Arrangement of geography knowledge points in senior one.

# Senior One # Introduction Life should dare to understand challenges. Only those who can stand the challenge can understand the extraordinary meaning of life, realize infinite self-transcendence and create eternal value. The following is the "Arrangement of Geography Knowledge Points in Senior One" compiled by Senior One Channel for you. I hope you will live up to your time, work hard and come on!

one

First, the examination content analysis

1, the composition of the atmosphere and the role of major components, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone and solid impurities.

The composition of the lower atmosphere: clean air with stable proportion (mainly oxygen and nitrogen), unstable water vapor and solid impurities.

Nitrogen-the basic component of organisms

Oxygen-a necessary substance for life activities

Carbon dioxide-the raw material of photosynthesis; Thermal insulation function

Ozone, the umbrella of life on earth, absorbs ultraviolet rays.

The formation of water vapor and solid impurities-clouds leads to rain; Impurities: condensed nuclei

2. The vertical stratification of the atmosphere and the influence of each layer on human activities.

Relationship between other characteristics of airflow and people.

The higher the troposphere, the lower it is. Convection accounts for 3/4 of the atmospheric mass. Water vapor and dust; Inconsistent weather phenomena at different latitudes

The higher the stratosphere, the higher the advection and high-altitude flight; The existence of ozone layer

There is ionosphere in the upper atmosphere (radio communication; Solar activity interferes with short-wave communication

3. Atmospheric heating process

(1) Basic energy source: solar radiation (wavelength range of various radiation and the essence of solar radiation-short wave radiation).

(2) the heating process of the atmosphere (thermal effect of the atmosphere)-the sun heats the earth and the earth heats the atmosphere.

Weakening effect of atmosphere on solar radiation: three forms and their respective phenomena (with examples)

The main reason affecting the weakening degree is the solar altitude angle (the weakening degree is different at different latitudes)

Thermal insulation of the ground atmosphere;

Understand ground radiation (infrared long-wave radiation); Atmospheric radiation (infrared long-wave radiation)

The process of heat preservation: the atmosphere strongly absorbs long-wave radiation from the ground; Atmospheric inverse radiation returns heat to the ground (diagrams and examples-such as frost occurrence time; Comparison of daily temperature difference)

The significance of heat preservation: reducing the daily variation of temperature; Ensure the appropriate temperature of the earth; Maintain global heat balance

4. Causes of vertical and horizontal motion of the atmosphere.

(1) The fundamental cause of atmospheric motion: uneven cold and hot (between latitudes; Between land and sea)

(2) the form of atmospheric movement:

The simplest form: thermal cycle (diagram and explanation); Example: suburban wind; Sea-land wind; The main reason of monsoon

Decomposition of thermal cycle: vertical motion of atmosphere caused by uneven cooling and heating

Horizontal air pressure difference

Horizontal airflow flows from high pressure to low pressure.

Horizontal motion of the atmosphere (wind):

The root cause of wind: uneven heat and cold

The direct cause of wind formation: horizontal pressure difference (or horizontal pressure gradient force)

Three forces affecting wind: horizontal pressure gradient force; Geostrophic deflection; surface friction

Determination of wind direction: 1 force wind (theoretical wind)-perpendicular to isobar, with high pressure pointing to low pressure. Level 2 wind (high altitude wind)-parallel to the isobar, north to the right, south to the left. 3 force wind (actual ground wind)-oblique to the isobar, north to the right, south to the left.

Pay attention to the wind direction map of a certain point in the actual ground pressure field in the northern hemisphere.

5. Three-circle circulation and the formation of pressure zone and wind zone

(1) No rotation, uniform surface-single cycle (thermal cycle)

(2) Rotation, uniform surface-three-circle circulation

(3) Composition of three-circle circulation: 0-30 low latitude circulation; 30-60 mid-latitude circulation; 60-90 high latitude circulation

Formation of seven kinds of air pressures and six kinds of winds on the ground: an ideal model of zonal distribution

Wet and dry conditions in each pressure zone (low pressure and low humidity; High pressure drying)

Wind direction and dry and wet conditions in each wind area (trade winds are generally dry; The west wind is wet)

Polar front: close to 60 degrees, formed by the meeting of prevailing westerly winds and polar easterly winds.

