What's the difference between Shenzhou V, Shenzhou VI and Shenzhou VII?

Shenzhou spaceship is a satellite spacecraft developed by People's Republic of China (PRC). The spacecraft consists of propulsion module, return module, orbital module and additional parts, with a total length of 8.86 meters and a total weight of 7790 kilograms.

The orbital module of the spacecraft is located at the front end of the spacecraft, which is cylindrical, with cone angles at both ends, and solar cell arrays, solar sensors, antennas and docking mechanisms are installed on both sides. Orbital module is the living module, test module and cargo module of astronauts during their in-orbit flight. The orbital module has the ability to keep the orbit and can work continuously in orbit for more than half a year. The orbital module launched last time can rendezvous and dock with the next spacecraft, which saves the number of rendezvous and docking launches and reduces the overall cost of manned space program.

The spacecraft's return capsule is located in the middle of the spacecraft, with a large blunt inverted cone, a diameter of 2.5 meters and a space of about 6 cubic meters, which can accommodate three astronauts. It is the spacecraft with the largest available space in the world at present.

The propulsion cabin of the spacecraft is located at the tail of the spacecraft, and its shape is cylindrical. It is equipped with four main engines and translation engines, and more than 20 square meters of main solar arrays are installed on both sides. The propulsion module is mainly used for attitude control, orbit change and braking of spacecraft.

The shape of the spacecraft's return capsule is designed according to some lifting body, and the spacecraft adopts lift reentry mode. The spacecraft adopts the dome parachute recovery scheme, and the parachute area is1200m2, making it the largest parachute in the world.

/html/ 1999/ 1 1/2 1/a 1999 1 12 1 _ 0 1 . htm

About Shenzhou VI:

1, the weight of the spacecraft

The take-off weight of the rocket is 479 tons, the weight of the rocket and spacecraft is about 44 tons, and the rest is liquid propellant. So rockets are 90% liquid, which is greater than the water content of human body.

The spacecraft weighs more than 8 tons, accounting for 62% of the take-off weight of the ship-arrow combination: to put one kilogram of things into orbit, it will take 62 kilograms of rocket weight. Shenzhou VI spacecraft is heavier than Shenzhou V, so the rocket that launched Shenzhou VI is much heavier.

2. Track height

After the orbit was changed into a circular orbit, Shenzhou V and Shenzhou VI were all in the orbit with a height of 343 kilometers. The flight speed in orbit is 7.820185 km/s/s.

3, the temperature of the spacecraft

Fan Hanlin, chief designer of the thermal control subsystem of manned spaceflight project, said: During the flight of the spacecraft, the outdoor temperature on the sunny side exceeded 100 degrees Celsius, and the temperature on the back side was MINUS 100 degrees Celsius. The cabin temperature is automatically controlled at 17 to 25 degrees Celsius, and astronauts can also adjust it manually. The relative humidity is controlled between 30% and 70%.

When the spacecraft returns, the speed is very fast, and the temperature generated by friction with the atmosphere reaches above 1600 degrees, while the interior of the spacecraft should be kept above 20 degrees.

4. Why did the debris fall when the spacecraft was launched?

When the rocket lifted the spacecraft off the launch tower, some debris kept falling from the rocket body. Why is this?

Li Fuchang, deputy director of the Science and Technology Committee of China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, said that this is a measure for rocket insulation. In order to prevent the temperature of rocket propellant from being too high or too low, some thermal insulation foam materials were pasted on some parts of the rocket body. When the rocket was launched, it was fast and windy, and some foam materials fell, which had no effect on the success of the rocket launch.

5. Why did the order to go to the track come from Qingdao Railway Station?

Experts explained that the observation conditions, observation angles and equipment control conditions of TT&C station in Qingdao are the best among all TT&C stations in the process of separating the ship and the arrow and entering the orbit after ignition. Sending instructions to orbit in Qingdao can meet the receiving conditions of the spacecraft to the greatest extent. At the same time, Qingdao TT&C station is the last TT&C station in the ascent of Shenzhou VI. If we don't send orbit instructions here, we will delay the opportunity.

6. Why did you choose the launch angle of 42.4 degrees?

The ascent flight time of Shenzhou VI spacecraft was 583.828 seconds, and the spacecraft was sent into an elliptical orbit with a rake angle of 42.4 degrees. Why choose 42.4 degrees?

Xi Zheng, director of Beijing Aerospace Control Center, said that you will find that our landing site is around 42.4 degrees. In this way, every time the spacecraft passes through 42.4 degrees, it passes through the landing site, so that the spacecraft has at least one chance to return every day. If the accuracy of the landing site is not very high, we may have two or three return flights every day.

