Skills of answering subjective questions in geography

Absolute position+relative position

(1) Hemispheric position

(2) the location of the continental boundary or national boundary

(3) Latitude and longitude are high or low in tropical, temperate and cold zones.

(4) Land and sea location

(5) Relative position: adjacent areas (countries and economically developed areas); Traffic location (important straits, railway hubs, ports)

2. Describe the topographical features of a place

(1) What are the main landforms (five landforms)?

(2) Terrain fluctuation (relative height, big and small)

(3) Topographic features (east, west, north and south, which is higher and which is lower)

3. Topographic distribution characteristics of a place

Just describe which direction is dominated by what terrain.

4. The basis for judging the terrain

Distribution of (1) contour lines

(2) River flow direction (opposite to the contour convex direction)

(3) the shape of the water system (centripetal basin, low in the middle and high around, radial mountain, high in the middle and low around)

5. Landform (landform) characteristics of some topographic areas in China.

(1) Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Snow-capped mountains are continuous and glaciers are widely distributed.

(2) Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: rugged, the land is not three miles flat.

(3) Inner Mongolia Plateau: The ground is flat.

(4) Loess Plateau: Fragmented with numerous ravines.

(5) Hengduan mountain area: the mountains are high and deep, and the mountains and rivers alternate.

6. Analyze the causes of landform in a certain area.

(1) Flowing water erosion: Loess Plateau landform, river canyons (similar to the V-shaped valley of the Three Gorges), waterfalls and Danxia landform (Guangdong).

(2) Dissolution and erosion of water on soluble rocks (limestone): karst landforms (Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan).

(3) The alluvial function of flowing water: plains, alluvial fans, deltas and Chongming Island (alluvial island).

(4) Wind erosion: wind erosion mushrooms, wind erosion depressions, wind erosion castles, Gobi and Ya Dan landforms (Xinjiang).

(5) Wind accumulation: sand dunes (deserts) and loess plateau.

(6) Glacier erosion: Norwegian fjords (U-shaped valleys, ice buckets and tinder) and the Great Lakes, as well as many lakes in Europe (lakes in Finland, a country with thousands of lakes). The topography of Europe

(7) Crustal fracture subsidence, forming graben: Weihe Valley, Fenhe Valley, Poyang Lake, Baikal Lake, Tanganyika Lake, Dead Sea, Taiwan Province Strait, etc.

(8) Rock fault rising (massive mountain): Taishan, Lushan and Huashan.

(8) Plate collision: high mountains (Himalayas, etc. ) and tall and young plateaus (such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau), trenches, earthquakes and island arcs in the Pacific Ocean.

(10) Plate cracking and crustal subsidence: East Africa Rift Valley, Red Sea, Dead Sea, Jordan Valley, Atlantic Ocean.

(1 1) is formed by the accumulation of coral relics (coral islands): Maldives, South China Sea Islands, Pacific Islands and Great Barrier Reef.

(12) is formed by volcanic ejecta (volcanic island): Hawaiian Islands, Lesser Antilles, etc.

(13) anticline valley stratum: the top of anticline is in tension, and the stratum is easy to be eroded.

(14) Syncline into a mountain: the strata in the syncline trough are squeezed, firm and not easy to be eroded.

(15) Origin of Weihe Plain: Crustal fracture subsidence and flowing water deposition.

7. Factors affecting temperature

(1) Latitude (decisive factor). Specific impacts: solar height, day length, solar radiation and daily range, annual range (temperature days in low latitudes and annual range are smaller than those in high latitudes).

(2) topography. Shaded slope, sunny slope, altitude

(3) Land and sea location: distance from the sea, mainland and ocean.

(4) ocean currents. (Warm current: heating and humidifying; Cold current: cooling and dehumidification)

(5) Atmospheric circulation and weather conditions. Where there is more rain, the annual temperature is lower than that in places with less rain.

(6) Underlying surface: ground reflectivity (high snow reflectivity and low temperature); The daily temperature and annual range of green land are less than that of bare land.

(7) Human activities: heat island effect, greenhouse effect, etc.

8. Daily range and annual range's law.

(1) The daily temperature range is the difference between the highest and lowest temperature values in a day. Its size is related to latitude, season, weather conditions and surface characteristics.

① Relationship between daily temperature range and latitude: The higher the latitude, the smaller the daily temperature range.

Reason: The higher the latitude, the smaller the daily variation of the sun's height.

② Relationship between daily range and weather: The daily range on cloudy days is smaller than that on sunny days.

③ Relationship between diurnal range and land and sea: The diurnal range in coastal areas is smaller than that in inland areas.

④ Relationship between daily range and altitude: the daily range at the top of the mountain is smaller than that in the plain below the mountain; In plateau mountainous areas, the higher the altitude, the greater the daily amplitude.

(2) Temperature annual range: The difference between the highest and lowest monthly average temperature in a year is called the temperature annual range, or the annual variation of temperature. Its size is related to latitude, land and sea distribution and other factors.

① Relationship between temperature annual range and latitude: The higher the latitude, the greater the annual range.

Reasons: The higher the latitude, the greater the annual variation of the noon sun height, the greater the annual variation of the length of day and night, and therefore the greater the annual variation of the temperature; The opposite is true at low latitudes.

② The relationship between annual range and land and sea: The farther away from the sea, the greater the annual range.