The pressure zone and wind zone move with the seasonal north-south movement of the direct point of the sun.

(4) Influence of land and sea distribution on pressure area and wind area: actual surface conditions (blocky)

The most important influence: the temperature difference between land and sea.

Performance (Atmospheric Activity Center):

July (summer) in the northern hemisphere: Eurasian continent-Asian depression; Pacific upper high

Northern hemisphere 65438+ 10 month (winter): Eurasian continent-Asian high; Pacific high and low pressure

(5) Monsoon circulation (note the chart)

Conceptual understanding: it is an integral part of global atmospheric circulation; East Asian monsoon is the most typical.

The causes of monsoon:

The main reason-the thermal difference between land and sea (can explain the winter and summer monsoon in East Asia; Winter winds in South Asia)

The cause of the South Asian summer monsoon-the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere moves northward across the equator and turns right to the southwest wind (or simply: the seasonal movement of the pressure belt and wind belt)

The influence of monsoon: the characteristics of monsoon: the same period of rain and heat; The precipitation season changes greatly, which is prone to drought and flood disasters.

Two monsoon climates in East Asia and their respective distribution areas (bounded by Qinhuai line); Their respective climatic characteristics

-temperate monsoon climate: the monsoon area north of Qinhuai; Winter is dry and cold; Summer hot and humid

-* Monsoon climate: the monsoon region south of Qinhuai; Winter is mild with little rain; Summer hot and humid

-The two monsoon climates in East Asia have the same Xia Feng direction in winter and the same causes.

-Pay attention to the distribution of air pollution enterprises in the industrial layout of cities in the monsoon region. Tropical monsoon climate in South Asia;

-The monsoon region with high temperature all year round and alternating dry season (controlled by northeast monsoon) and rainy season (controlled by southwest monsoon) is the main distribution area of rice planting in the world.

-Monsoon climate zones in East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia and tropical rain forest climate zones in Southeast Asia.

6. The relationship between atmospheric circulation and water and heat transport is a generalization of atmospheric circulation.

(1) global atmospheric circulation;

It promotes the exchange of heat and water vapor between high and low latitudes and between land and ocean;

Adjust the global distribution of water and heat;

It is an important factor in weather change and climate formation in various places.

(2) The causes of several important climates:

Mediterranean climate:

The west coast of the continent between 30 and 40 north latitude; Winter is controlled by the west wind, warm and humid; Summer is controlled by subtropical high, which is dry and hot.

Tropical grassland climate:

North and south latitudes 10-20 degrees; The annual high temperature is controlled by equatorial low pressure in rainy season and by trade winds in dry season.

Temperate maritime climate:

The west coast of the continent between 40 and 60 north latitude; Controlled by the west wind all year round, the climate is warm and humid.

Tropical rain forest climate:

Near the equator; Hot and humid all year round, controlled by equatorial low pressure all year round.

Three monsoon climates: (see above analysis)

7. Features of weather systems such as fronts, low pressure and high pressure.

Frontal system

An example of a frontal graphic symbol, indicating the position of weather and precipitation before crossing the border.

Cold front warm air mass control: sunny; The cold wave in winter passes through low pressure, cloudy day, rain, strong wind and cooling front; Summer rainstorm in northern China

Warm front cold air mass control: sunny; High pressure continuous precipitation front

Low pressure (cyclone) and high pressure (anticyclone) systems

Air pressure: high pressure and low pressure

Airflow: cyclone and anticyclone

Figure: will judge; You can draw the wind direction

Examples of central air pressure, horizontal airflow direction, vertical airflow direction, central weather conditions, and other influences.

