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Date:1June 6, 944-1August 25, 944

Venue: Normandy, France

Action code: overlord

Participants:

America, Britain, Canada, Free France, Poland

Nazi Germany

War zone map

commander

Allied forces:

Dwight eisenhower (Commander-in-Chief)

Bernard law montgomery (Army)

Bertram Ramsay (Navy)

Trafford Ray Mallory (Air Force)

Omar bradley (USA 1 Army)

Millie Dempsey (British Second Army)

Duncan Grenim (Canada 1 Army)

German army:

Gerd von Rundstedt (Commander-in-Chief of the Western Front)

Owen Rommel (Group B)

Friedrich DOLLMANN (7th Army)

Forces of both sides:

Allied forces: 2.876 million (July 25th)

German army:1380000 (July 23)

casualties

United States: 29,000 people died, 1.0 1.6 million people were injured or missing;

Britain: 1 1, 000 people died and 54,000 people were injured or missing;

Canada: 5000 people died, 13000 people were injured or missing;

France: 12200 civilians are dead or missing.

Germany: 23,065,438+09 dead, 67,060 injured, 65,438+098,665,438+06 missing or captured.

The Normandy landing campaign took place at 6: 30 on June 6, 1944/KLOC-0, which was a large-scale offensive launched by the allied forces on the western front of Europe in World War II. The code name of this operation is Operation Overlord. The allied forces planned to start the campaign on June 6th, 1944 19, and ended it after crossing the Seine-Marne River on August 9th, 194419. Although it has been more than 60 years since this battle, the Battle of Normandy is still the largest maritime landing operation in the world, with nearly 3 million soldiers crossing the English Channel to Normandy, France.

The allied forces fighting in Normandy were mainly composed of Canada, Britain and the United States, but after the beach raid was completed, basically free France and Poland also participated in the battle, and the soldiers among them also came from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, the Netherlands and Norway.

The night before the Normandy landing, airborne operations and large-scale aerial bombing began. The amphibious landing war began on the morning of June 6. Before landing, the "D-Day" troops were mainly deployed in the coastal areas of southern England, especially Portsmouth. The battle of Normandy lasted more than two months. In the end, the Allies successfully established a beachhead position, and liberated Paris on August 25th, announcing the end of the Normandy campaign.

Joint preparation

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Since the German invasion of the Soviet Union (Barbarossa War) in 194 1, the Red Army of the Soviet Union has been fighting the Germans alone on the vast European continent. Stalin asked Churchill to open a second front in Europe and carry out a strategic attack on Nazi Germany, but at that time, the United States had not yet entered the war, and Britain was simply unable to organize such a large-scale strategic landing operation. For the Soviet Union's proposal, Britain only responded by sending a small group of troops to attack and harass the European continent (Battle of Dieppe).

1943 In May, the Anglo-American Washington Conference decided that 1944 would land on the European continent in May and open up a second front. The allies immediately began to make landing plans. First, they determined the landing site. According to the experience and lessons of previous landing operations, the landing site should meet the following three conditions: first, the distance between two flights should be as short as possible within the radius of the fighter plane taking off from the British airport, and third, there should be a big port nearby. So on the coastline of 480 kilometers from Frisingen, the Netherlands to Cherbourg, France, according to this condition, there are three regions that are more suitable: Constantine Peninsula, Calais and Normandy. Further comparison, the narrow terrain of Constantine Peninsula made it difficult to launch a large army, which was rejected for the first time. Calais and Normandy have their own advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of Calais is that it is only 33 kilometers away from Britain and close to Germany. The disadvantage is that the German army has the strongest defense here, the defenders are all elite troops, the fortifications are complete and solid, there is no big port nearby, and there is also a lack of inland communication lines, which is not conducive to further development after landing. Although Normandy is far away from Britain, it has the advantages of weak German defense and open terrain, and can launch 30 divisions at the same time, and it is only 80 kilometers away from Cherbourg, the largest port in northern France. After weighing several times, the Allies chose Normandy, and made specific plans from June 26th, 1943, with the monarch as the battle plan code and Neptune as the relevant naval action code.