7. Why did shenzhou spaceship change track?

When the Shenzhou VI spacecraft flew to the fifth lap, it changed from elliptical orbit to nearly circular orbit under the control of the ground command and control center. Why change the track?

According to Dr. Liu Yingchun, an expert in spacecraft orbit calculation, shenzhou spaceship separated from the rocket and entered the scheduled orbit at an altitude of about 250 kilometers. However, because the spacecraft still maintained a high flight speed at this time, it did not run in a circular orbit with a height of 250 kilometers, but in an elliptical orbit with a perigee of 350 kilometers to an apogee.

"The reason why the spacecraft has to change its orbit is mainly for autonomous emergency return." Liu Yingchun said. After the spacecraft turned into circular orbit, the trajectories of the first day, the third day and the fifth day were basically repeated. According to the design scheme, in this case, it is convenient for the spacecraft to return to the main landing site. At the same time, the autonomous emergency return scheme of circular orbit is more convenient to design than that of elliptical orbit.

8. Acceleration during the launch of Shenzhou VI.

It is said on TV that it is about 4 G, and it is 8 G when astronauts train.

Shenzhou-1: It was born.

1999165438+1At 6: 30: 7 on October 20th, China's first unmanned experimental spacecraft Shenzhou-1 was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. After completing the scheduled scientific experiment, Chinese people successfully landed in central Inner Mongolia on1October 2 1 3: 4/day11,and successfully achieved a major breakthrough in the round-trip between heaven and earth! Flight time/laps: 2 1 hour1minute/14 laps.

In the cockpit of Shenzhou-1 spacecraft, there is a male simulator, about 1.70 meters tall and wearing a spacesuit. This simulator is a sensor, which is used to collect the temperature, humidity, oxygen and other test data of the return capsule in space.

Articles to carry: 1. National flag, National Flag of the People's Republic of China, regional flag of the macao special administrative region and Olympic flag; Second, various stamps and souvenir covers; Third, the seeds of crops such as green pepper, watermelon, corn and barley, and seeds of Chinese herbal medicines such as licorice and isatis root are about 10g.

1992, manned spaceflight project was included in the national plan. With the strong cooperation of all relevant departments and scientific and technological personnel in China, it took only seven years for aerospace scientific and technological personnel to overcome three technical problems in manned space flight, namely, they successfully developed a high-reliability high-thrust rocket, mastered the safe return technology of manned spacecraft, and built a good manned space life support system.

"Our spacecraft was launched 40 years later than the United States and the Soviet Union, but the technical level of the spacecraft should be equivalent to their current level. To reflect technological progress, we must not copy it and catch up. " Wang Yongzhi said.

In just 78 years, China astronauts have completed the road that developed countries have traveled for 30 or 40 years.

The launch of China's first unmanned shenzhou spaceship opened a new chapter in the development of manned space technology in China.

Shenzhou II: A New Appearance

Although Shenzhou II is the second unmanned spacecraft, it is the first full-scale spacecraft in China, which can also be said to be the "most complete version" of manned spacecraft, and its technical status is basically the same as that when manned.

200111010/:003 seconds, the Shenzhou II spacecraft was launched. 65438+1October 16 returned safely in the central part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region at 7: 22 pm. Flight time/laps: 6 days 18 hours/108 laps.

Experiments in the fields of space life science, space materials, space astronomy and physics were carried out in microgravity environment for the first time in China, including: crystal growth of semiconductor photoelectric materials, oxide crystals, metal alloys and other materials; Protein and other biomacromolecules grow in space crystals. Experiments on the spatial environmental effects of plants, animals, aquatic organisms, microorganisms and isolated cells and tissues were carried out. The technical state of the spacecraft is basically the same as that of the manned spacecraft.

An American newspaper commented that with the successful launch of the Shenzhou II spacecraft by China on 200 1, 1, "China's ancient dream of flying will not only be a legend, but Chinese astronauts will be closer to heaven."

Shenzhou III and IV: Perseverance

On the fourth day of the Shenzhou-3 spacecraft product, there was a problem that the signal of the spacecraft cabin socket was not conductive. Decision-makers make a decisive decision: the progress obeys the quality and the launch is postponed!

When more than 3000 contacts in the cabin were all connected, Shenzhou III spacecraft was launched at 22: 15 on March 25th, 2002. April 2002 1, returned to the central area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, flying for 6 days 18 hours/108 laps.