The cyclone is low in the north and reversed in the south, rainy in the upward direction, and the Asian low pressure forms a front along the trough line.

The anticyclone is high in the south and sunny in the north.

Frontal cyclone (important! )

Requirements: Identify each weather system on the map;

Weather system control and weather phenomena in different places

8, geographical location, atmospheric circulation, topography and other factors on the climate.

8- 1 Analysis of climatic factors

geographical position

A latitude position: determining solar radiation-the most basic cause of climate difference-determining heat or temperature.

B. land and sea locations:

Such as temperate maritime climate and temperate continental climate; The maritime climate has small temperature difference and high humidity; Continental converse

The formation of monsoon climate on the east coast of the mainland is due to the difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

Atmospheric circulation (pressure area and wind area)

Features: dual nature-water and heat exchange between different latitudes and land and sea; Directly control the climate characteristics (hydrothermal conditions) of a place.

Bottom surface (surface condition); Direct heat source and water source of recent surface atmosphere

Other factors affecting climate: human activities, ocean currents (cold current cooling and dehumidification; Warm current heating and humidification)

8-2 Climate Types

Climate characteristics (temperature and precipitation map can be judged; Will be described)

Climate elements: temperature, precipitation.

Tropical climate is defined by the temperature zone-the monthly average temperature is above 15 degrees.

The monthly average minimum temperature is 0- 15 degrees, which is a zonal climate.

The monthly minimum temperature is below 0, with temperate climate (except temperate maritime climate).

According to the water shape-tropical climate can be divided into four types:

Tropical rain forest climate: rainy all year round;

Tropical desert climate: drought all year round;

Tropical monsoon climate: dry season and rainy season.

Tropical grassland climate: dry season and rainy season.

-* belt climate is divided into two types:

* Monsoon climate: rain and heat are in the same period.

* Mediterranean climate: rainy in winter and dry in summer.

-Temperate climate can be divided into three types:

Temperate monsoon climate: rain and heat at the same time

Temperate continental climate: little rain all year round.

Temperate maritime climate: rainy all year round.

Climatic reasons

Causes of Monsoon Climate: Three Monsoon Climate

The pressure zone and wind zone alternately control the climate;

Mediterranean climate (subtropical high and west wind); Tropical grassland climate (trade winds and equatorial depression)

Single pressure belt and wind belt control climate;

Tropical rain forest climate (equatorial depression); Temperate maritime climate (west wind)

Climate distribution

Climate on the East Coast of the Mainland: Three Monsoon Climate

The climate on the west coast of the mainland: Mediterranean climate, temperate maritime climate.

Intracontinental climate: temperate continental climate.

9. Causes and harm of global greenhouse effect, ozone layer destruction and acid rain.

Causes and countermeasures of pollution hazards

Burning fossil fuels will destroy forests, especially tropical forests. Carbon dioxide sea level rises (why? ) poses a direct threat to coastal lowlands, causing changes in precipitation and dry and wet conditions in various regions, which in turn leads to changes in the economic structure of countries around the world (specific performance? ) improve energy efficiency and adopt new energy sources; Strive to strengthen international cooperation; afforest

The use of ozone-depleting substances such as refrigeration equipment and the increase of solar ultraviolet radiation such as chlorofluorocarbons directly endanger human health; Global cooperation to destroy the ecological environment, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery and reduce the emission of ozone-depleting substances; Actively develop new refrigeration systems

Acid rain burns fossil fuels (mainly coal); Acidification of acid gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted by automobile exhaust affects the growth and even death of fish; Acidizing soil, endangering forest and crop growth; The most fundamental way to corrode buildings and cultural relics and endanger human health is to reduce the emissions of man-made sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides-study the comprehensive development and utilization of sulfur resources in coal (such as clean coal technology; Clean combustion technology; Waste gas reuse) burning low sulfur coal or other clean energy.

two

First, the examination content analysis:

Man's understanding of the universe is deepening.

