Who knows the information about Ireland?

Geography and history: The British Isles consists of two large islands and hundreds of small islands. The two big islands are England and Ireland. Ireland is also known as the Green Island because of its rich green countryside. Ireland is divided into two political units, namely Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of Britain and belongs to Britain, while Ireland and the Republic of China are independent countries.

Geographical features: Ireland has a total area of 70,282 square miles. Her northeast borders on Northern Ireland in England. The Irish Sea and St George's Strait are in the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean is in the west and north. The total length of Ireland's border is 3,603 kilometers, of which the border with Northern Ireland is 434 kilometers.

Ireland has always been compared to a basin, and its limestone plateau borders the coastal highlands. The influence of the ocean passes through this land. The central plain is characterized by many lakes, swamps and low mountains. The main mountain ranges are Mount Mohn, Mount Vicro in the east and Mount Ricks in Kadi, McGeary in the southwest. The highest peaks in the territory are Mount Kalantul (104 1 m), Mount Bray near Kilani (953m) and Mount Lago L 'Aquila (926m) about 64km west of Dublin.

The main feature of lowlands is that they are all different. The central lowlands are the heart of Ireland. Convenient passages along river valleys and lowland corridors extend to every coast of Ireland. There are all kinds of scenery around the lowlands. Domestic extension lines, that is, between Golve Bay and Killarney, have little economic value and aesthetic appeal, because they are far away from major commercial centers and tourist routes. In the west, all kinds of rocks have replaced limestone, while in the swamp of Xikangrakut, towering peaks have replaced the green fields in the lowlands.

Rivers in Ireland have many directions. Most of these rivers flow through the most beautiful places. They are like streams flowing slowly through the middle lowlands. These rivers are usually surrounded by swamps and wetlands, and many rivers flow through valleys to their respective estuaries. The greatest Irish peace is river shannon, which originated from the plateau near Sligg Bay. She flows slowly through the western lowlands, then through the rapids to her mouth, Zhuruge Bay, and then begins her last flow. River shannon provides most of the Irish electricity.

Ireland's coast is impressive in Europe because of its striking cliffs. The cliff on the coast of Srebrige in the west is almost 665,438+00 meters high, while the cliff on Archer Island is higher, so looking down from the cliff edge of Archer Island, you can see the sea below 65,438+083 meters.

Because Ireland was completely covered with ice during the ice age, we can know that the existing animals and plants were transferred from other parts of Europe. However, this migration stopped with the sinking of the land bridge between Ireland and Britain around 6000 BC. This is why there are fewer kinds of animals and plants in Ireland than in Britain. The plants in Ireland are similar to those in Britain, but there are only 1300 plants in Ireland, while there are 2300 plants in Britain. In Ireland, the most common trees are oak, elm and birch, while pine trees grow in relatively poor soil. Animals in Ireland are similar to those in Britain, but obviously insufficient compared with Britain. The missing species are weasels, wild cats, voles, roe deer, snakes and common toads. There are fewer birds and insects in Ireland than in Britain. On the other hand, there are some species in Ireland that have not been found in Britain. For example, spotted slugs and turtles. Among its own animals, Ireland is also famous for its Nimara horse, Irish fox hound and Cleveland hound. The swamp is still the most prominent feature of the Irish landscape. They exist in all mountains and occupy most of the lowlands.

Climate and weather: The weather in Ireland is usually described as "mild, humid and changeable". Her winter is usually not particularly cold, and there will be no long-term freezing and heavy snow. Summer is usually not too hot. In some years, the weather in1February is so warm that you can still see blooming flowers in some gardens, but in other places, it is snowing at this time. But in some unusual years, late frost can even be recorded in May.

From1February to March, the monthly temperature in the west is 6 to 7 degrees in winter, while from 1 1 month to March, the monthly temperature in the east is 5 to 6 degrees. Although this difference is small, it shows that plants in the west are more hardy than those in the east. The valleys in the west, such as those near Kilani, are full of dense forests, and those evergreen trees will not stop growing because of the cold. The average summer temperature along the Downey River in southern China ranges from 15 degrees to 16 degrees. In the southeast and lowlands between Ginst and the sea, the average sunshine time in June is 7 hours, while in the western region, the sunshine time is reduced to 5 hours. May and June are the most sunny months of the year in Ireland. September, which is extremely important for farmers, is warmer than May, but it will be rainy at this time for many years and it will be difficult to harvest.