In order to carry out this large-scale campaign, the allies assembled as many as 2.88 million troops. The Army has 36 divisions, including 23 infantry divisions, 0 armored divisions 10 and 3 airborne divisions, with about 1.53 million people. The navy has put about 5,300 warships into battle, including 13 battleships, 47 cruisers and 134 destroyers, about 1200 landing ships and more than 5,000 transport ships. Air Force combat aircraft 13700, including 5800 bombers, 4900 fighters and 3000 transport gliders.

cheat

Strategic deception made the German high command misjudge, which not only ensured the suddenness of the landing operation, but also ensured the smooth progress of the campaign, which had a great influence on the whole campaign. Through the effective feint of the navy and air force, the Allies successfully used a series of measures, such as double espionage, electronic jamming, and assembling disguised troops and ships in southeast England. Coupled with strict security measures, the German high command misjudged the landing place and time of the allied forces for a long time. Even after the allied forces landed in Normandy, it was still considered as a feint, resulting in most of the German troops and weapons on the western front being wasted in Calais and Normandy. At the same time, a man named James who looks very much like Montgomery was found pretending to be Montgomery in North Africa, which made Rommel mistakenly think that Montgomery had been to North Africa.

Practice and preparation

Realistic pre-war training, because the landing operation is an extremely complex combat style, the Allied forces conducted repeated simulation drills on the organization and actions of participating troops before landing, so as to enable the troops to master relevant combat skills as soon as possible and improve their combat effectiveness. After the war, combatants spoke highly of the pre-war training and training bases.

Allied attack plan

The purpose of the campaign is to cross the English Channel, seize a strategic landing point in northern France, and create conditions for opening up the second battlefield in Europe and finally defeating Germany. The campaign attempted to land in Normandy and seize the landing site. On the first day of landing 12, the landing site expanded to 100 km wide and 100 km deep. The plan is to first parachute two American paratroopers on the right wing of the landing site, cut off the German reinforcements to Cherbourg, and cooperate with the landing forces to seize Utah beach; 1 British paratroopers parachuted into the left wing and seized the crossing point of the Kang En Canal. Then eight reinforced battalions of the first landing troops landed on five beaches and established landing points. After consolidating and expanding the landing site, the follow-up troops landed, the right wing first captured Cherbourg, and the left wing developed to the line from Kangen River to St. Luo to cover the attack of the right-wing troops. In the second stage, the port city, Baye, Izni and Karantan were captured. In the third stage, we captured Brittany, advanced into the Seine-Marne province, and took Paris directly.

British war zone (second legion)

The 6th Airborne Division was airdropped to the left of the landing area to seize the nearby bridge, thus preventing the German armored forces from going to the coast for support.

The 3rd Infantry Division and 27th Armored Brigade attacked Jiantan.

The 8th Armored Brigade of 50th Infantry Division landed on Golden Beach.

Canada's 3rd Infantry Division and Canada's 2nd Armored Brigade landed on Juneau Beach.

American Military Theater (First Corps)

1 The Infantry Division and the 29th Infantry Division landed at Omaha Beach.

Rangers are responsible for attacking Cape Oak.

The 4th Infantry Division and the 90th Infantry Division landed on Utah Beach.

10 1 Airborne Division parachuted behind Utah Beach to support the landing troops.

The 82nd Airborne Division was responsible for attacking the small town of Saint-Mer Agris.

Naval participation

The navy is divided into two special mixed fleets:

1, the western fleet, mainly composed of American warships, ***3 battleships, 10 cruisers, 30 destroyers, 280 other warships and 1700 landing ships. The commander is American Major General Kirk, assembled in Belfast, and the air cover is provided by the 9 th Air Force of the US Tactical Air Force. It has three formations: U formation is responsible for transporting the 4th Infantry Division of the US Army to Utah Beach, O formation is responsible for transporting the US Army 1 Infantry Division to Omaha Beach, and B formation is responsible for transporting the 29th Infantry Division of the US Army to Omaha Beach.

2. The Eastern Fleet, which is dominated by British warships, consists of 3 battleships, 13 cruisers, 30 destroyers, 302 other warships and 2,426 landing ships. The commander is British Major General Vian, assembled in Greenock, and the air cover is provided by the 2nd Air Force of British Tactical Air Force. It has four formations: G formation is responsible for transporting the 50th British Infantry Division to Jin Tan, J formation is responsible for transporting the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division to Juno Beach, S formation is responsible for transporting the 3rd British Infantry Division to Baojian Beach, L formation is responsible for transporting the 2nd echelon and the 7th British Armored Division to Jin Tan.