The universe is material and moving.

The existing form of matter in the universe: celestial bodies (such as stars, etc. ; And interstellar gas and dust)

Gravitation and rotation between celestial bodies: celestial system

The hierarchy of celestial bodies: Earth-Moon System-Solar System-Galaxy-General Galaxy.

Extragalactic galaxy-total galaxy

The earth is an ordinary and special planet in the solar system, the cosmic environment of the earth and the reason for the existence of life on the earth.

Map of the solar system: classification of the nine planets according to their structural characteristics and their members (universality of the earth)

The location of the asteroid belt

comet

Central celestial body: the sun (mass)

The reason for the existence of life on the earth (the particularity of the earth)

The causes of the cosmic environment: the nine planets go their own way and do not interfere with each other; The sunlight is stable.

Earth's own reasons: the distance between the sun and the earth is appropriate; Suitable volume and quality

The energy source of the sun and its great influence on the earth

Source: nuclear fusion in the center of the sun

Impact: it is the main driving force of water, atmosphere and biological circulation in nature; Energy sources for production and life (solar energy and fossil fuels)

The Influence of Sunspots and Flares on the Earth

Comparison of solar activity types in the solar atmosphere and its influence on the earth

The number and size of sunspots in the photosphere is a sign of solar activity intensity. The correlation between climate, precipitation and sunspot number interferes with the ionosphere, short-wave communication, the earth's magnetic field and magnetic storms.

Chromosphere flare shows strong solar activity; But they often appear together, and the activity cycle is 1 1 year.

The direction and period of the earth's rotation

Rotation direction: from east to west; The north pole is counterclockwise; Antarctic clockwise

Period: 1 sidereal day.

The reason of day and night alternation and local time-one of the phenomena produced by the earth's rotation, the second.

Alternate day and night

The meaning and position of the termination line.

The concept of solar height: the solar height in the solar hemisphere and the night hemisphere? Sun height on the termination line =0.

The cycle and significance of day and night alternation: 1 solar day (24 hours)

Different longitudes have different local time.

Rotation from west to east: local time is early in the east and late in the west; Every longitude 15, the local time difference is 1 hour.

Influence of geostrophic deviatoric force on horizontal moving objects on the surface-the third phenomenon produced by the earth's rotation

Left deviation of the southern hemisphere; Right deviation in the northern hemisphere; Equatorial unbiased

Impact: wind direction; Ocean current; Scouring and sediment deposition on both sides of the river

Direction, orbit, period and intersection angle of the earth's revolution

Rotation direction: same as rotation direction.

Orbit of revolution: an ellipse close to a perfect circle; Location and approximate date of perihelion and apohelion

Period: 1 sidereal year

The change of speed: perihelion is the fastest; Apohelion is the slowest.

The intersection of yellow and red (reflecting the relationship between rotation and revolution)

Attach importance to the three-dimensional diagram and plan of the intersection of the yellow river and the pond;

Understand the important points, lines, surfaces, angles and their relationships on the map, and ask to be able to draw and describe them.

Earth axis, termination line, equatorial plane, ecliptic plane, tropic of cancer, south arctic circle, direct sunlight (point).

Relationship between declination angle and inclination angle of earth axis.

Influence of Yellow-Red Intersection Angle: Movement of Direct Solar Point on the Surface —— Temporal Distribution of Solar Radiation on the Surface

Make clear the movement law and period of the direct point of the sun:-take 1 tropic year as the period, and return to the north and south.

Move back and forth between the lines (there is a straight shot on the line; There are two straight shots between the lines)

What changes in the range of five zones will be caused by the change of yellow-red intersection angle?

"Equal division of graph"

The position of the earth and the corresponding date and solar terms, the direction of revolution, the direction of the earth axis, the approximate position of perihelion, and the change of revolution speed.