There is too much rainfall in Ireland. About three fifths of the annual rainfall in China is between 762 mm and 1270 mm. You know, in Britain, the average annual rainfall is only 508 mm to 10 16 mm at most. Almost all places near the mountains and the eastern lowlands have enough precipitation all year round. The average daily precipitation days are very many, with 175 days in the east and 20-250 days in the west coast. Ireland is not a country with continuous rainfall, nor is it a place where showers and sunny days often alternate. Compared with the whole country, the probability of abnormal rainfall or abnormal drought is estimated at around 25%. Generally speaking, the probability of excessive precipitation in Ireland is always greater than the probability of insufficient precipitation.

Although Ireland is a little small, it is big enough to show people the climate change in different regions. Geologists distinguish six climatic zones as follows:

1, North District: The maximum precipitation is in winter. The annual precipitation varies from1016mm to1778mm. January is the coldest month in this area. The average temperature in coastal areas is about 5 degrees, and it is slightly lower in inland areas. The average temperature in summer is about 13 degrees to 14 degrees. It is often windy in winter. The high rainfall and mild climate last winter made the forest in the reserve flourish.

2. Kenrakut and Claire area: The climate in this area is similar to that in the northwest, except that it is milder in winter and milder in summer. The precipitation in this area is more abundant: the annual precipitation in the center of the mountain range is about 2540 mm. The annual precipitation in lowlands is between 10 16 mm and 1524 mm. Strong winds limit the height of trees.

3. Southwest China: Too much rain and warm current in winter make this area stand in sharp contrast with resorts in Mediterranean countries. But this comparison stopped. It rained for three of the four days. The average sunshine time in 1 February and 1 month is only a little more than1hour. The summer and warmth in this area make plants grow vigorously. Species, evergreen trees and subtropical plants near the Mediterranean thrive here.

4. Southeast region: The annual precipitation in the eastern and central lowlands of this region is 762 mm to10/6 mm, while the annual water consumption in most areas of Cork County and Waterford County exceeds 10 16 mm, and the weather is mild in winter. The average temperature in the southern coast is 6 to 7 degrees, and the temperature in the eastern coast is even lower. It is warmer in summer in this area, and the average temperature in July is 15 degrees to 16 degrees, which is more conducive to agricultural planting than in the western region.

5. Central lowland area: This area has the least precipitation in Ireland. The annual precipitation in the two areas is less than 762 mm. The average temperature in winter in this area is 4 to 5 degrees.

6. Northeast China: The climate in the whole year is cooler than that in other parts of China. The monthly temperature in this area is about 4 degrees in winter. But the coastal areas are warmer. The summer temperature in this area is about 14 degrees to 15 degrees. The annual precipitation in the lowlands in this area is 762 mm to 10 16 mm. But the Moen Mountains have more precipitation. Pastures in this area dominate most farms, and this area is also famous for its excellent livestock, pastures and crops.

Population and religious belief: 1990 The total population of Ireland was estimated to be 3.5 million, and it is expected to reach 4 million in 2000. Ireland's basic ethnic origin is Celtic, a mixture of Romanian, French, Roman and British descendants. There are no important minorities in Ireland. Historically, Ireland has avoided racial conflicts because of its racial similarity.

Ireland has four unusual demographic characteristics: A. The low birth rate caused by a century of immigration. B. Marry very late (late marriage), with an average age of 35 for men and 29 for women. It seems that we got married very early in Westlife. C. There are too many men in the population. D. The ratio of unmarried men to unmarried women of all ages is very high. Some of these characteristics are also common in other more developed countries. But for Ireland, these features have a longer history. These demographic characteristics have halved the population of Ireland in the past 100 years.

1845 The beginning of the Great Famine marked the end of one era and the beginning of another in Irish society. 182 1 The total population of Ireland was 6,802,000 at the time of the first census in, and by 184 1, the number had risen to 8,200,000. In the next 20 years, due to the great famine, the population of Ireland shrank to 6.6 million, a decrease of 19.5%. Since then, the population of Ireland has decreased with each census until the end of World War II. After the Second World War, the population dropped more than before. Natural reasons and the decrease of immigrants make Ireland the only country in Europe where the population has been declining for a hundred years. From 1845, the extremely poor people began to look for all ships that could transport them across the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to leave Ireland. Overall, with the coming of the Great Famine, it is estimated that about 6 million people left Ireland.

184 1 to 185 1 This period is the most serious period of population loss in Ireland. Every county in Kanglaqute has lost more than a quarter of its local residents. About 750,000 people died during the rescue or before the aid materials arrived at the port. By 185 1 year, there are 1 million Irish in the United States, 750,000 in Britain and 227,000 in Canada. Crop failure and similar disasters occurred in the last 20 years of the19th century. 1885 There was another famine, and the potato harvest in that year was very short.

