in order to avoid bad luck as much as possible. Of course, it is also the most important in the positioning of the architectural pattern.

After the house is repaired, the owners like to decorate the empty yard with some flowers and trees. It is best to plant a few trees in the small farmhouse in mountainous areas, and it is best not to plant flowering trees in Lishi area, and try not to plant mulberry trees in Jiaocheng area. In addition to the local popular saying of mulberry "sadness", as a taboo, mulberry and mourning are homophonic, which is considered infectious and unlucky. Mulberry is often homophonic for the loss of population and the inability to retain offspring, so it is not planted. Some villages in southern Shanxi avoid planting vines in their yards, which is considered unlucky.

In the same community, the height of houses built according to customs should generally be the same, and the houses in the south and west cannot be higher than their own houses. There is a saying in the south of Shanxi that "the height in the north is not high, the waist is broken in the south, the height in the east is not high, and the waist is broken in the west". If one house is lower than the other, it is necessary to build an extra brick on the top of the middle house, or build a small pavilion similar to a temple to keep the balance. People who refuse to give up are obviously condescending and bullying others. It is said that they will oppress others' luck and good luck, even Feng Shui. Serious illness and minor disasters will be attributed to this. This situation will lead to neighborhood disputes in rural areas and even resentment for generations.

The location of the bathroom should also be carefully considered; Generally placed in the southwest corner, there is a saying that "the five ghosts have toilets on their heads", and the drainage ditch cannot pass through other people's homes, let alone face their doors. Don't drip the water under the eaves next door into the yard. It is considered as sewage and silly water, which will affect your luck. In addition, if there is a lucky beast or beast on the roof of the house, you can't let the bird with a bird's eye view open its mouth to face others, which is suspected of eating people. This taboo is more common in the densely populated villages in Fenhe, Shanxi Province, which has both the color of witchcraft and the shadow of some old etiquette.

I like pasta and enjoy soup and rice at the same time.

Shanxi people like to eat noodles. It is an exaggeration to say that there is no shortage of noodles and bread for every meal, which has long been a habit. This is formed under the background of natural conditions, historical origin and attack power. There are all kinds of food crops in Shanxi, with dozens of varieties. The north-central part is rich in sorghum, millet (millet in northern Taiyuan is sticky), sorghum, naked oats, buckwheat, rice, beans (including peas, black beans, mung beans, soybeans, adzuki beans, cowpeas, tea beans, lentils and broad beans), corn and misha. The south is rich in wheat, corn, millet and rice. These grain varieties provide abundant food. Through the ingenuity of peasant women, thousands of kinds of pasta can be made. Pasta in various shapes is delicious and attractive. Many farmers, three meals a day are mainly pasta, either coarse or fine, or dry or soup, coarse and fine, coarse and fine, refined and noodles, and their cooking skills are very rich. Farmers in areas rich in millet use rice as porridge or rice, and mix it with pasta such as mixed soup and noodle soup. Add oil to the noodle soup, or add chopped green onion, or add tender buds of Toona sinensis. This simple food can not only satisfy people's appetite, but also has a strong peasant flavor in the Loess Plateau, which makes people enjoy a kind of spiritual enjoyment. In the Pingchuan area of Jinzhong, farmers' lunches are almost all pasta, such as noodles, noodles, picking or pulling, rolling or pressing, brushing or wiping, each with its own characteristics. Noodles are long and short, wide and narrow, thick and thin; The pulled pieces are thick and thin, big and small, soft and hard. It's really dazzling, as if you were in the kingdom of pasta. All kinds of pasta, together with toppings and condiments with local characteristics, make people feel that eating Shanxi pasta is really a beautiful enjoyment. People with good living conditions should pay attention to eating pasta within one month; Ordinary farmers eat mixed noodles (sorghum mixed with white flour, bean flour, corn flour, or sorghum mixed with elm bark is called "mixed noodles") and change their patterns every day. The yellow wheat cake and oat noodle in the north and the steamed buns with white flour in the south have their own characteristics in both shape and taste. Of course, Lamian Noodles, one of Shanxi's four famous faces, is appreciated by people, with his sharp face, his small face and his small face. Among them, the penetration rate of picking tips is the highest, especially in Pingchuan, Jinzhong, where almost every peasant woman can pick tips with one hand. Miscellaneous noodles can be selected with the same thickness and length; White flour can be long or short, thick or thin. Thick is hollow and soft, thin is smooth and slippery. In Lamian Noodles, peasant women are known as "Little Lamian Noodles", which can be painted in various shapes such as width, roundness, thickness and even triangle. It is such a single pasta (especially in the old society where materials were scarce) that has become so colorful in the hands of hardworking and intelligent peasant women! By cooking, steaming, frying, baking and other means, the tedious housework has been turned into poetic labor, or poetic labor, which makes you sincerely admire: these aunts on the loess slope!