The navy also consists of seven battleships, two shallow-water gunboats, 24 cruisers and 74 destroyers, which provide naval gun fire support for five beaches.

Germany is ready

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1in may, 944, the Germans had 179 divisions and 5 brigades in the Soviet battlefield on the eastern front, accounting for about 65% of the total strength of the Germans. In France, Belgium and Holland on the Western Front, only 58 divisions are under the command of Marshal Lundstedt, commander-in-chief of the Western Front, including 33 coastal defense divisions, 15 infantry divisions, 8 armored divisions and 2 paratroopers. Even with the two armored divisions of the strategic reserve under Hitler's personal command, there are only 60 divisions with about 760,000 people. The 58 divisions of the Western Command were organized into two group armies and four group armies. Marshal Rommel's army group B was stationed in northern France, and 39 divisions were the main force of the German army in the western front. It has jurisdiction over 15 Army, with Admiral Salmut as its commander and Calais as its resident, and has jurisdiction over 23 divisions including 14 Coastal Defence Division, 4 Infantry Divisions and 5 Armored Divisions. The 7th Army, under the command of General dormann, is based in Brittany Peninsula and has * * * 14 divisions, including 8 coastal defense divisions, 5 infantry divisions and 1 armored divisions. Group G, under the command of General Blaskovic, was stationed west of the Loire River, with 19 division. Under the jurisdiction of 1 Army, the commander is Lieutenant General Chevalier, based in Belgium, and under the jurisdiction of *** 10 Division; 19 Army, under the command of Lieutenant General Sandstein, is stationed in the south of France and has 9 divisions.

There are 10 armored divisions and three heavy tank battalions in the western line, six of which are under Hitler's personal command. The German high command thinks that tanks are not suitable for beach use, so the armored divisions deployed near the beach are only 2 1 armored divisions in Caen, only 127 No.4 tanks and 40 type III self-propelled tank assault guns.

The naval forces are 5 destroyers, 49 submarines, 6 ocean-going minesweepers, 1 16 patrol boats, 309 minesweepers, 34 torpedo boats and 42 gunboats, totaling 56 1 small and medium-sized warships, which is very weak.

The Air Force is the 3rd Air Force, with about 450 combat aircraft, including 160 fighter. Compared with the number of allied combat aircraft, it is in an absolute disadvantage of 1∶30. In Normandy, the defenders belonged to 6 divisions and 3 regiments of the 7 th Army, among which 3 coastal defense divisions had weak combat effectiveness; 2 infantry divisions, 1 armored division, with slightly stronger fighting capacity; The three regiments are two independent infantry regiments and 1 paratroopers, with a total strength of about 90,000. The fortifications are also relatively weak, and only some independent support points of reinforced concrete are built. Most of the fortifications are field fortifications, and only a few of them set up air defense obstacles in depth. 1in March, 944, the German armored forces deployed in France had only one armored division, namely 2 1 armored division. 1in April, 944, Hitler judged that Normandy would be the landing place of the allied forces and asked for more troops. According to this instruction, Rommel transferred the original 352nd Infantry Division in San Luo to Normandy. It was this newly transferred elite division that brought disaster to the American troops in Omaha beachhead.

In order to resist the allied landing, Germany began to build permanent coastal fortifications as early as1941kloc-0/2.

1942 On July 20th, Hitler ordered the construction of a defense line consisting of 15000 strong support points from northern Norway to the coast of Spain, which is the so-called Atlantic barrier. Hitler required it to be completed before May 1943, but in fact it was not completed until May 1944, except in Calais, in 964. Only a few widely separated support points were built, 68% of which were in the east of the Seine-Marne River, and 18% was in the west of the Seine-Marne River. As for the coastal guns, the large-caliber guns deployed by the German army in the western coastal areas of France mainly include four 280mm and three 38 1 mm coastal guns at Gerye Point, three 305mm coastal guns at Weimena and three 406mm coastal guns at the west of Sankat. However, due to the excellent work of the allied intelligence agencies, the German high command believed that Norway would be the priority area captured by the allied forces. Instead, we invested a lot of manpower and material resources to build 350 batteries along the coast of Norway, which can be deployed with guns ranging from 88 mm to 38 1 mm. In addition, another key construction project in Germany is the channel islands fortification project. By 1944 * *, a fortress with 38 guns ranging from 2 10 mm to 305 mm will be built. This project is strategically meaningless, just wasting a lot of valuable manpower and material resources.