Reasons: the heat capacity of land is smaller than that of ocean, and the temperature rises rapidly in summer, and the temperature is higher than that of ocean; In winter, the temperature drops rapidly, and the temperature is lower than that of the ocean, so the temperature is higher than that of the ocean within the year. Coastal areas are greatly influenced by the ocean, which is smaller than inland annual range.

③ Topography: Highlands are smaller than depressions and valleys, and the higher the altitude, the smaller the annual variation.

For example, compared with the plains and basins at the same latitude in China, the annual temperature difference on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is smaller than that on the other hand. This is because: the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a large plateau with middle and low latitudes. Due to its high altitude, the temperature in summer will not be too high; In winter, due to the low latitude and high terrain, the influence of cold wind in winter is weak and the temperature will not be too low.

④ Weather: In sunny areas, the annual temperature is higher than that in rainy areas, for example, Xinjiang is higher than the coastal areas at the same latitude.

⑤ Vegetation: annual range in high vegetation coverage area is smaller than annual range in bare land.

9. Analysis of influencing factors of precipitation

(1) atmospheric circulation factor-the factor that determines precipitation.

The monsoon control area is more in summer and autumn than in winter and spring; Subtropical high control area has less precipitation, drought in summer, tropical desert climate and Mediterranean climate; The control area of equatorial low pressure zone is rich in precipitation; There is more precipitation in the westerlies and less precipitation in the trade winds. (pay attention to the wind direction: it is often rainy when the wind meets the shore; The wind seldom rains at sea)

(2) Weather system factors-more precipitation in the low-pressure center and trough, less precipitation in the high-pressure center and ridge; Frontal control precipitation, such as plum rain, Guiyang winter rain and northern summer rainstorm; Cyclone transit precipitation is more, such as winter in western Europe, spring in northeast China and south China; Anti-cyclone transit precipitation is less, such as summer drought; There was a lot of precipitation when the typhoon crossed the border.

(3) Ocean current factor: there is more precipitation in the coastal warm current flow area; There is little precipitation in the coastal cold current flow area.

(4) Land and sea location: generally, there is more precipitation along the coast; There is little precipitation in the inland.

(5) Terrain: The warm and humid airflow has more precipitation on the windward slope and less precipitation on the leeward slope (foehn effect).

Comparison between 10 and climate characteristics of a certain place

(1) temperature (minimum monthly temperature, temperature annual range and daily range);

(2) Precipitation (total precipitation, seasonal distribution and rainy season)

1 1, the west wind is weak in summer and strong in winter.

Because the temperature difference between high and low latitudes is large in winter, the pressure difference is large, and the horizontal pressure gradient force is large. Summer is the opposite. It can be used to explain one of the reasons why the winter monsoon is stronger than the summer monsoon in China.

Characteristics of continental climate.

(1) The temperature annual range and diurnal range are large;

(2) Less precipitation and uneven time distribution;

(3) Leng Xia is hot in winter.

13, maritime climate characteristics

(1) The diurnal range of annual range is small, which is warm in winter and cool in summer;

(2) The precipitation is abundant, the seasonal distribution is even, and the interannual change is small.

14, dry humidity influencing factors

Precipitation and evaporation are determined together.

15, influencing factors of fog and frost

(1) Humidity (near rivers and lakes, near reservoirs);

(2) Terrain (low-lying land, in ravines);

(3) Dust (roadside, urban area, construction site, mining area)

16, the influencing factors of wind power generation

(1) pressure gradient force

(2) Distance from high pressure center

(3) Friction (flat and open ground, at sea)

(4) How much vegetation is there?

(5) topography (narrow tube effect at the mouth of canyon and plateau)

17, hydrological characteristics of rivers

(1) Flow: size, seasonal change, and water cut (depending on precipitation characteristics, rainwater supply and river area);

(2) Sediment concentration: it depends on the vegetation status of the basin;

(3) Ice age: availability and length;

(4) Water level: high and low, change characteristics (depending on river recharge type, water conservancy project and lake storage function);

(5) Flood season (ice flood)

(6) Water resources: related to topography (river drop, flow rate) and climate (precipitation, runoff and evaporation);

(7) Transportation value

18, water system characteristics

(1) origin, length and estuary;

(2) flow direction;

(3) the size of the basin;

(4) the size of the gap (water energy);

(5) The river is straight;

(6) tributaries and tributaries;

(7) Is there a lake?

19, factors affecting solar radiation

Latitude (1): determines the height of the sun at noon and the length of the day.

(2) Altitude: high altitude, thin air and strong solar radiation (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Deccan Plateau, Brazil Plateau, East Africa Plateau, etc.). )

(3) Weather conditions (sunny day, sufficient solar radiation) (northwest China, Central Asia, West Asia, North Africa, inland western United States, midwest Australia, etc.). )

(4) Air cleanliness: urban and rural areas

20. Factors affecting the height of snow line

(1) precipitation (windward slope: more precipitation and low snow line. On the contrary, the snow line is high)

For example, the snow line on the southern slope of the Himalayas is lower than that on the northern slope; The snow line on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain is low; The snow line on the northern slope of Alps is low; The snow line on the western slope of the northern section of the Rocky Mountains and the southern section of the Andes is low; The snow line on the eastern slope of the southern section of the Rocky Mountains and the northern section of the Andes is low.

(2) Temperature (high snow line on sunny slope and low snow line on shady slope; The snow line at middle and low latitudes is high, and the snow line at high latitudes is low.