Shanxi people like soup and rice for a long time. Except for some places in the south of Shanxi, most of them live like this. Residents in Changzhi area have met each other in the community so far, and they will first ask, "Have you been drinking?" Most parts of Shanxi have been dry and windy for many years. The people "work at sunrise and rest at sunset" and are naked. The so-called "facing the loess and facing the sky" and "the beads of sweat fall off eight petals" are hard, and there are few conditions for drinking water and tea. Eating depends on soup. Moreover, Shanxi people used to eat very little food, all of which were salt and vinegar. The taste was obviously partial and they needed a lot of water physically, which formed the custom of drinking soup. In the daily recipes of Shanxi residents, soup and rice have the most kinds and the most exquisite eating methods. The low-grade can satisfy people's appetite, the middle-grade can entertain ordinary guests, and the high-grade is the best soup in the high-grade banquet. For example, the three-in-one tip, the three-in-one tadpole and the assorted hollow soup in Jinzhong area are all exquisite soup rice. There is a saying in Shanxi folk; "Drink soup first, and you won't get hurt all your life." It is a "dietary norm" for many residents to drink soup and rice before eating dry rice. This is very reasonable from a health point of view. Eating steamed stuffed buns, cakes and other dry food, most people have to cook rice soup or noodle soup, and families with conditions have to cook soup such as camellia oleifera. Drinking noodle soup after eating noodles is the most prominent eating habit of Shanxi residents. "Drink the original pot soup and melt the original pot dishes" is said to be the old adage of traditional diet. Many farmers have passed it down from generation to generation, and this custom has been maintained to this day. If you have a chance to visit Shanxi people, the housewife will definitely bring you a bowl of noodle soup after you have had enough to eat, and please come and melt the original dish with the original soup. This is not a bad habit, but it is also quite scientific.

I like salt and vinegar, and I also like spicy food.