Therefore, the Atlantic barrier hyped by the German propaganda department is actually only in name only. On the contrary, Marshal Rommel attached great importance to the defense construction in coastal areas after he became the commander of the B Army. He personally led a special delegation from Denmark, the Netherlands and France to inspect the coastal defense situation, and specifically requested that the border defense be pushed into the sea. Starting from the high tide line, mines should be laid in the deep sea and obstacles should be set up in the shallow sea. These wooden stakes obliquely inserted in the sea are called "Rommel asparagus" by the allies, and the beach is jagged with concrete horns and tank traps. In the meantime, a large number of mines were buried and hidden bunkers were built at the commanding heights overlooking the beach. In the open space behind the beach, a large number of air defense landing piles were laid, and these explosives and obstacles were arranged. The project was huge, and it was not completed until the allied landing. Even so, it caused a lot of losses to the allied landing.

Landing from the air

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When landing in Normandy, the task of the allied airborne troops was to parachute at the shallow part of the beach 10 to 15 kilometers away from the coast, to prevent the reinforcements of the enemy reserve, attack the German coastal defense positions from the rear, and cooperate with the sea landing. Because in the first 1 ~ 2 days, the Allies only landed on 6 ~ 8 infantry divisions, and the armored divisions went into battle only after a large landing site was established for the armored divisions to launch. If the Germans break through the defense lines of the landing troops before the armored forces land, it will bring disaster to the landing. Therefore, the action of airborne troops is very important for the landing victory in the early stage of landing.

The British 6th Airborne Division was the first unit to fight (Operation Tonga). As early as 00: 00 midnight16, they were airdropped to the left of the landing area, and their goal was to seize the bridge near pegasus bridge and prevent the German armored forces from going to the coast for support. Paratroopers quickly occupied these bridges and successfully controlled them until the landing commando arrived later that day. The goal of this operation also includes capturing the bunker in Merville. Although the bunker was not destroyed, after the battle, all but six people were killed or injured in the bunker.

In contrast, the 82nd and 10 1 airborne divisions of the US Army are not so lucky. Due to the inexperience of pilots and the complicated ground conditions, the troops are scattered everywhere. Unfortunately, some paratroopers landed in low-lying areas that were deliberately submerged in the sea or inland by the Germans. Many people drowned in knee-deep water because of heavy equipment. After 24 hours, 10 1 division only assembled about 3000 people. Many people still fought alone behind enemy lines for many days after landing in Normandy. On the morning of the 6th, the 82nd Division occupied Saint-Mer Agris, which became the first liberated town in France.

Although there are many problems in allied airborne, it still achieved great success, which shows that Eisenhower's view is correct. Allied airborne troops seized vital transportation hubs, bridges and beach passages at the beginning of landing, destroyed German artillery positions, undermined the stability of German defense, pinned down the German reserve, and put the Germans in a passive situation. Created conditions for the victory of landing.

Landing operation

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Health beach

Sword Beach is adjacent to Ouistreham, the mouth of Orn River. It is the easternmost of the five beaches in Operation Overlord, and Caen, the shipping center in northern France, is located 9 miles south of the beach. After rushing to the beach, the British landing from the east of Baojian Beach quickly defeated the fire of the German light infantry and joined the paratroopers who parachuted inland in the afternoon. However, the British troops landing from the west of Baojian Beach were stubbornly resisted by the German tanks of 2 1 division, and could not join forces with the Canadian troops landing from Juneau Beach. The two sides fought fiercely until dusk, and the allies successfully repelled the German armored forces. Of the 29,000 British soldiers who landed that day, only 630 were killed or injured.