Although it is no longer because of famine, the loss of population continued in the first decades of the 20th century. The development of industrialization and the increase of trade have prevented the outflow of labor from cities and towns. But at the same time, the loss of workers in rural areas continues. Between 189 1 and 190 1 year, rural areas lost105,000 people, and cities gained106,000 people. Immigration from Ireland to the United States actually stopped during World War I, while immigration from Ireland to Britain continued at that time. 192 1 year, the establishment of the Irish liberal party caused the immigration storm to drop sharply. This export of population has now ended. In recent years, with the improvement of the domestic situation in Ireland, the domestic population has increased slightly.

Ireland has two official languages, Irish and English. Irish people are very popular with Irish people who want to be different from British culture. Since the establishment of 192 1 Irish Liberal Party, the government has made a policy of educating and cultivating Irish people as much as possible. But over the years, Irish, as a language for business and administration, has gradually declined. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, half of Irish people could speak fluent Irish, but by the mid-1990s, only 20% of Irish people could speak fluent Irish, and English could be understood and used by almost all Irish people.

Ireland is one of the countries with the most Catholics in Europe. Catholicism is necessary for national life and the whole national culture and has universal influence. The missionary work in Ireland was initiated by Paradis in 43 1 year. Then it was taken over by Patrick in 432 AD, and Ireland became the center of evangelical new churches in other countries, including Britain. 1537, the king of England was declared the leader of the Irish church, replacing the Roman Catholic Pope. In the following centuries, religious and political persecution followed, but this persecution deepened the spirit of Irish Catholicism. Today, as many as 93% of Irish people are Roman Catholics.

Catholicism in Ireland also spread to places with immigrants outside Ireland in the19th century. Ireland has established many missionary organizations and trained a large number of priests and missionaries to the outside world. Half of Catholicism in America originated in Ireland. Catholic religious activities are very popular in Ireland. The attendance rate of women at Sunday Mass is as high as 84% to 90%, and the participation rate of young men is as high as 80%. In rural areas, the participation rate is almost as high as 100%, and they go to the parish church to attend Sunday mass activities.

The Anglican Church in Ireland is the largest non-Catholic church. Saint unionists, like other Protestants, have never taken root in this country, and the number of staff in these two religions has been declining since 192 1.

Despite Catholic rule, discrimination against non-Catholics is very rare. 1973, an Anglican named e Chad was elected president of Ireland. Similarly, a Jew was elected as the mayor of Dublin in the late 1970s.

Historical background: In prehistoric times, Ireland was invaded by Celtic tribes. The most important of these is the Gaelic. They arrived in Ireland around the 4th century BC. They occupied Picot in the north and Irian tribe in the south. Then they settled down and established a prosperous Gaelic civilization. By the 3rd century AD, there were five permanent countries on the Irish island-Ulster, Conrad, leinster, Mies and Manenster. The arrival of St Patrick in 432 AD is the most important event in Irish history. He turned the island into a center of learning and Christian culture. The golden age of Irish culture lasted from the 5th century to the 8th century. Many masterpieces of poetry and Irish art, such as Kyle's books, are immortal during this period. Irish missionaries have been to Britain and other parts of Europe.

The Viking invasion began at the end of the 8th century. Danes destroyed monasteries and reclaimed wasteland. But they also married Gaels, adopted Irish customs and established major coastal settlements. But the Danes were finally defeated and driven away by Brian Poirot in the Battle of Crotaft in 10 14. The Anglo-Saxons invaded Ireland in 1 170. They gradually took control of the island, and the conflict between the British and the Irish lasted for nearly 800 years.

Henry VIII was the first king to put the whole of Ireland under British control. Many Turks forced Protestants to carry out the religious reform movement and imposed British laws on Irish people. The uprising during Elizabeth's reign and after was unforgivably defeated. Scottish settlers established a colony in Ulster in 16 10. 164 1 year, a great uprising broke out, but it was ended by krom Weil. Irish support for James II led to the Battle of Boyne in 1690. This movement was followed by a new criminal law and a more severe economic situation. This criminal law deprived Catholics and dissidents of all their legal rights.

By the end of18th century, some settlers in China began to identify with the Gaelic people and joined their demanding autonomous government. In response, Westminster approved them to establish an independent Irish parliament, but this parliament was cancelled by the joint decree of 1800. Nevertheless, the Joint Act gives Ireland the right to directly participate in the British Parliament. Thanks to Daniel O 'Connell's efforts, 1829 finally achieved the liberation of Catholicism. The unfortunate situation of Ireland was particularly obvious in the Irish famine of 1840.

Irish nationalism became stronger and stronger in the first decade of the 20th century. This patriotism reached its peak in the Easter Uprising in 19 16. The uprising announced the establishment of Ireland. Thus, a war broke out between the Irish Peace Army and the British government. 192 1 year, Britain signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty, established the dominant Irish Liberal Party, and used its own government in Northern Ireland ruled by Protestants. The strong dissatisfaction of national independent leaders with the treaty led to the civil war. The civil war lasted for more than a year. The Liberal Party village survived, but the Irish army stayed behind to carry out Irish political activities as people thought.