Shanxi folk love the habit of eating salt and vinegar, which has a long history and a wide geographical area. This is directly related to the local soil and water characteristics, natural climate and the living conditions of most people who are mainly miscellaneous grains. For example, the poor watch is seasoned with salt and vinegar; After hard work, the body needs a lot of salt. As we all know, vinegar is widely used in Shanxi folk meals. Shanxi is "hard in water", that is, it is strong in alkalinity. Shanxi people are mainly coarse grains, such as sorghum and oatmeal, which are not easy to digest and need vinegar to neutralize and help digestion. A Shanxi native, who can eat until he dies, must at least eat 150 ~ 200 Jin of vinegar. No wonder outsiders call Shanxi people "old acyl". Shanxi people can't eat noodles, make stuffing and cook without vinegar. Reconciliation must be vinegar-colored, and food must be vinegar-scented. Otherwise, it's not a good meal and it doesn't taste good. As long as you look at the vinegar utensils, bottles, jars and bowls that ordinary farmers must have on the table, you will know the role of vinegar in the diet of Jin people. Mountain residents also have the habit of pickling sauerkraut soup instead of vinegar. In old China, people in mountainous areas couldn't even afford salt and vinegar! The food mixed with this sour soup has a special taste. In the vast rural areas of Shanxi, almost every family has a set of experience in making vinegar, and there are one or two vats for making vinegar in the yard. Sorghum vinegar is brewed in Pingchuan area, while rice vinegar, jujube vinegar, persimmon vinegar vinegar and seabuckthorn vinegar are brewed by mountain residents, each with its own unique flavor. Vinegar is used to blend meals or cook dishes, which has high nutritional value and certain therapeutic effect. Almost all parts of Shanxi have their own famous vinegar, among which "Shanxi mature vinegar" has the best taste and can be called a good seasoning. Shanxi folk also use a lot of salt in their daily diet. In the past, many farmers used small salt to bibimbap, paying attention to "showing salt". There is a folk saying that "salty and fragrant, no salt and no fragrance", and there is a folk saying that "a clever tongue is inseparable from money, and five flavors cannot be reconciled without salt." People value salt. Like vinegar utensils, every family table is equipped with salt utensils, which is convenient for diners to adjust their meals at any time. Shanxi folk like to eat heavy-flavored food, which is also reflected in the side dishes. On the table of ordinary farmers, there are often one or two pickles or sauerkraut to accompany the meal. In a family of four or five people, it is common to eat one or two large pieces of pickles or five or six pickled cucumbers at a meal. Sauerkraut should be mixed in a whole basin. As a "topping", some places even combine it with rice, which is a special dietary custom. In the past, there were no fresh vegetables in winter and spring, and there was no means to keep them fresh. All the dishes are served with pickles and sauerkraut. In many places, there is a saying that "MC Davi lives on food and pickles drag on", which reflects the hardships and helplessness of Shanxi people in the past. All kinds of pickles and sauerkraut are almost necessities for Shanxi people all the year round. Pickled kohlrabi in Yuci, Taigu, Qixian and other places, bean sprouts in Pingding, old pickles in Dingxiang, sweet shredded vegetables in Changzhi, pickles in Taiyuan and pickled jade melons in Linyi are all famous pickles. After 1950s, small salt was gradually replaced by lake salt and sea salt, and people's habit of eating small salt began to change. But the habit of Shanxi people eating "heavy" food has not changed much so far.

In addition to salt and vinegar, local residents also have considerable demand for spicy food. People have always regarded green onions, leeks, peppers, garlic, peppers and even ginger as essential side dishes and cooking condiments. Wealthy families pickled white garlic and green peppers into pickles to accompany meals, which residents call "fine pickles". This is also delicious for friends and relatives. Residents in north-central China have the habit of eating directly with green onions and garlic. It is more common to chop up peppers and eat them with salt and vinegar. In some places, even every meal is inseparable from Chili noodles, which are mixed with salt to make side dishes. Eating spicy food is very common in southern Shanxi, and residents in Pingyao, Jiexiu, Lingshi and Fenyang are in Jinzhong area. Among the spicy foods in Shanxi, the best quality are Jincheng Bagong green onion, Yingxian Xiaoshikou garlic, Daixian pepper, Hejin, Linfen leek, Pingshun and Yuxian pepper. Ginger is generally imported from other places, and the demand of the people is also quite large.

Merchants "cook a meal" and strive for perfection.

When it comes to eating habits, we have to mention the unique "Fan Zhuang" of Shanxi merchants. Shanxi merchants have a special position in the development of capitalism in China. They changed from merchants to merchants, from closed operation to joint monopoly operation, and from pure merchants to banks specializing in finance, reflecting the track of economic evolution in the late feudal period. Through these active events, we can get a glimpse of their distinctive traditional habits and cultural characteristics.