Juno beach

Juneau Beach Landing Area, centered on Coursewulles on the seashore, extends to both sides and is about 6 miles wide. German light infantry are deployed in the village behind the beach dunes. This terrain advantage is a great threat to the allies who have to attack through sand dunes. The landing operation was extremely tragic from the beginning, and one third of the allied landing craft was destroyed by German mines and obstacles. Although attack force easily crossed the beach, it was ruthlessly hit by German fire in front of the sand dunes, making the casualty rate of the first wave of attacking troops as high as 50%. Near noon, Canadian troops occupied coastal towns, pushed inland, and joined forces with British troops from Golden Beach. There were * * * 2 1.400 officers and men who participated in the Juneau landing war, and the number of casualties was 1.200.

gold beach

Golden Beach is the center of the whole landing operation, and the landing time is one hour later than Utah and Omaha Beach. Due to the high tide and poor sea conditions, the allies could not completely remove mines and obstacles in the sea area, which also made the British army who wanted to grab the beach quickly into a hard battle. The Germans deployed heavy defenses in the coastal towns of La Riviere and Almer, and also set up four 155 mm heavy guns in the inland 500 meters away from the coast, aiming directly at the coast. Under the heavy artillery bombardment of HMS Ajax, the British army finally destroyed these four heavy artillery guns and suppressed the German defensive firepower. As night fell, 25,000 allied troops landed successfully, forcing the defending Nazi troops to retreat six miles inland. There were only 400 British casualties.

omaha beach

Omaha beach was the most intense beach in the Normandy landing campaign. Allied forces suffered huge losses in Omaha beach, only 2,500 people were killed, so they were also called "bloody Omaha". The classic war scene at the beginning of the movie Saving Private Ryan is taken from Omaha Beach.

Omaha beach is 6.4 kilometers long, and the coastal cliffs are more than 30 meters high. The terrain is easy to defend but difficult to attack. The landing operations here are undertaken by the ninth army of the United States. Because of the wrong information, the Allies thought that the German defenders here had only one regiment, most of which were reserves, and there were no armored vehicles, so their combat effectiveness was very poor. In fact, Rommel transferred all the elite German 352nd Infantry Division to Normandy in March, and a main regiment of the 352nd Division was stationed in Omaha Beach. Unfortunately, it was not until after the landing troops set out that the allied intelligence agencies discovered the whereabouts of the 352nd Division.

On the day of landing, the weather was extremely bad. Before landing, the allied forces lost the 10 landing craft and more than 300 officers and men due to the excessive wind and waves. Most of the officers and men on the landing craft are seasick and cold, and they are basically exhausted before they reach the battle site. After the landing operation began, it was also very difficult. Of the 32 amphibious tanks prepared in the west section of the beach, 27 sank just after entering the sea because of excessive wind and waves, and two of the five surviving tanks were quickly destroyed by German artillery fire. Due to the tidal influence and disorder, many American soldiers who landed could not tell the direction and assembly point, and a large number of soldiers crowded on the beach waiting for the attack of German artillery. For two hours, not a single American soldier rushed to the western beach, only occupying a 9-meter-wide area of the eastern beach. The landing operation was almost a complete failure.

However, the US Navy brought a turning point to Omaha Beach. Because there was no contact with the beach landing troops for a long time, the naval commander realized that the situation in Omaha beach might be extremely severe, so the destroyer 17 ignored the danger of being struck by lightning, stranded and overturned by the 155mm coastal gun, and pushed to a place only 730 meters away from the beach to provide fire support for the landing American troops at close range. At this time, the American death squads also climbed Cape Hawke and found that the so-called 155mm coastal gun was actually disguised as a telephone pole. The navy, which had no worries, wantonly bombed the German strongholds, and the American army, which had been stuck on the beach before, also began to charge under the leadership of the first division of the elite troops. The second echelon of the landing troops landed early at noon. Under the guidance of the air force, the battleships and cruisers of the US Navy also began to shoot at the other side, and the German defense line basically collapsed.

When it was dark, the American army officially landed successfully, and the Fifth Army landed and opened a command post. Major General Roger sent a telegram to Bradley immediately after landing: "Thank God for creating the US Navy."

utah beach

Utah Beach, located on the west side of Carentan Bay, is a beach about 3 miles wide and covered with low sand dunes. Although the actual landing site of the allied forces was one mile east than scheduled, fortunately, there were not many Germans deployed at the landing site. Within three hours after the attack, the allies crossed the beach and took control of the coastal roads; Before noon that day, the landing troops joined the airborne troops who parachuted behind enemy lines five hours ago; By midnight that day, the Allies not only successfully achieved the intended operational goal of landing, but also advanced 4 miles inland. Of all the landing operations, the Utah beach landing was the one with the least casualties, with only 197 casualties among 23,000 officers and men.