Carrying items: black eggs in a dormant state; There are 44 public payloads 10 for space experiments, including: cirrus detector, medium resolution imaging spectrometer, earth radiation budget meter, solar ultraviolet spectrum monitor, solar constant monitor, atmospheric density detector, atmospheric composition detector, spacecraft orbital module window assembly, cell bioreactor, multi-task space crystal growth furnace, space protein crystallization device, solid track detector, microgravity measuring instrument and payload public equipment. According to reports, the microgravity measuring instrument and the return capsule payload public equipment are participating in the spacecraft test for the third time; The space protein crystallization device, multi-mission space crystal growth furnace and orbital module payload sharing equipment are the second time to participate in the spacecraft test; The rest of the equipment was tested in space for the first time.

The experimental results show that the spacecraft is equipped with human metabolism simulator, anthropomorphic physiological signal equipment and human dummy, which can quantitatively simulate the important physiological activity parameters of astronauts' breathing and blood circulation. The orbital module stayed in space orbit for more than 180 days and worked normally. The scheduled test objectives were all achieved and the test was a complete success!

Nine months later, at 0: 40 on February 30, 2002, 65438+ and Shenzhou IV were successfully launched under cold conditions. 20031October 5 19: 00 and returned safely in the central part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Break through the historical record of low temperature launch in China! Flight time/laps: 6 days 18 hours/108 laps.

Carry-on items: Except for the atmospheric composition detector and other 19 pieces of equipment that have participated in the previous flight test, 33 pieces of scientific research equipment, such as other space cell electrofusion instruments, will "go to heaven" for the first time. Two pairs of "cell space weddings" that have been prepared for 10 years will also be held on the spacecraft. One pair of animal cell "newcomers" are B lymphocytes and myeloma cells, and the other pair is plant cell "newcomers"-tobacco protoplast of Huanghua and tobacco protoplast of Innovation No.1.. Experts say that under microgravity conditions, the gravity settlement of cells in the fusion solution will disappear, which is more conducive to the "intimate action" of cell pairing and fusion. This study will explore new methods for aerospace pharmacy.

Unprecedented continuous low temperature weather: -28℃, which is 8℃ lower than the minimum emission temperature of -20℃ stipulated in the launch outline! 1986 65438+1On October 28th, the American space shuttle Challenger crashed because an O-ring rubber seal failed due to low temperature deformation!

After sufficient experimental data demonstration and meteorological consultation, experts selected a better window and adjusted the launch process. In severe cold, participants wrapped the key parts of the rocket with 149 pieces of warm-keeping articles, and kept blowing hot air until 15 minutes before launch.

The successful launch of Shenzhou III and Shenzhou IV in the fully manned state indicates that the day when China people can reach the moon is not far away.

Shenzhou 5: China's dream

History will remember that moment: at 9: 00 on June 5, 2003, 10, China successfully launched its first manned spacecraft-Shenzhou 5! 10 at 6: 28 on June 6th, 16 returned safely in Gulang grassland area, A Mu, Central Inner Mongolia, and the distance from the landing site was only 4.8km.. Flight time/laps: 2 1 hour/14 laps.

Articles carried: In addition to Yang Liwei, the first man in manned space flight in China, the return capsule of Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft also carried a special flag of China, the flag of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, the United Nations flag, samples of major currencies of RMB, stamps commemorating China's first manned space flight, a souvenir cover of China's manned space flight project and crop seeds from Taiwan Province Province, the treasure island of the motherland.

The 2 1 hour 23-minute space trip marks that China has become the third country in the world to independently carry out manned space activities after the former Soviet Union, Russia and the United States.

At this moment, it has been 3 years and 329 days since the launch of China's first experimental spacecraft, and only 1 1 year and 25 days since the establishment of China's manned spaceflight project.

Before launching manned spacecraft, the former Soviet Union conducted five unmanned spacecraft launch tests and the United States conducted eight unmanned spacecraft launch tests. After four flight tests, shenzhou spaceship of China successfully sent a man into space. The successful launch and landing of the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft marked a historic breakthrough in China's manned spaceflight project.

However, in the last round of ground test before Shenzhou 5 spacecraft entered the site, it was found that the buffer mechanism of the return cabin seat could not fully meet the requirements of buffer engine backup ... After 70 days, the scientific and technical personnel solved the problem that it would take half a year to solve at normal speed.

"It took us 10 years to accomplish a great historical task. This is an important milestone in China's space history and a major contribution made by China to the peaceful use of space. " Luan Enjie, former director of the National Space Administration, said