Devigera Emmon worked for the Irish government in 1932. Under his leadership, Ireland refused to participate in World War II to express its dissatisfaction with Britain. 1937, with the implementation of the new constitution, the British territorial governor was replaced by an elected president, and the country name was officially called Ireland. 1948, Ireland voted to leave the Commonwealth, and then in April 1949, it announced the establishment of the Republic of Ireland.

However, the Irish Peace Corps continued to demand that Ireland should be merged with the six counties that make up Northern Ireland. 1966, Ireland and Britain established a free trade zone. 1973, Ireland joined the European economy.

Foreign policy: Ireland has maintained a neutral and non-aligned policy since its independence. Ireland remained neutral during World War II and refused to join NATO and any other similar regional security organizations. However, Ireland's performance in some major international forums is still very positive. As an ally and a member of the United Nations, Ireland has also provided peacekeeping troops to the United Nations in the Middle East, New Guinea, Zaire and Cyprus.

Since 1973 Ireland joined the European Union, her foreign policy has shifted from focusing on developing relations with Britain to a broader stage of European harmony. However, Northern Ireland and Britain are secretly instructing those who specify Ireland's foreign policy. Although still bound by the agreed Irish goals, Dublin has cooperated with London on security matters. 198 1 year, after the riots outside the British Embassy in Dublin, the British-Irish Foreign Affairs Committee was established. However, since then, the relationship between Ireland and Britain has been tense, including Britain's proposal to transfer power to Belfast, and Ireland's dissatisfaction with Britain's request for her to impose sanctions on Argentina during the Hockland War. Since Albert Redero became Prime Minister in February, Ireland and Britain have basically agreed to hold regular meetings to negotiate a peaceful solution to the Northern Ireland issue.

1On June 22nd, 979, Ireland established diplomatic relations with China. Since then, relations between the two countries have been developing very well. At present, Ireland has established diplomatic relations with 46 countries.

Political structure: According to the Constitution of 1937, Ireland is a country where two systems coexist, namely, the provisional system and centralization of authority. This constitution is theoretically applicable to the whole of Ireland. The Republic of Ireland consists of 26 counties out of 32 counties in the whole island of Ireland (Ireland consists of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland is a part of Britain, and the Republic of Ireland is an independent country. Northern Ireland and Ireland and the United States together form the island of Ireland. Northern Ireland and Ireland * * * and the Republic of China * * * consist of 32 counties, including 6 in Northern Ireland and 26 in Ireland * * * and the Republic of China).

Related links: The 26 counties in Irish * * * and China are (in alphabetical order) 1. Claire 2. Cork 3. Kavan 4. Carlo 5. Donigo 6. Deng Lin (the capital of Ireland and China). 7. Galway 8. Kildare 9. Kerry 10. Kilkenny 1 1. Laois 12。 Leitrim 13。 Langford 14. Limerick 15. Routh 16. Mayo 65 438+07. Meat 18。 Monaghan 19。 Offalky20。 Roscommon 2 1。 Sligo (the place where Westlife was born) 22. Dipper 23. Waterford 24. 25 Wexford. Vicro 26. Simis.

The six counties in Ireland are: 1. Ama 2. antrim 3. Tang 4. Fermana 5. London Delhi 6. Tyrone.

Decision-making power: the highest level of the country is the president, who is elected by direct vote every seven years. The president's right is sommons or dissolution of parliament; To sign and promulgate laws; Selecting judges, prime ministers and other cabinet members; Leading the national defense forces. In addition, the President has the right to submit relevant bills to the Supreme Court for legal decision-making. He also has the right to rely on the Duke of the People to submit relevant bills to the masses. The National Assembly advises and assists the President.

Article 13 of the Constitution stipulates that the President shall appoint the Prime Minister on the nomination of the lower house of parliament, and the President shall appoint other government members with the prior approval of the Prime Minister of the lower house of parliament. Until the time limit stipulated by the National Assembly, the post held by the Prime Minister can be withdrawn until he chooses to resign. At the same time, if he loses the support of the majority in the lower house of parliament, he can also withdraw. The legal work of appointing a prime minister in the lower house of parliament is completely ceremonial. Every new House of Commons will recommend a large number of political parties or leaders to be elected as prime ministers. Then when the leader asks the president to formally promote him as prime minister, the House of Commons often decides to suspend the meeting. Then, the leader must return to the House of Commons to recommend his cabinet members. After they are recognized, they are appointed by the President and assigned to their departments by the Prime Minister.