The reaction of Germany

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On d-day, only 2 1 armored division organized a counterattack, but the division commander was not in the command post, and the chief of staff had no right to mobilize the assembled troops, so he had to send his only 24 No.4 tanks to attack the British army east of Caen. Due to the hasty dispatch, inadequate preparation and no infantry support, it was easily repelled by the British army. On the afternoon of the same day, the teacher Fehtinger rushed back to the headquarters and assembled his subordinate troops to attack Luke Town between Juno Beach and Baojian Beach. At that time, there was a gap of several thousand meters between the two beaches, and the German counterattack hit the key of the Allies, which would bring great difficulties to the Allies. While 2 1 armored division marched, 500 allied transport planes flew overhead to transport follow-up troops and supplies for the British 6th Airborne Division, but Fehtinger mistakenly thought that allied paratroopers just wanted to attack their own troops from front to back, panicked, gave up the counterattack and hurried back. Besides, the Germans had nothing to fight back on D-Day.

June 6th, which was predicted by Rommel as a decisive twenty-four hours, was called the longest day in history by Eisenhower, so it passed peacefully.

On June 7, Hitler handed over the command of five armored divisions in the western armored cluster to Rommel, who was determined to fight back with this elite force. But in the face of the grim situation, he had to set the first goal of counterattack as preventing the allied forces from connecting five landing beaches into a complete landing site, and then ensuring Caen and Cherbourg. Unfortunately, this armored unit came from 100 ~ 200 kilometers away, and could not be put into operation under the fierce air strikes of the allied forces. Even if sporadic troops arrived at the beach, they suffered heavy casualties under the bombing of allied warships and lost their former prestige. In this way, the Germans were unable to launch a decisive large-scale counterattack under the overwhelming firepower of the allied naval and air forces all day on June 7.

After landing

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After the Allied landing, 326,000 soldiers and 6,543,804 tons of materials landed within 7 days, and more personnel, materials, equipment and supplies continued to be transported to the European continent.

timetable

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June 5-6-US Army's 82nd Airborne Division (Detroit Operation), 10 1 Airborne Division (Chicago Operation) and British Army's 6th Airborne Division (Tonga Operation) airborne.

Landing on the beach from June 6 to D (Operation Overlord or Operation Grand Monarch)

June 25-29-Operation Epsom attacked the west of Caen and was repulsed by the Germans.

Occupy Caen on July 7.

Rommel was seriously injured when the Royal Canadian Air Force Spitfire fighter strafed his car.

July 6, 5438+08 to 20-Operation Goodwood begins.

August 3 -9, the "general action" to trap German armored forces began.

August 16-"Operation Dragon Cavalry", a joint operation of the United States and France, landed on the French Riviera and began.

On August 25th, the Allies occupied Paris.

affect

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The victory of the Normandy landing announced the opening of the second battlefield of the Allied Forces in the European continent, which meant that Nazi Germany was caught in a double battle, relieved the pressure of the Soviet Union, cooperated with the Soviet Union to successfully conquer Berlin, and forced fascist Germany to surrender unconditionally in advance. In this way, the U.S. military can put its main force into the Pacific Ocean and fight against Japan with all its strength, thus accelerating the end of World War II.

Recommended books: Brothers, Normandy Landing

On June 6, 2004, US President George H.W. Bush, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, French President Jacques Chirac and Russian President Vladimir Putin attended the ceremony to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the victory of the Normandy landing.

Normandy campaign theme film and television

1962, the American film The Longest Day starring richard burton, sean connery and john wayne.

Saving Private Ryan (translated by Taiwan Province Province as Saving Private Ryan) is an American film directed by Steven Allan Spielberg and starring Tom Hanks, which was made in 1998.

"Brothers Company" (translated as "Paratrooper from Thunderbolt" in Hongkong and "Airborne Normandy" in Taiwan Province Province) is an American drama produced by HBO and produced by Steven Allan Spielberg and Tom Hanks, 200 1.