In addition to folk eating habits, Shanxi merchants also have their own unique eating habits. Especially for big businessmen, every meal pays attention to the combination of dry and wet, the combination of meat and vegetables, and the staple food is mainly pasta. Cooked (including baking, baking), steamed, boiled and fried pasta, from modeling to design and even flavor, have reached the level of perfection. The Cao family in Taigu county, the Qu family in Qixian county, the Qiao family in Pingyao county, the Lei family and other big businessmen, every meal seems to be a banquet, and it is common for a table of rice to cost dozens of taels of silver. Even the side dishes of morning and evening meals should choose authentic well-known brands; Sour, spicy, salty and sweet require pure and unique flavor; Choose delicacies and delicacies; "Eight cold and eight heat" changes with time. Chefs should employ local famous teachers, including the head chef and the second chef, with a clear division of labor, such as meat case, noodle case and vegetable case, as well as special frying spoons, serving dishes (that is, holding seats), pouring wine, holding spittoons, handing towels and mouthwash. , exquisite degree as butler. No wonder there is a folk saying that "the rich family has a meal and the poor family has a meal for half a year". There is also a saying in Taigu that "there is a paradise mansion on the top, and there is a' access to five' on the bottom (Taigu North Village Cao Shi General Business Organization is located in this county)", which means that the eating and drinking of' access to five' can rival the life of immortals in heaven. There are more than 600 cooks in Cao Shi's family, who cater to delicious food and are distributed in businesses all over the country. There are also more than 100 people who specialize in purchasing famous wines and dishes all over the country, not including those who are preparing for part-time jobs. Sichuan-Guangzhou famous dishes, Northeast Ginseng, Tianjin-Shanghai seafood and local delicacies are all available. There are often high-grade nutritious dishes such as bear's paw, deer tendon, Hericium erinaceus, bird's nest, lotus seeds and lilies on the dining table, as well as various traditional pasta, and the level of "Fan Zhuang" can be imagined. These profligacy not only reflects their pride in financial management, but also reflects their rebellious compensation mentality in the commercial struggle under the strong pressure of feudal economy and foreign capital forces.

The food system and unique customs in my hometown.

The ancients usually had two meals a day, namely, morning food (also known as food) and food (also known as food), which was in line with the ancient labor system of "working at sunrise and resting in the day" and the lack of food sources at that time. This food system has been maintained in many areas of Shanxi. However, due to different regions and seasons, there are differences. Northern residents have always followed the traditional diet system of "three meals in summer and autumn, two meals in winter and spring". "Shanxi Tongzhi" has a record of "feeding in winter and spring, two meals a day", which is about this kind of diet system. Only in summer and autumn, because of the busy farming, it was changed to three meals. In some places in the south and southeast of Shanxi, people have the habit of eating four or five meals a day. During the busy farming season, many rural areas are used to sending rice to the fields, or taking dry food to eat when resting in the fields, which is commonly known as "pinching" among the people. Rural residents also have the habit of taking meals to parties in the streets when the weather is warm. The formation of this custom is probably related to the long-term occlusion of rural information and the monotonous cultural life of farmers. The villagers used the opportunity of eating to get together, and while eating, they talked about their home affairs. Some of them exchanged experiences in planting and breeding, while others spread current news. In the cold season, farmers eat on the kang on their legs, with their elders in the middle, children sitting on both sides and daughter-in-law sitting next to them, which is convenient for rice and vegetables. In a restaurant, if you put chopsticks horizontally in a bowl, it means you are full. Put it on the table or hold it in your hand, which means you need more rice. The housewife asked, "Is it enough?" Or "Do you still want to eat?" Instead of asking, "Do you want it?" Answer "another half bowl", "a little more", or "I'm full" or "I'm finished", but I'm afraid to answer "I'm full" or "I'm not eating". Eating in a scholarly family is another scene: no matter spring, summer, autumn and winter, three meals a year are eclipsed, and eating in the street is not allowed. The whole family is sitting together, and the children are orderly. Men and women are different, and they are in their places. It is not allowed to violate the law.

When eating, strictly abide by the old adage of "eat without words", and don't throw rice and noodles on the table. Big armour, giant businessmen, master and servant have strict boundaries, and dining is another rule. The host and hostess eat separately and generally don't eat with others. The footman served plates and bowls, and the maid waited on them. Wine before food, meat before vegetables, salty before sweet, soup after meals, what to serve first, and even the location of the dishes are all stipulated. Servants, servants start a new cooker, eat more coarse tea and light rice, or squat down to eat, or eat on the floor

After the 1950s, the diet system of the whole country has changed. The overlapping of three meals has become a routine, and it is becoming more and more common for a family to eat around the table. Most rural residents still have the habit of eating in the street with bowls in summer and autumn.

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