10, the formation of four seasons and five regions

Geographical phenomena caused by the earth's rotation

Annual variation of solar height angle at noon;

Distribution law of different latitudes on the same day: decreasing from the latitude directly pointing to the north and south (sun bisector)

Changes of the same latitude in different seasons: near big and far small (around June 22? 65438+around February 22nd? )

Annual variation of the length of day and night:

The day pointing to the hemisphere is longer than the night, and the higher the latitude, the longer the day.

The day that points directly to the hemisphere is getting longer and longer.

Around June 22, the northern hemisphere? -The northern hemisphere has the longest day and the shortest night, and there are extreme days in and around the Arctic Circle.

65438+around February 22nd, Northern Hemisphere? The shortest day and the longest night are at all latitudes in the northern hemisphere, and there are polar nights in and around the Arctic Circle.

Spring and autumn equinox? -divide day and night all over the world.

Equator? -equal parts day and night all year round.

Division of four seasons: (obvious mid-latitude)

Seasonal variation of the height of the sun and the length of day and night at noon-the longest time between the sun and the day is astronomical summer.

Astronomical winter is the time when the sun is the lowest and the day is the shortest.

Spring and Autumn is one of the transitions.

Three seasons; The 24 Solar Terms

Division of five regions:

The latitude distribution of the length of day and night and the height of the sun-the amount of solar radiation decreases from low latitude to high latitude-forms five zones.

The boundary of five areas and its corresponding phenomena; Five regions are the basis of climate division and natural division.

1 1, the significance and present situation of space exploration.

Understand the cosmic environment of the earth; Exploitation of cosmic resources (space resources and characteristics, solar energy resources, mineral resources)

Second, the analysis of test questions

The content of this unit accounts for about 100% of HKCEE 100.

The first question of comprehensive examination questions comes from this unit;

1. Please refer to the questions in the exam notes for practice:

Appendix 1: Sample question P 10: III.1; Appendix II P29 Volume II 1, Appendix III P53 Volume II 1.

2. The basic points to be grasped in this unit's comprehensive questions:

Can draw the termination line, night hemisphere, tropic of cancer, south arctic circle, ecliptic plane and equatorial plane.

Direction of rotation and revolution

Dates and solar terms

The position of the direct point of the day and the latitude distribution law of the global noon sun height on that day

The noon sun height at each point in the picture.

The length of day and night of each point in the picture and its future change

Compared with the daily length of each point in the picture, how many hours is the daily length of the polar circle and equator?

Speed change

Knowledge points that can be contacted:

When does Beijing raise the national flag at 6 am? (B、D)

At what stage does Beijing's figure grow? (from a to c)

When the earth moves to point A (or point C):

What are the climatic characteristics of the Mediterranean region? (dry heat-summer/warm humidity-winter) because it is controlled by (subtropical high/west wind)

The savanna in North Africa presents a (green/yellow) landscape because it is controlled by (equatorial depression/trade winds).

The climate characteristics of Beijing at this time are (high temperature, rainy/cold, dry), mainly influenced by (southeast monsoon/northwest monsoon).

The Eurasian continent (Asian low/Asian high) is strong.

East Asia blows (southeast wind/northwest wind) because of (sea-land temperature difference)

South Asia blows (southwest wind/northeast wind) because (the southeast monsoon moves northward across the equator and turns right into the seasonal movement of southwest monsoon or pressure belt/the reason why northeast wind blows in winter is the thermal difference between land and sea).

The circulation in the North Indian Ocean is (clockwise-seawater flows eastward due to the southwest wind/counterclockwise-seawater flows westward due to the northeast wind).

When the earth turns to point (A/C), the salinity in the waters near the Yangtze River estuary is the lowest (low/high).

When the earth moves from D to A, the Pearl River and the Yangtze River are in flood season (because there is rain supply in rainy season).

From A to B, the Yellow River (rainy season) and the Tarim River are in flood season (most glacier melt water in summer).