Exclusivity and competitiveness of economics and marketing

Exclusivity emphasizes the exclusion and possession of goods, while competitiveness emphasizes the restriction on the whole goods.

Exclusivity: refers to the fact that consumers can exclude other consumers from enjoying the benefits of a commodity after they have obtained the right to consume it. Private products are exclusive in use, which means that they can prevent others from using them.

Non-exclusiveness: As long as there are public goods in a society, no one in that society can be excluded from consuming such products, so that any consumer can consume public goods for free.

Competitiveness: refers to the fact that one person uses an article to reduce the characteristics of the article when others use it.

Non-competitive: after the product is provided, adding one consumer will not reduce the quantity and quality of products consumed by anyone, and the additional cost of products consumed by others will be zero.

According to the characteristics of competitiveness and exclusiveness, the commodities used by people for consumption can be divided into four categories. Namely: competitive and exclusive personal items. Competitive rather than exclusive public resources. Exclusive and non-competitive natural monopoly. Non-exclusive and non-competitive public goods.

So exclusive and non-competitive can naturally monopolize, such as telecommunications, electricity or oil. In China, oil and electricity are important resources controlled by the state. In China, domestic oil companies and telecom power companies only have monopoly positions, and there are no competitors and buyers in the market. Adding a consumer will not reduce the consumption of these goods by others, so it is non-competitive. At the same time, consumers get personal consumer goods at the same time as oil or telecommunications power, which leads to others not getting the consumption benefits of the goods, so it is exclusive.

Take competitive and non-exclusive public resources as an example, such as fishery resources in the ocean. Because the fishery resources in the ocean have no fixed individual owners and belong to collective assets, they will not be used by anyone and can be used by everyone, so they are non-exclusive. However, fishery resources are not endless. In a fishing cycle, one person's fishing and aquaculture activities will reduce the total fishery in this area and reduce the fishery resources used by others, so it is competitive.